Proton-M kuunza motokari: maitiro, kutanga, kuparara

Astronautics yakagara iine "kadhi yehwamanda" yenyika yedu, chiitiko chekuzvikudza kwevanhu vayo. Sezvo nguva yekutanga yepepanhau uye munhu wekutanga ari mudenga, tave tichijaira kukurudzirwa kwekushanda kwebhizimisi iyi, iyo ndeimwe yezvinonyanya kukoshesa magwaro.

Zvinosuruvarisa, kuparadzwa mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemakumi mana kwakakosha kukanda chikwata zvakare, asi munguva pfupi yapfuura zvinhu zvose zvinotanga kururamisa. Uchapupu hweizvi hunogona kushandiswa sekuenderera mberi kwezvikepe zveRecet rocket Proton-M, iyo inogona kuisa mumiganhu yakawanda yematoro.

Nhoroondo yezvisikwa

Pakazosvika 1960, iyo yaive yakatongerwa sepamutemo nguva yekuwedzera kusati kwamboitika yeSoviet cosmonautics, kudiwa kwehurumende mumotokari yakasimba yekutengesa, iyo ingadai yakakwanisa kuisa zvinhu zvakawanda mumotokari, yakazopedzisira yajeka. Ichokwadi, fiddle yekutanga pakurambidzwa kwezvirongwa zvakadaro yakanga isiri iyo cosmonautics yepamutemo, asi mauto, avo vaida simba "rori" rekutakura mitoro yakawanda yehondo mumhepo.

Nhengo mbiri dzeCold War mumakore iwayo dzakaratidza kufarira kusati kwamboitika mumagadziro ekutanga mabhomba e - hydrogen ane simba-guru mune geotationary orbit . Nenzira yakanaka, kusvikira kushanda kwekuita kwezviito zvakadaro kuzviuraya, USSR neuto reUnited States harina kusvika, asi Proton-M rocket yakanga yakagadzirwa panguva iyoyo.

Ngatidzokerei kune imwe nguva yakasikwa yekusika. OKB-52 yakagadzwa nekutungamira, yakatungamirirwa naChelomei VN.Zvino kuitira kuti mahofisi aya aite nehuwandu hwemabasa asingazofungidziki aifanira kuitwa munguva shomanana, zvakakosha kuisanganisira kanopfuura gumi nemaviri yegeviation KBs kubva munyika yose.

Yatove muna 1962 chiito chekutanga chakasikwa. Iyo ngarava yainzi "UR-200". Kubva muna 1962 kusvika muna 1964, mapfumbamwe akaedza kutengesa midziyo mitsva yakaitwa kamwechete.

Muenzaniso mutsva

Vose zvavo vakabudirira, asi muna 1961, kunyange vasati vatanga kutengesa ndege, Chelomei pachake akaomerera pakugadzira chimiro chitsva. Maererano nekuverenga, aifanira kuva mashanu (!) Times akaoma kupfuura yepakuvamba version!

Pakutanga, vavaki vaida kutevera nzira ye "kusagadzikana", kubatanidza zvombo zviviri "UR-200" uye kuwedzera kune zvakagadzirwa zveimwe nzvimbo yakadarika. Zvisinei, kutanga kuverenga kwakaratidza zvakajeka kuti kuvimbika kwekugadzirwa kwakadaro kuchanyatsosiya zvakawanda zvingadiwa.

Somugumisiro, zvakagadziriswa kugadzira missile itsva "UR-500", asi nokuda kwezvimwe zvishoma kuverenga masayendisiti akagadziriswa pakubvumirana kwevhesi: kutora kurongeka kusinganzwisisiki kwezviito, sechikamu chepamusoro chavakashandisa icho "UR-200". Zvechokwadi, chirongwa chepakutanga chakanga chichigadziriswa zvakare.

Injini

Vagadziri vaifanira kushandiswa nejini. Nyaya yacho ndeyokuti semugumisiro wemakakatanwa akareba ivo vakasarudza shanduro ye polyblock yenzvimbo yekutanga. Urongwa uhwu hwakaita kuti zvikwanisike kupindira mumagetsi ekugadzirwa kwemabhiriji uye tunnels apo achitakura zvikwata zvemhepo, asi akaisa zvimwe zvipingamupinyi pamafuta anoshandiswa.

