Mitemo mukuru musika upfumi. How kushanda pamusika upfumi mitemo upfumi?

The upfumi musika Rinoshandisa mitemo zvikuru zvinoverengeka. Vakaita rakavapo kwemazana emakore. Mabviro izvi zvinoita kuziva kuti mutemo kwoupfumi pamusika upfumi.

kosha misimboti

hapana musika haana kuonekwa kuti purofiti pasina kuda vanhu. Enterprising Entrepreneurs uyo akasika kambani yavo kugadzira zvinhu uye mabasa uye kupa navo mutengi, mumwe anokosha mbiru akasununguka upfumi. Zvisinei, hapana muzvinabhizimisi haana kukwanisa kuva bhizimisi, kana akanga akasiyana siyana muridzi akanga asina kuwanikwa, uyewo nzira kugadzirwa. Zviri zviitiko izvi kutibatsira kunzwisisa kuti mutemo kwoupfumi pamusika upfumi.

Supply uye kudiwa anosimudza mutengo kwenhumbi. Nemamwe zvoupfumi (akaronga) nayo anosarudza hurumende. Muchiitiko chino, simba iri chete anotungamirirwa pfungwa dzavo pamusoro Kururama wezvaanozvisarudzira. Market iri yakazvimirira kubva ehurumende, uye saka mitengo takatsunga pachena pamusoro payo.

An upfumi umo pasina hurumende zvipingamupinyi, zvisinei zvinofanira nokudzorwa mutemo. Chokutanga, nheyo iyi chokuita nokutangwa ukama pakati mabhizimisi uye vanhu (nemamwe mashoko, zvoupfumi masangano).

makwikwi

The chikuru chepfungwa musika upfumi ndiyo makwikwi. Zvakaoma pakati akasiyana vatambi unotiranga, kugadzira, vatengi uye zvichingodaro. D. The zvinhu makwikwi avo kungava zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, kuti vanachiremba kuzivisa makwikwi akakwana. Zvinokwanisika kana musika ane kuwanda makambani, hapana risingagoni sheedzera mashoko revavengi vavo. Kazhinji, zvinhu zvakadaro mune bhizimisi idzva. The Zvinoitwa kuzvipira competition chinhu parinogumira uwandu musika vechikamu uyewo akasununguka mutengo unodiwa.

Asi musika zvingafananidzwa kuchinjwa. Kuwedzera zvichida akakwana, kukwana makwikwi. In ezvinhu aya, mumwe vaburitsi vanogona kuchinja pamusika uye kukuvadza vakwikwidzi ayo. Kuti aite izvi, pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana (akaisa nokurasa mitengo, pakusikwa zvipingamupinyi kuti kupinda mune indasitiri vavengi uye saizvozvo. D.). The musika upfumi kungaita kuti paumbwe nevhu rakawandisa kana rimwe boka anodzora ose ayo chidimbu. Panyaya iyi, mutengo uye unhu zvinhu kana mabasa vari zvinosiyana rumwe chete.

Murairo zvitengeswa uye kudiwa

Muna 1890, Chirungu Economist Alfred Marshall, akagadzira kunyanya mumitemo musika upfumi zvoupfumi. Ainyanya pfungwa yaiva pfungwa ukama romugove uye kudiwa. zviratidzi maviri Ndivo maitiro anokosha chero musika upfumi.

Nheyo kutevera mutemo. Rezasi nomutengo chigadzirwa, ndipo pariri anorayira yevatengi uye vaburitsi ezasi pa. The neizvi mamiriro ndezvechokwadiwo. Kazhinji, mutengo yakaiswa panguva zvakanyatsoenzana nguva, izvo akwanise mitemo ari pamusika upfumi zvoupfumi. Sei nheyo idzi? Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu tinofanira kutanga kuziva chii kwokudiwa iri.

Izwi iri akagadzira mukati XIX remakore. Kudiwa ari kukumbira waunotarisira kana chaidzo purchasers kuwana zvimwe zvinhu mukutsinhana imwe mari. chinhu ichi chinoratidza zviviri zvinokosha zviri imwe Mutengi - ake chido kutenga chinhu uye kukwanisa kwayo kubhadhara mari unodikanwa.

elasticity kuti kudiwa

Chinokosha unhu raro kudiwa elasticity. Iri izwi rinoreva mutengi paakasangana nokuchinja chinokosha mitengo. Kuti uone pane pamwero chaiyo, izvo kuchinjwa mitemo ari pamusika upfumi zvoupfumi. Zvazvinoita ndechokuti mutengi kunokosha chaizvo kuva makwikwi chigadzirwa. Ngatitii mutengo mumwe muenzaniso muchina yakawedzera. Kana mutengi anoziva kuti anogona kutenga motokari isingadhuri pane zvakafanana, kusarudza kwake kwaizova foregone mhedziso.

