"Zenith", rocket. Simbisa motokari 11K77 ("Zenith")

РН 11K77 "Zenith" ndiyo missile yepakati-yepamusoro inotarisirwa kutanga satellites ehurumende uye zvehondo, pamwe chete nemotokari dzakasungwa, kusvika kune-pedo pasi kanabit mumutambo wekutengesa. Kune zvikamu zviviri uye zvitatu kugadziridza. Sehuni inoshandiswa yegorosi yegorosi RG-1 uye oksijeni yewaini.

Muenzaniso wekubatsirana kwakabatana

Pamubvunzo, iyo missile "Zenith" Russian kana Chiukraine, hazvisi nyore kupindura. Zvinhu zvikuru zvakagadziriswa zvakagadzirirwa muDnipropetrovsk muYuzhnoye Design Bureau nemabasa evanjiniya veSoviet uye masayendisiti. Mushure mokuputsika kweSangano reUnited States, nzvimbo yekugadzirisa yakaiswa pasi pehurumende yeUkraine, ichichengetedza maitiro ayo emabasa uye ichienderera mberi nekusimbiswa kwezvakaitika zveZenit. Kuungana kwezvombo zvakaitwawo kune Dnipropetrovsk "Yuzhmash".

Zvichakadaro, zvakakosha kugadzira zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa uye zvinogadzirwa mumabhizimisi eRussia. Kunyanya, RKK Energia yakashandura DM booster blocks, uye RD-171 uye RD-171M midziyo yemidziyo yemhepo - paEergomash NPO. Muzhinji, mabhizinesi eRussia akapa 70% yezvikamu. Isu tinogona kutaura kuti Zenit ndiMisrale yeUkraine, uye iyo yakagadzirwa neRussia.

Nhoroondo yezvisikwa

Yuzhnoye Design Bureau yakatanga kusimbisa Zenit rocket mbiri-ine nhamba ye 11K77 kuma1970 kusvika kuma1980, zvichienderana nebasa reU.SR Ministry of Defence, kuti iite nzvimbo yakadaro yekudzorera iyo yaizoita nokukurumidza uye yakagadzirwa nemauto ezere satelliti ehondo.

Saizvozvowo, pakuronga, kunyatsotariswa kwakabhadharwa kune kutendeseka, nyore kushanda nekukurumidza kwegadziriro yekutanga, iyo yakawanikwa kuburikidza nekushandiswa kukuru kwehutano nekugadzirisa. Nhepfenyuro dzine simba-nheyo nemusana haigone kushandiswa, saka vakagadziri vakafunga nezvekugadzirwa kwema-medium-range LV.

Kusiyana nehurongwa hwakagadzirwa mumakore apfuura, urongwa uhwu hunoshandisa dzidzo yakakwirira kwazvo uye kutanga-teknolojia yakagadzirwa neChishopu Institute cheSK, mumwe wa SE "Yuzhnoye" kwemishonga yakawanda.

Flight Operations

Kutanga kwekutanga kwebhokisi rekutakura kwakaitika munaEpril 1985, uye rakabuda nenzira isingazivikanwi, uye yechipiri. Kubudirira kubudirira kwakaitwa muna Gumiguru 1985. Pakutanga, dambudziko racho rakanga rakatarisa kushandiswa kwemauto echihedheni nemaitiro maviri-chinangwa, asi gare gare kwaive nekugadziriswa kwekutengesa matengesi ekutengeserana.

Nzvimbo yechipiri yekushandiswa kweshanduro yepakutanga yeZenit-2 LV 11K77 yaiva yekupa ndege kuenda kuMir orbital station pamwe nevashandi vari pabhodhi. Kuti zvizadzise zvese zvinotarisirwa kuti zvigadziriswe zvikwangwani zvekugadzira zvigaro , Zenit yemotokari yemotokari inoshandiswa mukati mekuchengetedza mukati uye nezvimwe zviyero zvekuvandudza kuvimbika.

