Zvidhori zvebhoni yakakoni. Kurongeka, GOST, kushandiswa

Sirasi inogadzirwa nemasitiriti akavhara, iyo huru yezvigadzirwa. Inobereka zvigadzirwa zvekuvaka, zvigadzirwa zvematare ezvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana, mabomba, zvikamu, nzira uye zvishandiso.

Sirasi yekugadzira

Imhizha yesimbi neyesimbi inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwesimbi yenguruve nesimbi. Dhonza dare - yakasimba, asi kwete simba rakasimba. Sirasi inogara yakasimba, yakavimbika, ductile, inowanika-yakagadzirwa nesimbi inoshandiswa muyateyari, kuputika, kuumba uye kutsika.

Kune nzira dzakawanda dzekugadzira mashizha:

1. Converter. Zvishandiso: oxygen converter. Chengetedza (zvinhu zvakagadzirwa): jena rakagadzirwa nemucheka, zvigadzirwa zvesimbi, limestone. Chero carbon chete inogadzirwa.
2. Martenovsky. Zvishandiso: Girazi rakazarurwa. Mutero: mvura yakasimwa simbi, zvimedu zvesimbi, iron ore. Zvose kune zvose kabhoni uye alloy steels.
3. Electric arc welding. Zvishandiso: magetsi emagetsi arc. Kutengesa: simbi yesimbi, simbi yakakandwa, coke, limestone. Nzira yepasi rose.
4. Induction. Zvishandiso: inotungidzirwa muvira. Chengetera: simbi nematare esimbi, ferroalloys.

Icho chinonyanya kukosha kwekugadzirwa kwesimbi kunopera muhuwandu hwemakemikari asina kukwana inclusions kuitira kubudisa simbi inowanzonzi "iron", kana kuti kunyanya, saroni-carbon alloy ine kabhoni yakagadzirwa zvisingasviki 2.14%.

Deoxidation process

Nokuda kwesimbi iri pachikamu chekupedzisira che smelting, chirongwa chebiya chinoshandiswa ne nitrogen, hydrogen, uye carbon monoxide inherent iyo. Nhengo yakadaro muhusi hwakasimbiswa ine chimiro chevhu, icho chinobviswa nekugumburwa. Icho chiri nyore uye mapurasitiki, asi hachina simba zvakakwana.

Izvo zvinoshandiswa pakusanganiswa kwemafuta zvinoshandiswa pakurambidza kusvibiswa kwekubikira nekuisa mukati mearloy ferromanganese, ferrosilicon, aluminium. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwezvigadziriswa gasi uye deoxidzing elements, simbi inogona kuva hafu-yakanyarara kana yakadzikama.

Shanduro yakagadzirwa yakagadzirwa nedhigirii inodiwa ye deoxidation inodururwa mu ingots for crystallization uye kushandiswa pazvikamu zvinotevera zvemichina yekugadzira zvakagadzirwa nemidziyo yesimbi.

Kurongeka kwekasioni steel

Yese yesimbi iripo pamusika wepasi rose inogona kugoverwa mu carbon uye yakashandiswa. Zvose zvikamu zve carbon steel zvakagadzirirwa kuva mapoka akasiyana e-classic uye zvikamu zvekudanwa.

Kuenderera mberi kubva kune zvakakosha masangano, vanosiyanisa:

1. Carbon structural steel. Mavari, carbon content inodarika 0.8%. Iyo inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwekusimbisa, kugadzira zvinhu uye kugadzira.
2. Carbonaceous tool steels, iyo ine kabhoni mumari kubva pa7 kusvika ku3%. Iyo inoshandiswa pane zvombo, instrumentation equipment.

Nenzira dze deoxidation:

• Kubikira - deoxidzing elements (RE) muhutano hwezasi pasi pe 0.05%;
• Semi-yakadzikama - 0,05% ≤РЭ≤0,15%;
• Kunyarara - 0,15% ≤РЕ≤0,3%.