The musika kwava kuti makwikwi haasi zvinobatsira kumutsa mitengo, kana avo vavengi chinokosha mutengo achava yakaderera. ukama ichi anodzora kambani wokuti mitemo nani uye tibudirire antitrust. It zvinokonzerwa nemitemo chinangwa kwoupfumi pamusika upfumi.

The elasticity kuti kudiwa kuti vatengi vacho iri chaizvo nokuwedzerwa gumi apfuura nokuda rwokugadzira zvinhu. Kuvapo Indaneti uye wakasununguka kuwana mashoko ose kubvumira vatengi kuti nokukurumidza kuwana mamiriro mutengo nokuda chete zvinhu kubva makambani akasiyana. Uyu ndiwo muenzaniso mukuru sei kushanda pamusika upfumi mitemo dzezvoupfumi.

Mutemo Engel raMwari

Mumwe munhu anosarudza kutenga yavo pachavo zvakaoma dzavo. The zvakanaka ine yakananga kukanganisa chii vatengi mari. Muzana XIX remakore, ukama ichi kwave kuongororwa ne Ernst Engel - musayendisiti German, uyo akazova muvambi inokosha yesayenzi dzidziso.

The Economist yakati kuti pamwe kukura kubudirira chaizvo mutengi, avo zvaunofarira zvinochinja mu nhumbi. Engel pfungwa (uye gare gare isimbiswe pfungwa) kuti shoma mari munhu, ndipo pariri anopedza pamusoro chikafu. Hapana chinoshamisa pakuti varombo vanhu havagoni kuwana Somuenzaniso, kufamba kakawanda.

Zvisinei, mumwe musayendisiti German mune dzidziso yake akasimbisa chokwadi kuti, pamwe vapfume pakati mari akasiyana mapoka zvinhu hakurevi kukura zvichienderana. mitemo Economic kumusika upfumi uye zvazvinokonzera takatsunga ne pakukora mutengi bhegi. Kana murombo anopedza pamusoro chikafu hafu zvakaoma, mupfumi vachapedza yavo yakasara zvinhu zvakasiyana chaizvo, asi kwete okuwedzera simba zvokuyamura.

Dzidziso kudyiwa

Muzana XX remakore nayo wamuka zvikuru upfumi chokupika akura nyika. Paiva vanonzi yendarama bhiriyoni. Saka isu akadana vagari nokubudirira zvikuru munyika. Muvanhu umo hapana dambudziko yokupona kana kusagadzikana magariro, vanhu Unongoswera zvakawanda. muenzaniso uyu ane nezvoupfumi vanofarira. Saka akasimuka Pfungwa rinodyiwa.

Chii? The chikuru tenet pakati dzidziso ndiko kubvuma kuti munhu wose anoda kunyanya uchapedza (kutenga zvitsva zvose). Daily kunotenga, kunotenga, etc. - .. Zvose izvi zviratidzo musika mukwikwidzi. In dzidziso iyi, kuparadzwa kunoonekwa sechinhu chikuru kuziva kunyatsoshanda hwenyika.

Pareto Law

Zvinokosha upi upfumi ndiye dambudziko zvakakodzera sangano chero kugadzirwa basa. Vose mamiriro uye mabhizimisi takatarisana nechisarudzo: sei govera zvinhu zvavo kuti maximize kubudirira zvavakanga vachida kuita kana kambani. Pane mutemo kwose Pareto, iyo inotaura kuti 20% kuedza anopa 80% of mugumisiro, uye vasara 80% of nesimba rakapiwa 20 chete% of zvabuda.

Izvi zvinorevei uchidzidzira? muridzi ose anofanira kusarudza kuti optimize boka rako kushoma nezviito zvinokosha akapa kufadza zvichibvira mugumisiro. Ndiro dambudziko zvoupfumi kunyatsoshanda.

Pakati muzvizhinji kuti pamusika zvinoita chete vashoma rinorema. Ndizvo zvakarurama munhu zviito zvinogona kutungamirira migumisiro zvinokosha. Panguva iyoyowo, hwakawanda sarudzo dzakaipa uye kwete kupa hafu kubatsira. Pareto Law kukosha kuti mabhizimisi uye Entrepreneurs. Makambani akabudirira unoshanda chete mune chaiyo pamusika zvikamu apo vanogona kuwana zvikuru haibatsiri pamwe kuvaduku nesimba.

