Mazuva ano whaling: tsanangudzo, nhoroondo uye kuchengeteka

Chii whaling? Izvi whaling kuti vawane makomborero kwoupfumi, pane zvokudya. Kumorwa uye vaishandisa shato huru nyama sezvo zvokudya vakatanga chete yechipiri yezana XX remakore.

Products whaling

Nhasi, wechikoro ose anoziva kuti whaling akatanga manda kugadzirwa - shato huru mafuta, yaishandiswa pakutanga okuvimba, ari zvaAtemisi jute uye sezvo lubricants. MuJapan, kuti manda waishandiswa sechinhu zvipembenene pamusoro mhashu muminda yomupunga.

Nokufamba kwenguva, unyanzvi hwokugadzira akachinja mafuta paaipa zvinhu zvitsva akauya. Manda hakuchisina inoshandiswa kubatidza bedzi paiva reparafini, asi pave fuma inodiwa pakugadzira sipo. Uye akarishandisa somunhu chinamatidzwa kuti miriwo mafuta pakugadzirira margarine. Glycerol, oddly zvakakwana, ari byproduct rokutapwa mafuta acids kubva manda.

Whale mafuta akashandiswa kugadzirwa makenduru, uye zvizoro kugadzirira zvokurapa uye nzira, nepenzura mavara, ingi, linoleum, pendi.

Whale nyama pakubika nyama mushoma kana papfupa upfu kuti mhuka zvokudya. The chikuru vatengi kuti shato huru nyama zvokudya - Japanese.

Bone upfu achiri kushandiswa senzira fetiraiza mune zvokurima.

The dzinovaraidza zvokudya Yaunoti mhinduro nyama muto pashure kunorapwa autoclaves, mupfumi mapuroteni zvigadzirwa.

Whale ganda muJapan muHondo Yenyika II raishandiswa shangu indasitiri nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi inotsika Zvisinei, hazvina hwakasimba dzose ganda.

Blood upfu yamboshandiswa nokuda mukuru zviri senitrogen sechinhu fetiraiza, asi nokuda ehupfumi of bhainda - sechinhu namira ari kuveza indasitiri.

Kubva muviri rinenge shato huru gelatin kugadzirirwa kubva chiropa - vhitamini A, kubva pituitary - adrenocorticotropic kemikari kubva muura - ambergris. Kwenguva refu muJapan pamusoro pancreatic jekiseni zvikaramba.

Kwava rikasashandiswa whalebone, iyo panguva imwe nguva raidiwa kuti zvaAtemisi corsets, mukuru wigs, crinolines, amburera, kicheni nemidziyo, fenicha uye zvimwe zvakawanda zvinobatsira zvinhu. Kusvikira ikozvino, pane unyanzvi uye rwokugadzira nemazino dzisingaoneki shato huru, mufambisi shato huru uye muurayi hove huru.

Muchidimbu, nhasi hove huru kushandiswa zvizere.

Nhoroondo whaling

The nzvimbo yechizvarirwo pamusoro whaling anogona kunzi Norway. Nechekare padombo mifananidzo dzomumisha kudanana makore zviuru zvina shure, muine zvikamu zvinoratidza kunovhima hove huru. Uye kubva ipapo anouya uchapupu dzose shato huru fishery muEurope rokutanga panguva yemakore 800-1000 BC. e.

Muzana XII remakore zvakanzi Vakaronda iri Basque hove huru dziri Bay pamusoro Biscay. Kubva ipapo, whaling akatamira kuchamhembe Groenlândia. The vokuDenmark, zvichiteverwa Britain aivhima hove huru mumvura kweArctic. Kumabvazuva yokumadokero North America whalers akauya XVII remakore. Pakutanga kwezana remakore iroro chete hove dzakatangira Japan.

