Platinum Group Metals: Overview, List, Properties and Applications

Zvimiso zveboka replatinum ndezvitanhatu zvakakosha zvemakemikari zvinhu zvinowanikwa nechepamusoro petafura ye periodic. Zvose zvavo zvinoshandiswa zvishandiso zvemapoka 8-10 emakore 5-6.

Metare eboka re platinum: ronga

Iboka racho rinosanganisira zvikamu zvitanhatu zvemakemikari zvakarongeka kuitira kuti kuwedzerwa kweatomuki uremu:

• Ru is ruthenium.
• Rh is rhodium.
• Pd is palladium.
• Os is osmium.
• Ir is iridium.
• Pt is platinum.

Zvimiso zveboka replatinum zvine ruvara rwemuchena, asi kunze kwevasmium, iyo mavara ari bluish-white. Maitiro avo emakemikari maitiro anonyanya kuitika pakuti anonyatsopikisa kune mamwe reagents, asi anoshandiswa sechigadziriso chinowedzera kukurumidza kana kutonga muzinga wekushongedzwa, kuderedza, uye kubuda kwehydrogenation.

Ruthenium uye osmium inonamatira mumagetsi akavharidzirwa, iyo vamwe vane chiso chakakomberedza kubhiti. Izvi zvinoratidzwa muhutu hwakaoma hwe ruthenium uye osmium.

Nhoroondo yekuwanikwa

Kunyange zvazvo platinum-ine zvigadzirwa zvegoridhe zvakanyorwa kune 700 BC. E., Kuvapo kwechigadzirwa ichi zvinowanzoitika njodzi kupfuura nguva dzose. Jesuits muzana remakore rechi16 akataura nezvemafuro madema akabatanidzwa nezvose zvigadzirwa zvegoridhe. Aya mabwe aisagona kusungunuka, asi akaumba girafu negoridhe, asi zvigadzirwa zvakasakara, uye zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuchenesa. Matombo aya akazozivikanwa se platina del Pinto, ruvara rwechiganda kubva Pinto Rwizi, runopinda muRwizi rwaSan Juan muColombia.

Iyo yakagadzika platinum, inogona kuwanikwa chete mushure mekuchenesa kwakakwana kwesimbi, yakasarudzwa neFrench physistist Shabano muna 1789. Kubva pairi yakaitwa gomba, rakapiwa Papa Pius VI. Kuwanikwa kwe palladium muna 1802 kwakataurwa nemudzidzisi wemakemikari weChirungu William Wollaston, uyo akamutumidza. Element ye platinum iron group mukukudza kwe asteroid. Wollaston akazozivisa kuti kuwanikwa kwechimwe chinhu chiripo mu platinum ore. Akaritumidza rhodium nekuda kwemuvara wepinyu wesimbi yegaini. Zvakawanikwa zve iridium (mushure mezita remudzimaikadzi weIridi muraravhesiti nekuda kwezvinyorwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemarita ayo) uye osmium (kubva muzwi rechiGiriki rokuti "kunhuhwira" nekuda kweklorini kunhuhwirira kwayo yakagadzikana) yakagadzirwa nomudzidzisi wechiChirungu Smithson Tennant muna 1803. Masayendisiti echiFrench Ippolit-Victor Kolle-Descoty, Antoine-Francois Fourcroix, naNicolas-Louis Vauquelin vakasarudza simbi mbiri panguva imwe chete. Ruthenium, wekupedzisira ari oga uye akacherechedza chimwe chinhu, akawana zita rayo kubva muzita rechiLatini reRussia kubva kumakemikari weRussia Karl Karlovich Klaus muna 1844.

