Electronic industry in Russia. Kuvandudzwa kwemakambani emagetsi

Imba yekumagetsi yemumba yakakunda chikamu chemazana emakore zana. Inotanga kuU.SR, apo kuumbwa kwekutsvaga kutsvakurudza nzvimbo uye mabhizimisi epamusoro-soro zvakaitika. Paiva pane izvi nenzira mbiri uye pasi. Panguva ino, sarudzo yekugadzirwa kwemakambani emagetsi yakatsanangurwa kusvika muna 2025, uye chirongwa chekubatana cheUnited States "Osnova" chiri kushandiswawo.

Locomotive industry

Electroniki inogona kuenzaniswa ne "grey cardinal" yehupfumi - zvinobudirira munzvimbo ino hazviwanzopfekedzi nemitambo yemavhidhiyo, asi nyika yose yemabhizimisi akawanda emabhizimisi uye indasitiri yehondo inotarisana nekubudirira kwayo. Nezvikonzero zvekuchengeteka, hazviiti nguva dzose kushandisa zvigadziro zvevamwe vasiri vekune dzimwe nyika, uye kubatsirwa kwezvoupfumi kwekushandisa michina yemumba zvakajeka. Haisi pangozi kuti munguva dzeU.SR yeHupatimendi yeElectronic Industry inoshandiswa nema microélectronics giants seMikron, Integral, Angstrem, Zenit, LOMO, Dalnyaya Svyaz nevamwe.

Kare uye munguva yemberi

MuSoviet Union, mabhizimisi emakambani emagetsi akapararira munharaunda yakawanda, zvikurukuru muEurope chikamu cheRussia, Belarus neUkraine. Panguva imwecheteyo, vakaumba imwe chete yakanyonganiswa yakaoma, iyo, nokuwa kweUnited States, yarega kuvapo.

Mune "kutambisa 90-s" huwandu hweRussian profile enterprises hwakarasikirwa nehutano hwavo. Imhizha yezvemagetsi muRussia yakanyanyisa kuvharwa: vatungamiriri vekupedzisira veOJSC "Research Institute ye Molecular Electronics" uye "Mikron" (JSC "NIIME naMikron") uye JSC "Angstrem" iri muZelenograd vapona.

Mamiriro ezvinhu zvishoma, Minsk aive "Integral", achitsigirwa pachake neMutungamiri Lukashenko. Zvisinei, akarasikirwa nemirairo mikuru yeviri-kushandiswa. Sangano racho rakaderedza huwandu hwemhizha, asi nekuda kwehurumende kutsigira uye kutungamira kune zviduku zviduku zvezvigadzirwa zvemhando dzakakwirira kubva kune vashandi vepamba uye vatengi ve-electronic component base (ECB) vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vakaramba vachifamba.

Nenzira yakanaka, pakati pe2000. Mutungamiri weRussia akanzwisisa kukosha kwekuvandudza magetsi ezvo, uye muna 2007 "Sangano rekugadzirwa kweElectronic Industry kusvika muna 2025" rakagamuchirwa. Iko kune zvatove zviri pachena zviitiko zvakanaka munharaunda ino, kunyanya muuto-nzvimbo uye kuchengeteka.

"Basis"

Mukuenzanirana nekubudirira kwemazano emhuri, chirongwa che "Basis" chakatangwa, chinopa kugadziriswa kwesayenzi nekugadzirwa kwemaketani pakati pezvikwata zvekutsvakurudza uye mabhizimisi eRussia neBelarus mune musangano weUnited State. Uyezve, chirongwa che "Osnova" chakava chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha zvikuru, zvichigadzirisa zvirongwa zvekusimudzira mu cosmonautics, chemakemikari, optics, kubudiswa kwemadielisi, uye kushandiswa kwema-technology technologies.