Nemakemikari akaumbwa:

• Low-carbon (0.3% ≤C);
• Medium-carbon (0,3 ≤ 0,6%);
• High-carbon (0.65 ≤ C≤1.3%).

Zvipfeko zvinenge zvinodarika 1.3% carbon hazvisati zvashandiswa mumhizha.

Zvichienderana ne microstructure:

• Hypereutectoid - mune carbon soy carbon in the composition of less than 0.8%;
• Eutectoid - steel ne carbon carbon ye 0.8%;
• Hypereutectoid - steel ne carbon car content inopfuura 0.8%.

Nehutano:

1. Unhu huripo. Sulfure pano ine zvishoma pane 0.06%, phosphorus - kwete kupfuura 0.07%.
2. Utsi hwehutano. Haina sulfur ne phosphorus kupfuura 0.04%.
3. High-quality. Nhamba ye sulfuri pano haina kudarika 0,025%, uye zvinyorwa zvephosphorus hazvipfuuri 0,018%.

Maererano nehutano hwemashoko, carbon car grades inoparidzirwa kune:

• Kuvakwa kwehutano hwakanaka;
• Unhu hwekuvaka;
• Instrumental quality;
• Yakakwirira-inobatsira.

Zviratidzo zvekucherechedza mashizha edzimba yehutano hunowanikwa

Iyo yakawanda yesimbi inosanganisira: С - kusvika ku 0,6%, S-kusvika kusvika 0,06%, P - kusvika ku00%. Ngatitarisei kuti iyi carbon carbon yakaratidzwa sei. GOST 380 inotsanangura zvinotevera mazita okuti:

• A, B, B - boka; A-haisi kuratidzwa mumakiti;
• 0-6 mushure mematsamba "St" - nhamba ye serial inoshandiswa mumakemikari uye (kana) ma mechanical properties inodhindwa;
• D - kuvapo kweMangan Mn (manganese);
• Kp, ps, cn - chiyero che deoxidation (kubika, serene, kugadzikana).

Mifananidzo kubva pa1 kusvika ku 6 mushure mekuratidzwa kwehuwandu hwekunyangarika kwemukati kuburikidza nemashizha mapoka. Munyaya iyi, boka rekutanga harisi rakasarudzwa nenzira ipi zvayo.

Tsamba M, K pakutanga kwechiratidzo zvinogona kureva metallurgical nzira yekugadzira: mhepo yakazaruka kana oxygen-converter. Nenzira, kabhoni yemhando yehuwandu hunomiririra inomiririrwa nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa, zvinenge mazana maviri.

Kurongeka kwezvivakwa zvakagadzirwa nehuwandu hunhu

Dhoni yeCarbon yehutano hwakarongedzana yakakamurwa kuva mapoka.

• Boka A: mavhisi anofanirwa kuenzanisa zvakananga nemichina yemagetsi. Izvo zvinopiwa kumutengesi kakawanda mumhando yemashizha uye michina yakawanda yakashongedzwa (mapepa, marita, I-mabhadha, zvigadzirwa, rivets uye housings). Zvidhori: Ст0, Ст1 - Ст6 (кп, пс, сп), zvikamu 1-3, kusanganisira Ст3Гпс, Ст5Гпс.
• Boka B: simbi, iyo inofanira kutarisirwa nemakemikari anodiwa uye zvivako. Kugadzirwa kwekukanda uye kubhururuka, iyo ichatariswa kushandiswa kwepamusoro nekudzvinyirira munzvimbo inopisa (kuisa, kutsika). Zvikwata: БСт0, БСт1 (кп-сп), БСт2 (кп, пс), БСт3 (кп-сп, kusanganisira БСт3Гпс), БСт4 (кп, пс), БСт ((пс, сп), zvikamu 1 ne2.
• Boka B: simbi, iyo inofanirwa kuenzanirana nemakemikari anodiwa, muviri, magetsi uye teknolojia. Iri boka rinowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana, iyo ipurasitiki yesimbi yakagadzirwa, kusungirirwa kwakasimba kwekushanda munzvimbo dzekukosha kwekushisa kwakasiyana, zvikamu zvakakosha (mabhoti, nuts, axles, piston meno). Zvinhu zvose zvekugadzirwa kwakasiyana, dzimba uye chikwata cheboka iri zvakabatanidzwa nehutano hwakanaka weldability. Zvikwata: VSt1-VSt6 (kp, ps, cn), VSt5 (ps, cn), kusanganisira VSt3GPS, zvikamu 1-6.