Mumazuva iwayo zvikepe yakanga nechikepe. Whaling sailboats vakanga diki, nechiedza-basa uye kwete chaizvo maneuverable. Naizvozvo aivhima bowhead hove huru uye Biscay pamwe rowboats ruoko harpoons uye yandaurayira navo mugungwa, achitora chete manda uye whalebone. Kunze kwokuti mhuka idzi duku, havaiti achinyudza, nokuurayiwa, vanogona akasungirirwa muchikepe uye towed kumhenderekedzo kana chikepe. vokuJapan chete kutora mugungwa flotilla kuti magwa naye utava.

Munguva XVIII uye XIX emakore, nzvimbo yacho whaling indasitiri yakura akabata kumaodzanyemba yeAtlantic, Pacific uye Indian nyanza, South Africa uye Seychelles.
In kuchamhembe whalers akatanga kuvhima bowhead nezvakarurama hove huru, humpback hove huru uye, gare gare, muna Zimbabwe, Devisovom Strait uye pedyo Spitsbergen, iri mumakungwa pakati Beaufort, Bering uye chukchi.

Nguva yasvika apo matare yagadzirwa namaapuro itsva, iyo, pamwe zviduku kuchinja kuchiripo, uye matare pfuti. Around iyoyowo zvikepe chaienda vakanga yakatsiviwa chiutsi, nokukurumidza zvikuru uye maneuverability uye zvakati kurei. Muchiitiko chino, ndaigona kuchinja uye whaling. Remakore rechi19 pamwe kukura zvigadzirwa zvakakonzera kutopedza zvachose chavagari kumeso uye bowhead hove huru, zvokuti pakutanga rinotevera remakore, kurega kuva whaling okuBritain kweArctic. kuvhima dzikafunga zvomumvura mhuka ndanogara Pacific Ocean, kuna Newfoundland uye yokumadokero Africa.

Negore ramakumi maviri remakore whaling kusvika West Antarctic zvitsuwa. Large zvinoyangarara mafekitari vari kudzivirirwa bays, gare gare-uterine midziyo, nokuuya pamusoro whalers iyo asisiri kunoenderana pamahombekombe, kwakaita kuti pakusikwa kushanda pemvura fleets. New nzira mafuta kubudiswa shato huru, yakanga yakatsvuka zvinhu ari zvaAtemisi nitroglycerine kuti Dynamite, kwakaita kuti chokwadi kuti hove huru vava, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, inokosha chipfuro marudzi.

Muna 1946, zvakatanga neInternational Whaling Commission, iyo akazova kushanda muviri reInternational Convention nokuda Regulation pamusoro Whaling, iyo akabatana zvinenge zvose nyika, migodhi hove huru.

Kubva yaitonga ezvokutengeserana whaling kusvikira Second World War, vatungamiri munzvimbo iyi vave Norway, Great Britain, Holland, USA. Pashure pehondo, vakatsiviwa Japan, uchiteverwa Soviet Union.

Harpoons uye matare pfuti

Kubva pakati pezana remakore XIX nanhasi vezvokutengeserana whaling hakusi pasina anopinza pfuti.

Norwegian whaler Svend Foyn akazogadzira anopinza pfuti uye mutsva chakagadzirwa pairi. Yaiva unorema chombo mu kurema 50 makirogiramu uye kureba mamita maviri, pfumo refu-girinedhi pakupera ayo vakatasva makumbo, dhonzai-pasi atova nomuviri shato huru vachirichengeta sechinhu chinotsigisa, kudzivisa unonyura. Ibid vakasungira bhokisi simbi aine upfu uye girazi mudziyo pamwe sulfuric acid, izvo aiva fiyuzi apo pechingoro akaputsa buritsa asakurirwa mukati mhuka yakuvara. Gare gare, ngarava chikatsiviwa kure detonator.

Sakare, uye ikozvino harpoons yaigadzirwa zvikuru kwakavharwa nenyama simbi Swedish, ivo musaputsa kunyange kana jerks simba kupfuura whale. With anopinza kwakabatana dzakasimba tench anoverengeka zana mamita refu.