Zvechokwadi, mhizha yemagetsi yeU.SR inomutsazve, kana kuti panzvimbo iyo inokwanisa. Bhidhiyo yemubatanidzwa pamwe chete muchikamu chino, vatangi vekubatanidzwa vari kuedza kunyora peji idzva munhoroondo yekumutsidzira kwemagetsi, asi nechirevo chemazuva ano, ichienda kunzvimbo ye submicron. Pamwoyo wechinhu chacho maitiro emagariro ematunhu edu - kuchengetedza kuchengetedza nekuchengetedza zvidziviriro zvekudzivirira.

Zvakaitika kune dzimwe nyika

Zvichakadaro, iyo michina yemagetsi yemunyika inofambidzana mberi nemiromo uye mitsara. MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, magetsi akauya munzvimbo yekutanga kuburikidza nehuwandu hwechigadzirwa chakawedzerwa, mberi kwemotokari nemakambani emabhiza. Kushanda kwehurumende kutsigirwa kwebhizimisi iyi inopiwa neChina, Taiwan, India, Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia. Pano, magetsi anotaridzirwa senhu inoshanda yekusimudzirwa kwehupfumi hwenyika nekupinda mumusika wepasi rose.

Makambani makuru ehurumende ari kuedza kukurudzira hutungamiri hwezvesayenzi, kwete kurega kutengesa mari. Gore negore, kusvika ku $ 12 mabhiriyoni inopiwa sangano nehutano.

Trends uye kubudirira

Kunyanya kukoshesa kunobhadharwa kukurudzirwa kwemagetsi ekugadzirwa kwe submicron kwe-super-large integrated circuits (VLSI). Kwemakore makumi matatu nemakumi matatu apfuura, chikamu chekutanga chakapfuura zvizvarwa zvakasiyana-siyana zvekugadzirisa: guru (LSI), guru-guru uye pamagariro avo akaoma-maitiro echikristini (CNC) yakaoneka.

Vatsoropodzi vave vachiona kwenguva refu kuti munyika yanhasi, magetsi anotsanangura mberi kubudirira mune zvakasiyana-siyana -kukurukurirana, makambani, kutakura, kuterevhisa, utano hwehutano, mabhengi uye zvemagariro evanhu, zvombo zvehondo, nezvimwewo. Inyanzvi itsva mune zvemagetsi zvemabhizimisi dzakagonesa nyika dzinoverengeka, dzakadai seU.S., England, Japan, Germany, France uye vamwe, kuti vabate zvibvumirano zvekutonga kwenyika: zvehondo, tekodhi, mari, zvematongerwo enyika.

Pamuganhu wekufambira mberi

Icho chinoratidza kuti nyika yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi inodarika kubudiswa kwemafuta, petoro uye mineral zvigadzirwa zvinenge zvinokwana 4.5 nguva maererano nehuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvakagadzirwa, makemikari nemapurasti - katatu, kutakura zvinhu zvekutakura - 2.5 nguva, kugadzirwa kwemagetsi uye gasi - kupfuura Muna 2 nguva. Nenzira yakanaka ndiyo inotaridzika yehupfumi hwemagetsi mune nyika dzakabudirira:

• Nharaunda yekukura kwehuwandu inowedzera katatu kupfuura kuwedzera kweGDP;
• Ivhareji yenyika payback period makore 2-3;
• Imwe dhora rekutsvaga kwekutsvaga inokubvumira kuti uwane kusvika ku $ 100 muchigadzirwa chekupedzisira;
• 1 kg ye microelectronic zvikamu zvinodarika matani zana emafuta;
• Kusika kwebasa rimwe chete mumabasa ekugadzirwa kwemakemikari kunotungamirira mukusikwa kwemabasa mana mune mamwe mashizha.

Sei uchisimudzira magetsi?

Kubva pane zvakaitika kune vatungamiri vemunyika, zvinogona kukwikwidzana kuti kushandiswa kwemabhizimisi emabhizimisi kunotungamirira kune zvakabatanidzwa, kunze kwekuwanda kweiyo indasitiri chete. Izvi zvinokonzera kukura kwesayenzi-yakakura michina, kuwedzera kukwikwidzana uye unyanzvi hwepamusoro hwekwenyuta, rocket-space, aviation, kushandiswa kwemichina, kutakurwa, makashini-chigadziro uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

Kubudiswa kwemagetsi ehurumende kunowedzera kukura, kusarudza kufambira mberi munzvimbo dzakavimbiswa-nzvimbo yeaerospace uye yevhidhiyo zvemagetsi, robotics uye instrumentation, nezvimwewo.