Dzidziso hazviiti utatu

Munyika yemazuva hurumende haigoni kubudirira nemigumisiro dzakawanda dzinopesana pamusoro mitemo zvoupfumi anoratidza. How kushanda pamusika upfumi mitemo aripo zuva upfumi? Pane pfungwa pamusoro anonzi hazviiti utatu. It iri chokwadi kuti hazvibviri kuti vabudirire wakaiswa Gengi panguva iyoyowo, guta guru rusununguko uye rusununguko hwemari negwaro.

Dzidziso iyi yakanga wakatangwa na akahwina mubayiro weNobel mu dzezvoupfumi Robert Mundell muna 1999. Uyu murairo kumanikidza hurumende kuti kusarudza imwe kosi waro gwara zvoupfumi kupa vamwe kumusika zvakanakira nokuda mumwe.

mutengo mutemo

Zvakawanda kusarudza sei mitemo zvoupfumi vaite pamusika upfumi. Vamwe vavo dyidzana zvakananga mumwe. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha uye kutsanangura kuti mitemo musika mutemo kukosha uye mutemo mutengo. Rinotaura kuti chigadzirwa iri kutengeswa kukosha unoenderana uwandu basa paakapiwa mariri.

Vazhinji zvibereko upfumi basa zvinoberekwa vagadziri akawanda. Kuti vanyatsokwanisa kuongorora basa paakapiwa mativi ose, unofanira noenderana exchange. Usati tora chikamu mairi, iyo kambani ine kutanga kupa mushonga kuti zvakakosha vanhu uye anonakidzwa payo kudiwa. Ichi chinhu chinokosha, pasina ruchazova purofiti. Uyezve, chero kambani vanofanira kuongorora zvayo mari. Kuti uwane mari, ari mugadziri anofanira kuchengeta wako mari pamwero hapana kupfuura zvakafanira munzanga. Heunoi sei kushandisa mitemo kwoupfumi pamusika upfumi.

Murairo musika zvakanyatsoenzana

Munyika yanhasi pane mitemo yakasiyana kwoupfumi pamusika upfumi. Sei zvinodiwa izvi zviri dzichichinja mugadziriro? The upfumi musika iri kusiyaniswa kubva yokungoitawo, hazvibviri kufanotaura umo mirayiridzo zvichiitika mangwana. Free zvokutengeserana uye bhizimisi chamutsa zvakawanda zvinoita kuti vanzwe sei mutengo.

Pachishandiswa mashoko aya, vanamazvikokota akagadzira mutemo musika zvakanyatsoenzana. Anouya panguva apo bhuku rive uye kudiwa rinofananidzwa. The chikuru regulator ukama uyu ndiwo mutengo. Supply uye kudiwa rinobvumira nezvoupfumi kuziva kuti vangani zviwanikwa uye zvigadzirwa zvakakodzera zvinonyatsorehwa upfumi hwenyika. Kana riri musika zvakanyatsoenzana, uri paruoko vose vaburitsi vatengi.

In izvi, vatengi vacho zvinopiwa chete sezvo zvinhu zvakawanda sezvo vanogona kutenga. Hapana mamiriro ezvinhu kukosha kwomudzimu mitemo vari pamusika upfumi zvoupfumi. In pamberi chinhu ichi, kuti mugadziri haana kubvisa zvakawandisa zvinhu kuti unobereka kurasikirwa ake. Market zvakanyatsoenzana anobvumira muridzi chigadzirwa kana basa richibudirira uye vave basa ravo, izvo zvakanaka kuti upfumi hwenyika.

musika nezvayakaipira

In pamusika upfumi ine yakananga zvainovhiringidzawo. Hurongwa akadaro haagoni kuchaita kuti vanhu vose munzanga nekuenzana. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kuitika nokuparadzira mari. The musika chakagadzirirwa kuitira kuti mumwe hazvo dzakapfuma uye mumwe panguva imwe chete inogona kuva murombo.

upfumi kwakadaro hakuiti anopa basa zvizvarwa zvose. Pamisika mamiriro mumwe munhu anofanira kuzvitarisira. The UN zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakore mashanu apfuura, musiyano uri pakati pevapfumi nevarombo yakura kupfuura kaviri. muenzaniso uyu ndiyo nyaya kutsoropodzwa vatsigiri leftist pepfungwa uye capitalist vadzivisi.