Range vachiridzira pfuti ine dhiramu kureba rimwe mita uye dhayamita pamusoro 75-90 mm mugero yakasvika 25 mamita. kure ichi chakanga zvakakwana, nokuti kazhinji chikepe akaenda shato huru anenge akauya. Pfuti First akapomerwa Upfu, asi nokugadzirwa isina chiutsi gunpowder magadzirirwo achinja ikashanduka mutariri breech. By zvakagadzirwa anopinza pfuti hakuna kumbosiyana zvake atirari nokungoti sighting uye rukungiso mashandiro, unhu uye kubudirira moto sapakutanga, uye zvino pakuti unyanzvi harpooner.

whaler

Sezvo kuvakwa wokutanga hwemvura uye kupa zvose hwemvura uye Diesel whalers, pasinei kukura zvigadzirwa, dzinokosha handishanduki. Normal whaler ane kungopotsera uta uye akaoma, asi yakadhirika nevakawanda cheekbones vhiri nepakati mhando, ichipa yakawedzera maneuverability, pasi kwazvo divi uye yakakwirira forecastle, nezvechinhu chimwe nokumhanya 20 change (nyika 37 km / h). Steam kana Diesel simba chirimwa anenge 5 zviuru. L. a. Ngarava iri nepokuongorora wekushandisa uye kutsvaka namano.

The chombo unotora anopinza pfuti, shato huru winch nokuti kudhonza kuti kurutivi compressor nokuda kupomba mhepo kupinda chitunha uye kuitira buoyancy ayo, kunyange Foynom tega kuturika hurongwa pamwe coils zvitubu uye pulleys kudzivirira atsamwira panguva him harpooned jerks mhuka.

basa whalers

Zvakachinja ezvinhu okuvhimisa gungwa mhuka, uye anoita whaling kuchengeteka zano harudikanwi. Asi ichi handizvo.

Whaling kuitika kuchamhembe mumakungwa mazana emakiromita kubva kumhenderekedzo kana zvinoyangarara chawo, kazhinji munguva dutu.

Big simba nokukurumidza magwa kunovhima makuru hove huru. Chete kutora blue whale ano whaler - kare zvikuru unyanzvi. Zvino, pasinei kutsvaka maturusi, agere pamusoro rechikepe mu "dendere rarira kuti" sevarindi, uye harpooner anofanira zvokufungidzira kutungamirirwa kwebasa mhuka hombe uye kuchinja kwake akurumidze, vamire achidzora. An ruzivo muvhimi anogona kwokunangisa chikepe kuitira kuti musoro vynyrnuvshego shato huru kumedza mhepo iri pedyo mhino muchikepe pedyo kuti unogona kutarira mhuka hombe kuti blowhole. Panguva iyi harpooner transmits ari gozvo achidzora uye anomhanya kubva zambuko kusvika pfuti. Akabva kwete chete monitors kufamba wemhuka, asiwo anotungamirira helmsman.

Kana shato huru zaglotnuv mhepo, lowers musoro wake pasi mvura, pamusoro pechiso kuratidza musana wake, ari nguva uyu harpooner uye mabukira, kunyatsoongorora vachitora vavarira. Kazhinji rimwe raparadza hazvikwani kuti shato huru vyvazhivayut sezvo hove, ngarava zvaunoswedera pedyo naye, uye kunotevera chinhu bara itsva.

Chitunha winch yakadzurwa pemvura, kubudikidza chubhu iri inflated pamwe mhepo uye vakaramba danda ane pennant kana Buoy, riri akatasva ari wokutepfenyurisa, akagura migumo muswe zenze, akagura pamusoro ganda Serial nhamba uye akasiya kukukurwa.

Panoperera pakuvhima zvose kukukurwa zvitunha vanosarudzwa uye towed kuti chikepe-dumbu kana pamhenderekedzo chechitima.