Electronic industry in Russia uye Belarus

Zvinonzwisisika kuti kurega kure nemakambani ese enyika zvakange zvisingaiti kunyika dziri munzvimbo ye post-Soviet. Ita zvinhu zvinokosha pakugadzirwa kwemagetsi uye zvisingazivikanwi zvido-microelectronics, se "pfungwa dzekukura" kwehupfumi uye kuchengeteka kwenyika, ndiyo yakaguma nebasa rekubatana mukati meUnited States.

Nheyo dzekubatana pamwe nekugadzirisa sarudzo yemabasa akagadzirirwa rumutsiriro rwema microelectronics sechinzvimbo chekushanda kwemaindasitiri uye kusikwa kwezvinhu zvitsva zvinodzidzisa semabhizimisi kuRussia -Belorussian-element-component base yakagadzirirwa nehurongwa hwepamberi "Microsystem Technology", "Base", "Pramen".

Imwe michina yemagetsi yemagetsi yakatove yakagamuchira simba rakasimba: dzakawanda zvemarudzi ehutano-hutachiona hutachiona hunoenderana nehutano hwepasi hwakagadzirwa. Muna 2013, chimwe chiitiko chinokosha chakapedzwa nekubatanidzwa kwevanyanzvi nevasayendisiti vemunyika yedu - chirongwa che "Kubudirira nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zve microcircuits uye semiconductor device yechinangwa chakanaka chekushandisa uye zvibvumirano zviviri." Iri bhajeti kubva kumativi eRussia rakagadzirirwa pa 975 mamiriyoni eRussia rubles, kubva kuBelarusian - 525 mamiriyoni rubles.

Pedyo remangwana

Kutarisana nekumutswa kwakatarisana mumusika wemisika yemagetsi, kuwedzerwa kutarisa uye kutsigirwa kubva kumasangano ehurumende, nhau dzevadhiyo, basa rakaoma zvikuru riri kuitwa. Tarisiro yekugadzirwa kwe microelectronics yenguva yemberi iri pedyo yakave yakanyanyisa uye inooneka. Basa rinokosha zvikuru nderokuumba nheyo yekutanga yekuvandudza mararamiro akawedzerwa uye kushandiswa kwemhepo yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi, imba, maitiro emabhizimisi uye mazano ehumwe, kubvisa kuvimba kwenyika yezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi kune zvekutengeswa uye kuwedzerwa zvikuru zvayo zvingatengeswa.

Nenzira iyo, mudzidzisi weRussia K.A. Valiev akataura pamusoro pekudiwa kwekusika uye kukudziridza hutachiona hwemishonga mumakemikari epakati pe2000. Akaziva, zvakadaro, kuti basa iri harisi nyore, uye rinogona kuitwa chete nekuwanikwa kwemazuva ano ezvigadzirwa zvemichina. Sangano rinodiwa rezvemari uye sangano re microelectronics rinokwanisa kupa zvirongwa zvakatarwa izvo zvinoshandiswa muhutano hwehurumende.

Kuchengetedza Amai

Kana iri yeuto rehondo, yakanyanya-yakakwana microelectronics yakanyoreswa pano kwenguva refu. Nhasi tinogona kutaura pamusoro pekusika kwemazuva ano magetsi ezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira nzira dzakanakisisa dzekudzivirira. Zvitsva semiconductor zvishandiso uye microcircuits vakawana kushanda mune zvinopfuura zana zvezvombo zvitsva. Nzvimbo huru dzekushandisa:

• Radar stations;
• Air defense missile systems, kusanganisira yakakurumbira S-400 uye yakagadzirwa S-500;
• Kushanda kwehondo yemagetsi: kubvisa kukanganisa, kupindira, kubviswa kwemapurogiramu eredhiyo.