Maitiro ekuvaka matanho

"Zenith" inonzi booster rocket, ine unyanzvi hwezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro uye zvigadziridzo zvigadziro zvinoenderana nemamiriro akanaka enyika. Iyo inofanirwa kunyatsotarisirwa kuti inopfuura 90% yehuwandu huwandu hwezvikamu ndeye mafuta. Nokudaro, kugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvose zviviri ndeimwe yezvinobudirira zvikuru mumazuva ano ekuongorora nzvimbo.

Nekuremekedza 1 st st, izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukwirira kwe injini yeR RD171M, pamwe nekushayikwa kwezvikwata zvekuwedzera. Kushayikwa kwezvikwata zvemajeri zvinowedzera kujekesa kugadzirira kwekutanga, kuva chimwe chekusiyana kukuru pakati pemotokari yeZenit yokutanga nemamwe magetsi ekutanga. Mukuwedzera, chigadzirwa chemukati chinonyanya kushanda, nhamba yepropyrotechnic zvinoreva kuderedzwa, uye kuvimbwa kwekuwanda kunowedzera, sezvo pasina chikonzero chekugadzirisa mavheekeri emativi. Mukuwedzera, huwandu hwakawanda hwekugadzirisa pamatanho ose ehurumende inoita kuti zvikwanise kutanga "Zenith" pamhepo yakasiyana-siyana uye mumamiriro ekunze akasiyana, izvo zvinoitawo kuti nguva yakakodzera uye yakarurama kubviswa kwebhadharo.

Basic Systems

Pamusoro peVV mune sarudzo yakakwana ye-board redhi-electronic equipment yekushanda kwe telemetry system. Iyo yebhodhi telemetry system "Sirius" inopa kuendeswa kweTMI pamusoro pezvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana zveredhiyo kusvika kune NPCs iripo munharaunda yeRussia.

Kuparadzaniswa kwezvikamu - "kushambidzika": kunoitwa nekutanga danho rechipiri chekutungamira motokari, kuderedza interstage mechanical connections nekubhururuka nekubatsira kwezvine majeketi akadzivirira ekuparadzanisa chikamu chekutanga. Mushure mokubviswa kwacho, injini yechipiri-st inotanga kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo yakachengeteka.

Zvirongwa zvinotevera zvinowanikwa paLV, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwayo nekushanda munhandare:

• Control system;
• Nzira yezviyero;
• Pneumohydraulic system yekupa mafuta zvikamu;
• Fuel consumption consumption system;
• Fueling control system;
• Flight security system;
• High-kushandiswa kwemhepo- inogadzirisa system ;
• Zvinhu zvekushisa kwekutonga system;
• Elements ye thermostating system;
• Hydraulic drive systems;
• Moto alarm system.

Modernization

Zenit-2 yekutenga motokari haina kumbobvira ikanyangarika mushure mekuparadzwa kweU.SR. Sangano reUkraine "Yuzhmash" rakaramba richishanda pamwe chete neRussia nekunze kune dzimwe nyika uye rakaramba richifambisa basa reZenit. Nzira dzetsika dzakagadzirirwa dzinobvumira kusunungura kubva pasi (Zenit-2SL B, Zenit-3SL B, Zenit-3SL BF) uye kumahombekombe egungwa (Zenit-3SL). Zvinenge zvese zvitsva zvepasi-based missile systems dzakaitwa kuBaikonur.

Sangano repasi rose re "Sea Launch" rakarongedzwa muna 1995 nekuedza kwekambani yeAmerica Boeing Commercial Space (40% yemukuru), Russian RKK Energia (25%), Ukrainian Yuzhmash neYuzhnoye (15%) VaNorway shipbuilders Aker Solutions (20%). Chinangwa che consortium chakanga chiri nyore uye mari inotanga kubva kunzvimbo yekunze yeOdyssey, iri munzvimbo ye equator. Kuongororwa kwokuratidzwa kwemassile kwakabudirira. Kubvira muna 1999, kukwidziridzwa kwemashamba makumi matatu nemaviri ekubudirira neZenit-3SL LV uye 4 kutadza kubudirira kwave kuchiitwa. Panguva yakakodzera nekuda kwezviitiko zvisingaiti muUkraine, rutivi rweUkraine muprojekiti rwakamisa kusimudzira kwayo.