Coast dzemapurisa

Mhenderekedzo chiteshi achiumbwa akapoteredza guru pitikoti pamwe simba winch pairi hove huru dzinochengeterwa kucheka anotema mapanga. On mativi ose boilers riri pamusoro ruoko rimwe - nokuti paaipa manda, imwe - nokuti kumanikidzwa Mabatirwo nyama uye mapfupa. In kilns pfupa uye nyama mafuta pashure paaipa akaomeswa nowakapwanyika inorema namaketani muzvishwe, izvo yakaturikwa mukati cylindrical chamatare, uye ipapo milled kuti upfu iri chaiyo zvigayo uye kugara mumba muhomwe. Finished zvigadzirwa zvinochengeterwa mudura dzokuchengetera uye dzehondo. On ano pamahombekombe-vakatasva wehunyambiri autoclave uye muhombe kilns.

Process Control uye manda kuongorora kuitwa makemikari murabhoritari.

zvinoyangarara fekitari

Munguva ichatonga zvine mbiri zvinoyangarara mafekitari, iyo zvino kufa kunze, vakanga kutanga kushandiswa guru vezvokutengeserana kana vakatendeutswa mutakurwi ngarava.

Chitunha unotemwa mumvura, vakakwira muchikepe chete zvakakora rukoko kuti peretaplivalsya mungarava, uye zvitunha zvavo ndokukandirwa mugungwa kudyiwa ne hove. Coal reserves vakanga shoma, kwete gwanza, saka zvokushandisa pakugadzira fetiraiza pamusoro kumatare havana kuisa. Zvitunha anoshandiswa rinopikira ramangwana rakaita, asi akayangarara mafekitari akanga akawanda zvaizomunakira. Chekutanga, haina kuita kurenda nyika kuti pamhenderekedzo chiteshi. Chechipiri, mufambo womufekitari achibvumira kununura manda kwadzinenge pamusoro chete chikepe, hapana kupomba pakati onshore matangi.

Atova XX remakore vakatanga kuvaka yomugungwa whaling zvikepe kuti vakagadzirira pamwe noungwaru zvigadzirwa, vanogona kuchengetwa guru mumatanda peturu uye kunwa mvura. Vaiva-uterine midziyo, zvakanga zvakabatanidzwa diki whaling fleets.

The muzvigadzirwa muitiro rokutema uye kubudiswa mafuta mumidziyo yakadaro, pasinei musiyano zvokushandisa, akanga anenge kufanana nenguva mumhenderekedzo yegungwa zvechitima.

mafekitari zhinji ipapo akanga kuoma nechando midziyo loin shato huru nyama, iyo inoshandiswa zvokudya.

Modern whaling rwendo

Modern whaling rine parinoperera dzakawanda zvibvumirwano pamusoro hove uye nguva yose kuvhima mwaka, izvo, zvisinei, haana kutakura yose nyika.

The nemamiriro whaling rwendo chikepe anopinda dumbu, uye mamwe ano whaling zvikepe, uyewo vakamborwa vari kuita Towing zvitunha akayangarara ari mafekitari hurukuro zvokudya, mafuta uye mvura zvokuyamura kubva nezvigadziko pazvikepe vaita kutsvaka uye kupfura hove huru.

Vakaedza kutsvaka hove huru kubva mumhepo. A kunaka kwaiva kushandisa helicopters kunyika nechepamusoro ngarava yakakura, sezvayakaita kuJapan.

Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, kuti hove huru dzaiva nechepakati pachena tsitsi uye kutarisirwa, uye uwandu kwemarudzi akawanda nokuda overhunting rakapfuurira kusviba. Uye vanoita izvi pasinei nokuti vanenge nemhando dzose whaling zvigadzirwa yatovapo chakagadzirwa Sevamiririri.

In shoma, inoramba whaling Norway, mukati Aboriginal hove - Zimbabwe, Iceland, Canada, neUnited States, Grenada, Dominica uye St. Lucia, Indonesia.

Whaling muJapan

MuJapan, mukusiyana kune dzimwe nyika, nokusingaperi aidaro whaling, zvikurukuru inoremekedzwa shato huru nyama, manda uye chete ipapo.