Izvo zvisikwa zvitsva uye zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye IMS zvinyorwa zvinopihwa muRussian Federation, iyo inopa kuvimbika kwakakwana uye kushanda kwezvigadzirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu ekutsvaga mazai makuru, neutron irradiation, gamma uye X-ray radiation, electromagnetic pulse, yakaratidza kuti inobatsira zvikuru kune vashandi veRussia mauto emabhizimisi . Unhu hwakadaro hunyanzvi uye zviyero zvakakosha zvikuru kune zvombo zvombo, magetsi ekugadzirisa zvirongwa zvemauto uye zvigadzirwa zvepasi, maitiro ekudzivirira nekuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi enyukireya.

Flagship microelectronics

Kuumba zvinhu zvakadaro-zvakakwana zvakagadzirirwa neECB yakaoma, zvaive zvakakosha kubatanidza kushanda kwekutsvakurudza nzvimbo uye mapurisa emakemikari eRussia neBelarus. Nokudaro, chirongwa che "Basis" chava chiitiko chinotevera pakugadzirwa kwemichina yezvino.

Pose, inenge 40 masayenzi ekutsvakurudza masayendisiti nemabhizimisi emabhizimisi vanoita sevanonyanya kuuraya nevashandi vekushanda mukushanda kwayo. Mupiro mukuru wei microelectronic element-chikamu chechikamu chechipiri uye chinonyanya chinangwa ndeyeBelarusian OJSC Integral. Kune rumwe rutivi rweRussia, boka reMikron remakambani, iro guru re microelectronics rakagadzirwa munzvimbo ye post-Soviet iyo chikamu chekambani yekusimudzira mafakitati RTI, iri kutora baton pakusikwa kwezvinhu zvepamusoro-soro zvichibva mumagetsi emazuva ano.

JSC "NIIME naMikron" ibasa rine inenge makore makumi mashanu ezvakaitika kare, mutungamiri wezvigadzirwa zvekambani yemabhizimisi ekuRussia semiconductor. Ikoko ivo vanobatanidzwa mukutsvakurudza kwesayenzi, kubudirira, kugadzirwa uye kutengesa kwema microcircuits akabatanidzwa, kusanganisira kutumira kunze. Muna 2012, imwe mutsara wekugadzirwa kwe microchips nechepfungwa yepamusoro ye 90 nm yakatangwa. Vashandi vari RUSNANO state corporation uye European giant STMicroelectronics.

Sayenzi nekugadzirwa

Electronic indaneti haigoni pasina tsvakurudzo yesayenzi. Imwe nyanzvi yemabhizimisi Mikron inopiwa basa rakazara rekutsvakurudza nekutsvaga (R & D), umo inobatsira nemabhizimisi gumi nematanhatu makuru e-redio muRussia.

Tsvakurudzo uye tsvakurudzo yekusimudzira inosanganisira imwe tsvakurudzo uye makumi matatu nematanhatu ekugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwema 54 marudzi ekutsva-kutora magetsi yezvigadzirwa zvepamusoro nehupamhi hwekubatanidzwa, iyo ine yakarurama uye yakashanda maitiro. Kunyanya, sarudzo yeMicron inogadzirisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvemabasa, rimwe rayo rinozvipira mukusimudzirwa uye kushandiswa kwe microprocessor-based VLSI nekwakabatanidzwa kwemashandisirwo emakadhi akachenjera uye zvinyorwa zvemagetsi.

Afterword

Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti makambani eNyika dzekuMadokero haakurumidzi kutengesa iyo itsva yepamusoro-soro microelectronics yezvombo zvehondo uye nzvimbo. Nokudaro, izvo zvinokosha zvinokosha mune ramangwana rekushandiswa kwezvirongwa zvezvematongerwo enyika ndezvekushandiswa kwekugadzirwa kwekambani mune ramangwana.