Makirasiki oksijeni-mafuta epafisi akanga asingakwanisi, sezvo aizoda kuwedzera zvakakura zviyero, uye naizvozvo chepfuous dimymhydhydrazine ne nitrogen tetroxide seyakasanganiswa sehuni.

Pachikonzero ichi, pakanga pane kupesana naK Korolev, uyo aida chifosheni. Kusvikira muna 1965, miedzo yakawanda yakaitwa pane imwe shambani yemagetsi pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akanga ari pedyo neicho chaiyo sezvinobvira.

Uyezve nhoroondo

Sezvaiwanzoitika mumakambani emapuranga emakore iwayo, vezvematongerwe enyika vaitonga zvose. Pakazosvika 1965, apo basa racho rakanga rava kuda kugadzirira, basa racho raitambudzwa nekuongorora kune mirairo yeL.I. Brezhnev. Akange asina kunyatsofungidzirwa pamusoro penhaka yekutangira kwake.

Nokudaro, kukura kweR-200 kwakaguma kwaguma. Nenzira yakanaka, muenzaniso we500th wakadzivirirwa. Pakati pegore ra1955, satellite proton yakabudirira kuburikidza mukati. Chiratidzo kubva kwacho chaigona kugamuchirwa chete mushure memaawa akawanda mushure mokunge zvakabuda mumutambo wekufamba kwenguva yakareba zvakanzi hazvibudiriri.

Mune mapepa ekutanga mabhuku, missile yainge yakanganisa kutumidzwa mushure meStaneti. Uye nokukurumidza yakatanga midzi, uye ndicho chikonzero nei muna 1965 apo Proton-M yakaonekwa mune purogiramu yedu. Kunyanya chaizvo, panzvimbo ye "M" index, rocket yaiva nekutanga "K".

Yakagadziridzwa yakatanga kutumidzwa chete kubvira muna 2001, apo mutoro wekutanga wakaiswa muhutenderedzwa uchibatsirwa nawo.

Zvinhu Zvikuru

Zviratidzo zvechishamiso ichi chekuvakwa kweSoviet-Russian rusvingo chakakosha chaizvo. Iko kurongwa kwemasvingo kune matanho matatu. Uwandu hweProteton AE M ndi 702 matani! Iyo mvumo inobvumira matani matanhatu ekubhadharwa kuti aendeswe kumagetsi ekudzivirira.

Chikamu chekutanga chine uremu hwemamita matanhatu, yechitatu - kupfuura mana. Kufunga nezvezvinhu zvakanyanya zvakanyanyisa zvinoshandiswa sehuni, kunyatsotevedzwa nezvose preflight kudzidzira maitiro emusasa wega uye yekugadzirisa pari yacho kunodiwa.

Panguva imwecheteyo, mutengo wekutanga unodarika madhora 100 Mamiriyoni. Nenzira, nokuda kweAmerican Delta IV Inoshambadza zvikuru, iyo ndeimwe yevakakwikwidzana zvikuru veProton-M yedu, chiyero ichi ... 265 mamiriyoni emadhora. Katatu kanopfuura!

Sad Statistics

Nhamo, asi muhurukuro yenyaya yacho haisi shoko rokuti "wreck". Kwete chete kuwanda kwehuwandu uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwehupfumi hwakave hwakakurumbira kune uyu anotakura. Ichokwadi ndechekuti Proton-M rocket inozivikanwa nehuwandu hwekubudirira kwayo. Iyi tsika yakadzokera kune yakatangira.

Tongere iwe pachako. Pakati pavana vatatu vanotanga kuitika pakati pa1965 na1966, imwe yakanga isati yabudirire nemhaka yengozi yechipiri yekusimudzirwa. Zvisinei, zvingava zvisingadi kutarisira zvakasiyana, sezvo kuongororwa kwemaitiro matsva emhando iyi yekare kunosanganisira kukanganisa kukuru kwekukundikana.

Pakati pese, pakanyorwa pamusoro pematambudziko makumi maviri nemaviri, apo kutangwa kweProteton-M kwakaguma mukukundikana. Tichifunga kuti paingova ne400 chete inotanga, tinowanikwa ne89% yekubudirira kwekutanga.

Njodzi dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa

Njodzi dzema rocket iyi haingambove dzakakonzera kupararira kwevanhu vakawanda (kunyanya sezvo mamiriro asina kukodzera akaitika ne "Proton" nguva yose), asi chete nekutangira kwayo ndiko kukurudzirwa kwemuzinda wekugara kwenyika yose - GLONASS.