Simba rekugadzirwa kwehuwandu hwehutano hwakanaka - zvinyorwa, izvo zvinoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana mumashini.

Kuisa kabhoni yemhando yesimbi

Iko kabhoni yakagadzirwa musimbi yeiyo inonzi maitiro inobva ku 0.05% kusvika ku 0.6%. Kunyunguduka kwesimbi kweboka iri rinotaridzika kunowanikwa nemagetsi akazaruka kana magetsi-arc. Mhando yakawanda yekerubhoni iripo inoparadzanisa mitanical properties: low-carbon - plastic, medium-carbon - strong.

Carbon yehuni yehuni muS and P haisi ye04%, zvichienderana.

Kucherechedza (GOST 1050-88):

• Mifananidzo 05-60 - kuvapo kwekodeti kabhoni (zvishoma - 0.05%, huwandu - 0.6%);
• Kp, ps, cn - dhigirii re deoxidation ("cn" haritauri);
• G, Ю, Ф - ine manganese, aluminium, vanadium.

Kusiyanisa mukucherechedza

Nhamba yeCarbon simbi mukucherechedza kwayo ine mikana:

• 158, 20К, 22К - zvipfeko zvinokodzera, zvinoshandiswa pakuvakwa kwebasa;
• 20-PV - carbon - 0,2%, simbi inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwepombi nekutsvaira kupisa, mukumisa kwebivha uye kuiswa kwekushisa mashizha, ine mhangura uye chromium;
• OsV - midziyo yekugadzira motokari dzemotokari, ine nickel, chrome, mhangura.

Nezvikwereti zvose zvezvipfeko zvehutano, zvinodiwa zvekushandiswa kwemafuta (semuenzaniso, kumira) nekugadzirwa kwemakemikari (zvakadai, cementation) inowanzo.

Kurongeka kwecarbonaceous quality steels

Iko mararamiro emabhoni anogona kuve akafananidzwa mumapoka mana:

1. Zvinyorwa zveplastiki, zvakakodzera kumusana kwechando (kubvongodza), pepa uye tube zvigadzirwa. Matampu - steel 08ps, steel 08, steel 08kp.
2. Mishonga inoshandiswa mukutsvaira uye kuputika, iyo inoshanda pasi pemhepo ine utsinye. Matanho - kubva kusimbi 10 kusvika kusimbi 25.
3. Sirasi, iyo yakawana kushandiswa mukugadzira zvikamu zvakakosha, kusanganisira matsime, matsime, mabhuni, mabhoti, shafts. Matanho - kubva kusimbi 60 kusvika kusimbi 85.
4. Sirasi, inoda basa rakavimbika mumamiriro ezvinhu ane utsinye (somuenzaniso, ketani yematakataji). Tampamende ndeyesimbi 30, simbi 50, simbi 30G, steel 50G.

Izvo zvinokwanisika kuparadzanisa mumapoka maviri mapoka ose anozivikanwa e carbon car kubva mukirasi yehutano: kuvakwa kwekugadzira uye kugadzira manganese-ine.