Nzvimbo yekutanga

Izvo zvakasikwa zvekutanga kwevatori veZenit dzinotanga:

• Interstage frame;
• Engine RD171 (RD171M);
• Tail chikamu;
• Mafuta emafuta uye oxidizer.

Nzira yepakati inotenderera inoshandiswa pane imwe nzvimbo yakasungirirwa. Pamusoro payo yakasungirwa ndiro yepamusoro ye electro-pneumatic connectors, iyo inopa hukuru hwekutaura kweLV uye shanduro dzesipoteri nemaitiro epasi akafanana musati yatanga ILV.

Mune matangi emotokari kune majekiti ekudzivirira PGSP, VHF sensor, SURT, mumatangi eididizer, pamwezve, magadziri ehurumende yekusimudzira akaiswa. Mumumuswe wetsvina pane injini yemakamuri mana RD171M, iyo yakasimudzwa pamucheto wepasi kumucheto kuburikidza nesimbi yehutu.

Engine RD171

Simba rekugadzira rakagadzirirwa kugadzira traction uye kudzora masimba kumativi ose eIV kusimudzira. Iyi injini yakaiswa pazvikamu zvokutanga zvezvose kugadziriswa kweZenit motokari yokutanga. Iyo ngarava inove yakagadzirwa nehuwandu hwekuvandudzwa kwe RD171M. Izvo zvakagadzirwa nejini zvakagadzira kuchinja kunotarisirwa kuwedzerwa kuvimbika kwayo nekushanda.

Mu RD171, inyanzvi yepamusoro yekugadzirwa kwemhepo inonzi rocket engines, yakagadzirwa neRussian enterprises mumunda wejini injini, yakawana kushanda. Panguva ino, kuchinjwa kwe RD171M ndiyo LRE ine simba zvikuru munyika yose, yakakonzerwa nenguva yekutanga (pedyo neNyika) iine matani 740.

Chikamu chechipiri

Chirongwa chechikamu chechipiri che motokari yeZenit yokutanga inosanganisira:

• Muchina wekushandisa;
• Kuronga injini RD120;
• Injini yekugadzira RD8.
• Oxidizer uye matangi emotokari;
• Mutsara chikamu.

Muchikamu chechiridzwa, chikamu chikuru cheredhiyo-e-elektroni pa-board midziyo yekutonga system uye chirongwa chekuyera chiripo. Mune matangi emotokari, uyewo mumutambo wekutanga, sensors SURT, VCS, mauto ekudzivirira anogadziriswa ePGSP anoiswa, mune tangi yei-oxidizer - magadziri emagetsi ekudzvinyirira.

Mutsara wechipfuva nemhepo inoputika yerikedrical riveted simba inogadzirirwa kutsvaga motokari inosanganisira injini imwe yekambani yekufamba RD120 uye motokari yemakumbo mana RD8.

"Zenith": rocket uye zvigadzirwa zvehuchenjeri

Munguva yekushanda kweZenit maketeteri emhando dzose dzemhando 82 mhemberero dzaiitwa, zhinji dzacho dzakabudirira zvachose (69 mitsva), 4 - zvishoma zvisingabatsiri, zvese hazvisi zvisizvo.

• Kureba kwe rocket: 57-59.6 m.
• Nhamba yenhanho: 2 kana 3.
• Iyo yakareba kukura: 3.9 m.
• Payload: 15 matani emagetsi ekugadzira gungwa, 13.7 matani emagetsi.
• Kutanga mashoma: 445-462 t.

Pasinei nemuenzaniso wekushandira pamwe kubudirira pasi pechirongwa chepasi rose "Zenith", missile haisi kubudiswa panguva ino nemhaka yemamiriro asina kusimba muUkraine.