Kusiyana nezvinhu zvakangoita zvakasarudzwa munzvimbo yakachena zvakakwana nekuchenesa moto nyore nyore, kufanana negoridhe, sirivha, platinum boka resimbi inoda zvakanyanya mvura-makemikari kurapwa. Iyi nzira dzakanga dzisingasviki kusvikira pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19, saka kuzivikanwa uye kuparadzana kweboka replatinum rakasara shure kwesirivha negoridhe kwezviuru zvemakore. Uyezve, nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yezvivako izvi inoshandiswa kushandiswa kusvikira vatsvakurudzi muBritain, France, Germany neRussia vakagadzira nzira dzekushandura platinum mumhando yakakodzera yekugadziriswa. Sezvo zvigadzirwa zvinokosha zveboka replatinum zvakatanga kushandiswa muzvishongo kubva muna 1900. Kunyange zvazvo chibvumirano chakadaro chichiri chakakosha nhasi, chikwata chave chakanyanya kupfuura icho. Palladium yakava chinhu chakatsvakwa zvikuru-chekuita kune vekufambisa pafoni uye dzimwe nzira dzekutaurirana nematare, zvichipa hupenyu hurefu nekuvimbika kwakasimba, uye platinum, nekuda kwekudzivirira kwayo kuputika kwemhepo, yakashandiswa panguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri mumapapu plugs ehondo dzokurwa.

Mushure mehondo, kuwedzera kwemaitiro ekutenderera kwema molecule panguva yekushandiswa kwemafuta kwakagadzira chido chakakura chezvinhu zvinogadzirisa izvo zvigadzirwa zveboka re platinum zvine. Pakazosvika makore makumi manomwe, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kuwedzera apo motokari yemitemo yakadzika muUnited States nedzimwe nyika yakaunza kushandiswa kwezvinhu izvi zvemakemikari mumutauro unoshandiswa ekutsvaga gasi.

Ore

Kunze kwezvishoma zvinyorwa zvese zveplatinum, palladium uye osmium iridium (an iridium-osmium alloy), pane inenge isina ore iyo iyo chemic element, iyo yesimbi yeplatinum, inenge iine chikamu chikuru. Maminara anowanzowanikwa mu sulphide ores, kunyanya mupentlandite (Ni, Fe) ₉ S ₈ . Zvose zvinowanzoitwa RuS ₂ , irapsite, (Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt) AsS, osmiridium (Ir, Os), cuperite, (PtS) uye braggite (Pt, Pd) S.

Nzvimbo huru yepasi rose yeplatinum boka masimbi isimbi yeBushveld muSouth Africa. Nzvimbo huru dzezvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa kuSudbury muCanada uye Norilsk-Talnakh muSiberia. MuUnited States, hurukuro dzakawanda dzeplatinum group minerals dziri muAgaswater, Montana, asi pano dzakanyanya kudarika muSouth Africa neRussia. Vaparidzi vepasi vakawanda pane platinum ndeSouth Africa, Russia, Zimbabwe neCanada.

Kuwedzera uye kugadziriswa

Iko huru yekuSouth Africa neCanada inoshandiswa inoshandiswa nemaitiro emigodhi. Zvinenge zvose zvese zvesimbi yeplatinum zvinotorwa kubva mumhangura kana nickel sulfide maminera kuburikidza nekuputika kuparadzana. Kunyunguduka kwekufungidzira kunobudisa musanganiswa unosuka kubva mumhangura uye nickel sulphides mu autoclave. Iyo yakasara yakasara yakasara inobva kune 15 kusvika ku20% yezvishandiso zveboka re platinum.

Dzimwe nguva kusimba kusiyanisa kunoshandiswa kusati kwasvika. Somugumisiro, kuisa pfungwa kune 50% yepa platinum zvigadzirwa zvinowanikwa, izvo zvinobvisa kudiwa kwekunhuwa.

Mechanical properties

Zviviri zveboka re platinum zvakasiyana zvakasiyana mumagetsi. Platinum uye palladium zvinenge zviri nyore uye zvisingatauriki. Nezvinhu izvi zvesimbi uye zvinyorwa zvaro zvinogona kushanda zvose muchitonho uye muchitonhora. Rhodium inotanga kurapwa inopisa, uye gare gare inogona kurapwa inotonhora nekunyanya kuwedzerwa. Iridium neRuthhenium inofanira kunge inopisa, kutonhora kushandiswa, hazvikwereti.

Osmium ndiyo yakaoma zvikuru yeboka uye ine nzvimbo yakanyanyisa kunyauka, asi chimiro chayo chekusiyirwa chinokonzera kukwana kwayo. Iridium ndiyo inonyanya kusagadzikana-inogadziriswa ye platinum zvigadzirwa, uye rhodium inotarisirwa kuchengetedza nzvimbo yayo pane zvakanyanya kutonhora.