Sechivako ano Japanese whaling nzendo hazvo anosanganisira yoga mudziyo, firiji, riri chando mined kana vakatengwa vachibva whalers kuEurope nyama.

Shandisa harpoons kunovhima hove huru vokuJapan vakatanga akananga kuguma XIX remakore, kuwedzera Vhoriyamu hove dzimwe nguva uye kuvakoka hove kwete chete pamusoro muGungwa Japan, asiwo kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo nePacific Ocean.

Modern whaling wokuJapan kusvikira ichangopfuura akanga dzirambe kunyanya Antarctic.

Whaling flotilla kunyika dzakasiyana kupfuura nhamba zvishandiswa nesayenzi. Akash inoratidza kure kuti shato huru uye mirayiridzo yaro kufamba. Electrical lämpömittari rwoga anoona tembiricha yachinja pamusoro akaturikidzana emvura. With bathythermograph kuona zvinoitwa mvura zvavo uye hunyambiri kuparadzirwa tembiricha mvura.

Yakadaro yakawanda michina ano zvinoita kuti tuzvikonzero Japanese whaling nesayenzi date kukosha uye masiki kuvhimwa akarambidza International Whaling Commission kuti vezvokutengeserana hove marudzi.

Vazhinji masangano ehurumende pasi pose, kunyanya US uye Australia, vanopikisa Japan kudzivirira pangozi zvisingawanzoitiki mhando hove huru.

Australia akakwanisa Zvaitongwa International Court, izvo unorambidza Japan kuti kuitisa whaling muna Antarctic.

Japan anovhima hove huru nemabhangi dzavo, vachitsanangura tsika kumahombekombe mumisha vemo. Asi Aboriginal hove anobvumirwa vanhu chete uyo shato huru nyama imwe huru marudzi ezvokudya.

Whaling mu Russia

Pre-echimurenga Russia haana pakati vatungamiri whaling. hove huru dzinodya vavimbisana Pomors, vagere Kola Peninsula uye Chukotka zvizvarwa vanhu.

Whaling muna USSR kwenguva refu, kubva 1932, rakachengetedzwa pfungwa kuFar East. Yokutanga whaling flotilla "Aleut" raiva vatatu kitobazy uye whalers. Pashure pehondo iri Pacific vakavhura 22 whaling mudziyo uye shanu achicheka mumhenderekedzo yegungwa zvigadziko, uye mune 60s -. Kitobazy "East Far" uye "Vladivostok"

Muna 1947, akaenda pamhenderekedzo Antarctic whaling rengarava "Kukudzwa", iro rakagamuchirwa kubva Germany musi yokugadzirisa. sezvamunoita racho processing chakazara chikepe uye 8 whalers.

In pakati XX remakore munzvimbo Matotanga whaling flotilla "Soviet Ukraine" uye "Soviet Russia", uye zvishoma pashure "Yury Dolgoruky" munyika guru zvinoyangarara pezvingoro, yakagadzirirwa ribude kusvika 75 hove huru pazuva.

Far whaling Soviet Union akarega muna 1987. Mushure Union yakabudiswa mashoko pamusoro kutyorwa kuri fleets Soviet IWC quotas.

Nhasi, sezvo chikamu Aboriginal Fisheries iri Chukotka zvionera District vakaperekedza kumahombekombe kugadzirwa kota vachena hove huru uye beluga hove huru panguva IWC mvumo rakapa Rosrybolovstvo.

mhedziso

Kana kurambidza rokutengesa hove, atanga adzikunure uwandu humpbacks uye zvitema hove huru mune dzimwe nzvimbo munyanza.
Asi vanhu zvakarurama hove huru dziri kuchamhembe hemisphere vachiri pasi kutyisidzira kutsakatika. Chete kukoshesa bowhead hove huru yeGungwa Okhotsk uye pfumbu hove huru iri kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero Pacific Ocean. Zvingava kunonoka kumisa kuparadzwa ufuza pamusoro zvomumvura mhuka idzi.