Kushandisa kabhoni sangano resimbi

Sirasi yeganda nehutano	Ita	Kushanda
Normal quality	St0	Simba, kupfeka
	Ст1	Zvikwereti, I-matanda, mitsara
	St3Gsp	Kuvaka nzvimbo
	Ст5сп	Bushings, nuts, bolts
	Ст6пс	Zvivako zvekuvaka
	ВСт4кпп	Yakagadzirwa, pepa, yakareba michina yezvivakwa zvakasimba
Qualitative	Steel10	Pipi dzemabhazi, zvigadzika
	Steel15	Tsanangudzo yeplastiki yakakwirira, makamera, mabhoti, nuts
	Steel18kp	Welded structures
	Steel 20ps	Masikisi, mahwisi, minwe, mbiru, mbiru
	Shanduro50	Mabheji, mashizha
	Steel60	Zvipfeko, mahedheni, zvindori zvemhepo

Chigoni chemhizha simbi inoratidzwa nesimba rakasimba uye kuoma. Izvo zvinotofanira kuisa pasi pekutengesa kwemazuva akawanda.

Carbon inogadzirwa nesimbi: 0.7 - 1.3%. Nehutano - kusvika ku003%, phosphorus-kusvika ku0035%. Uye nokuda kwepamusoro-soro: sulfur - kusvika ku02%, phosphorus-kusvika ku03%.

Chigadzirwa cheMagetsi (GOST 1435-74):

• U-carbon inobatsira;
• 7 -13 - kabhoni yakagadzirwa mukati mayo iri 0.7-1.3%, zvichienderana;
• D - kuvapo kwema manganese muzvinyorwa;
• A-yakakwirira.

Kusiyanisa kubva pamitemo inokosha yekucherechedza carbonaceous tool steels ndiyo zvinhu zvemashoko ekufamba kwema A75, ACU10E, AU10E.

Zvinoda zve carbonaceous tool steels

Maererano neGOST, zvigadzirwa zvekushandisa zvinofanira kusangana nemhando dzemaitiro.

Zvinotarisirwa physico-makemikari uye magetsi: michina yehutu hwekuoma, kusimba, simba, kupikisa kwekushisa kwekushanda panguva yekushanda (panguva yekucheka, kudonhera, zvinotakura zvinorema), kusagadzikana kwehurosi.

Kunyatsoshandiswa kwekombiki:

• Kurwisana nehuipi hutsika hwekuchera teknolojia (chip adherence, kuoma);
• Kururama kwakanaka kuburikidza nekushandura nekukuya;
• Kuenderana nekurapa kupisa;
• Kuramba kupisa.

Kuvandudza hutano hwemagetsi uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, zvigadziri zvinoshandiswa zvinowanikwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvekushisa kupisa:

• Annealing yezvinyorwa zvisati zvaitwa nekugadzira zvishandiso;
• Kuchenesa (kunopisa mumunyu mhinduro) uye kusunungurwa kunotevera kwezvinhu zvakapedzwa (kunyanya mazororo mashoma).

Izvo zvakagadzirwa zvinotsanangurwa nemakemikari uye microstructure yakawanikwa: martensite ne cementite uye austenite inclusions.

Kushandisa kabhoni mudziyo

Iyo yakatsanangurwa simbi inoshandiswa pakugadzira marudzi ose emashandisirwo: kucheka, kuputika, anobatsira.

• Sirivha U7, U7A - nyundo, mazhenje, mashizha, masheki, nyundo dzinosungirirwa, nyuchi, hoko dzehove.
• Shanduro У8, У8А, У8Г - majeka, zvinyunyuti, coreers, countersinks, cutters, pliers.
• Sirivha U9, U9A - zvishandisi zvishandisi, chigadzirwa chokucheka huni.
• Sirasi U10, simbi U10A, U11, U11A - inoputika, matepi, mabheji, mabheji anobatsira ekurohwa nekugadzirisa.
• Pa12, U12A - kuongorora, matepi, zviridzwa.
• У13, У13А - mafaira, kuveura uye zvipfeko zvekuvhiya, kupinza zviputi.

Iro rinosarudzwa sarudzo yebasa re carbon carbon, teknolojia yekushandiswa kwaro kupisa, kunzwisiswa kwezvinhu zvayo uye zvigaro ndechivimbiso chebasa refu rekubudiswa, kushandiswa kana kushandiswa zvivako kana zvishandiso.