Structural applications

Sezvo iyo yakatorwa platinum yakanyorovesa, inokonzerwa nekuputika uye kuparadza. Kuti uwedzere urema, hunofananidzwa nehumwe humwe zvinhu. Zvishongo zvePlatinum zvinozivikanwa kwazvo muJapan, uko kunonzi "hakkin" uye "goridhe chena". Alloys yezvishongo zvinokwana 90% Pt uye 10% Pd, iyo iri nyore kubata uye yakagadzirisa. Kuwedzera kwetuthinium kunowedzera kuoma kwealloy, nekuchengetedza kurwisa kwaroi. Alloys yeplatinum, palladium nemhangura inoshandiswa mumiti yakagadzirwa, sezvo yakaoma kudarika platinum-palladium uye inodhura.

Zvitambudzo zvinoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwemakristasi asina kuwanikwa mumumiti ye semiconductor zvinoda kurwisa nekusimudza pamatambo akadzika. Pamusana pekushanda, platinum, platinum-rhodium uye iridium inonyatsokodzera. Platinum-rhodium alloys anoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwe thermocouples, iyo yakagadzirirwa kuyera kutsetseka kwakakwirira kusvika 1800 ° C. Palladium inoshandiswa mumhando dzose dzakachena uye dzakasanganiswa mumagetsi emagetsi (50% yezvokudya), mune mazino alloys (30%). Rhodium, ruthenium uye osmium inowanzoshandiswa mumhando yakachena - inoshumira sechirevo chekuwedzera kune dzimwe simbi yeboka re platinum.

Catalysts

Inenge 42% yeplatinum yose yakabudiswa kumavirira inoshandiswa sechinhu chinokonzera. Pakati peizvi, 90% inoshandiswa mumagetsi ekutsvaira motokari, apo zvinokanganisa pellets kana kuti platinum-yakavezwa zvivako zvechichi (pamwe chete ne palladium ne rhodium) zvinobatsira kuchinjwa kwemahydrocarboni asina kupiswa, carbon monoxide uye nitrogen oksidi mumvura, carbon dioxide uye nitrogen.

Nhengo yeplatinum uye 10% rhodium yakaita se-red-hot metal mesh inoshandiswa senzira inobatsira mukati mekuita pakati peammonia nemhepo kubudisa nitrogen oxides uye nitric acid. Apo inopiwa nekakanganiswa kweammonia, methane inogona kubudisa cyanide. Mune mafuta ekuchenesa, platinum pamusoro pearuminium oxide pellets mumutambo inokonzera kutendeuka kwemajetekisi akawanda emafuta mu branched isoparaffin, iyo inofanirwa mune musanganiswa we high-octane gasoline.

Electroplating

Zvose zvesimbi zveboka replatinum zvinogona kushandiswa galvaniki. Pamusana pekuoma uye kusviba kwekupfeka kwakawanikwa, rhodium inowanzoshandiswa. Kunyange zvazvo mari yacho yakakwirira kudarika iyo yeplatinum, huwandu hwepasi hunoita kuti zvibone kushandiswa mashoma mashekeri ekuenzanisa.

Palladium isimbi yesimbi yeplatinum, iyo ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa pakupfekedza. Nokuda kweizvi, simba remashoko acho rakawedzera zvikuru. Ruthenium akawana kushandiswa mune zvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa kugadzirisa kurapwa pakaderera.

Makemikari makwenzi

Organic complexes yeplatinum group masimbi, yakadai sealkylplatinum complexes, inoshandiswa sechigadziriswa mukugadzira olefin polymerization, kugadzirwa kwe polypropylene uye polyethylene, uyewo muhuni yei ethylene kune acetaldehyde.

Platinum salt inowedzera kushandiswa mukenza chemotherapy. Somuenzaniso, inhengo yemishonga yakadaro se "Carboplatinum" uye "Cisplatinum." Yakapoteredzwa ne ruthenium oxide electrode inoshandiswa pakugadzira chlorine uye sodium chlorate. Rhodium sulphate uye phosphate inoshandiswa mu rhodium plating mabhati.