Saka iyo $ 100 mamiriyoni ezvokutanga iyo pachayo inenge isinganyanyi kukosha kana ichienzanisa nekukuvadzwa kwehurumende inowanzoitika kana chiitiko chekurasikirwa kwechimwe chetaneti yakadaro. Izvi zvainyanya kuoneka muna 2010, apo zvitatu zve satellites zveboka ra GLONASS rakaenda kumucheto kwePacific Ocean, kwete mumhepo.

Iko kukanganisa kwakazoita mabhiriyoni anenge mabhiriyoni matatu, kwete kuverenga mutengo we missile pachayo. Somugumisiro wenjodzi iyi (iyo yakaitika nekuda kwezvikanganiso panguva yekuwedzera mafuta epakati), vazhinji vepamusoro "nzvimbo" vakuru vakasiya mapurisa.

Muna 2011, zvekare, nekuda kwekusavhiringidzwa nemajini engoro, zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuunza iyo yakasiyana yeAxplorer AM4 satellite kusvika kumiti yakarurama. Yakanga yakabatana naye pakuchinja kwakakwana kuIndaneti kutapura terevhizheni munyika yedu. Kuchengetedza chigadziro chakaedza nyika yose: telemetry zvivako zvakashandiswa pasi rese, asi zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kudzivirira sataneti kubva kupisa mumhepo.

Mari inokonzerwa nekukuvara inofungidzirwa pausingasviki mabhiriyoni 10 rubles.

Muna 2012, pakanga paine nyaya yakafanana neyekutaurirana ma satellites. Zvakare, nemhaka yezvisina kukodzera muhuturo hwemisasa, motokari dzaiiswa mumutambo usina kukodzera. Zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kutanga kutaurirana navo, teknolojia yakaratidzwa yakarashika. Izvo zvinokonzera kukanganisa ndezvakafanana mabhiriyoni gumi.

Pakazosvika pakati pegore ra2013, chikamu chakaitwa na GLONASS chakaramba. Zvakare, shamwari nhatu dzinotsungirira (!) Dzakatambudzwa ne rocket. Tsvakurudzo yakanga yakazara. Nenguva ino, mazhenesheni emakumbo maiva nemhosva , ayo akaiswa nehutenderedzwa hwema 180 degrees kubva panzvimbo yakatarwa panguva yegungano. Nemhaka yeizvi, motokari yekutanga yakapinda mumutambo wakakwana.

Pakupedzisira, munaMeyi wegore rino, shanduro ye "Express" yakadzokerazve pasi, zvakare yakaviga zvirongwa zvekushandurwa kwekare kudhidhiyo yekuparidzira.

Mhedziso uye tarisiro

Somugumisiro wezvose zvataurwa pamusoro apa-zvakatsanangurwa, vatariri vakawanda vakarasikirwa mabasa avo. Hurumende yakagovera mabhiriyoni maviri emabhule ekugadzirira kwakanaka kwekugadzirwa kwemisungo yeiyo . Somugumisiro, mari yekutumira imwe "Proton" (kusanganisira zvose kurasika) yakaenzana neyeAmerica Atlas-5 missile.

Pasinei neizvi, Proton-M LV inoramba iine imwe yenheyo dzinokosha dzekutengeswa kwebhizimisi. Kunyange nematambudziko, mari yezvinhu zvakasvibiswa kumhepo yepamusoro inogara yakaderera pasi rose, saka Roskosmos haisi kushayikwa kune vanogona kushamwaridzana nevatengi.

New rocket

Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzenguva refu dziri kutaura pamusoro pekuti Proton-M inokurumidza kuenda. Nyaya yacho ndeyokuti kukura kwakasimba kwe "Angara" ikozvino kuenderera mberi. Iyi itsva missile inoshandiswa haisi yechitsika kudarika yakatangira, asiwo yakawanda zvikuru kuumba. I "Angara" inoshandisa mafuta-oxygen engines. Inogona kutangwa kubva kuzvinhu zvakasikwa Plesetsk neVostochny, pasina kubhadhara nyeredzi yakafanana neyaKazakhs yekubhadhara Baikonur.

Pasinei netarisiro yakadaro yakajeka, motokari yeProteton-M inogona kushandiswa kwenguva yakareba, kubva pakuvandudzika kwekombiyuta itsva kunonoka.