Aviation aluminium: zvinhu

Pamusana pekuvhenekera kwayo, ductility uye kugadzika kwekuguma, aluminium yava chinhu chakakosha mumakambani mazhinji. Aviation aluminium iboka realloys rinoratidzwa nesimba rakawedzera pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwemagesium, silicon, mhangura uye manganese. Simba rinowedzera realloy rinopiwa neainzi. "Kukwegura" inzira inokosha yokuomesa pasi pesimba rekuvhiringidzika kwemhepo kwenguva yakareba. Iyo sarudzo yakaumbwa pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, yakasviba, uye ikozvino inozivikanwawo se "avial".

Tsanangudzo. Historical digression

Kutanga kwenhau yeaviation yealuminium alloys ndiyo 1909. Muchina weGermany metallurgical engineer Alfred Wilm akashandisa zvakajeka kuti kana sarumini yealuminium neine kuwedzera kwemhangura, manganese uye magnesium inodzimwa pa500 ° C uye ichidzimwa pahutoro hwema 20-25 degrees kwemazuva 4-5, zvishoma nezvishoma zvinova zvakaoma uye Yakasimba, isina kurasikirwa plastiki. Iyo nzira yakanzi "kukwegura" kana "kukura". Mukugadzirisa uku kuoma, maatomu emhangura anozadza zvizhinji zvishoma pamiganhu yezviyo. Iyo yakareba yeatomu yemhangura yakawanda kudarika yea aluminium, naizvozvo kunetseka kunokonzera kunoonekwa, kunowedzera simba remashoko acho.

Kwenguva yokutanga iyo shanduro yakanga yakanyatsozivikanwa muGermany yemiti Dürener Metallwerken uye yakagamuchira chiziviso cheDural, naizvozvo zita rokuti "duralumin". Pakupedzisira, American metallurgists R. Archer naV. V. Jafris vakavandudza marongerwo acho, kuchinja huwandu, kunyanya magnesium. Shanduro itsva yainzi 2024, inoshandiswa zvakasiyana-siyana inowanzoshandiswa ikozvino, uye mhuri yose yealloys - Avial. Zita rokuti "aviation aluminium" rakawanikwa pedyo pakarepo mushure mekunge kuwanikwa, sezvo yakatsiva zvachose huni nesimbi muzvivako zvema ndege.

Maitiro makuru uye maitiro

Kune ma matatu mapoka makuru:

• Mhuri yealuminium-manganese (Al-Mn) uye aluminium-magnesium (Al-Mg). Icho chinonyanya kukoshesa-chakakwirira, chisingadi kubvumirana ne pure aluminium corrosion resistance. Mhando dzakadaro dzakakodzerwa zvakakonzerwa nekugadzira uye kushambadza, asi zvakanyanya kutemwa. Usaomesa nekupisa kupisa.
• Izvozvo zvinokonzera kusagadzikana zvinyorwa zvealuminium-magnesium-silicon (Al-Mg-Si) system. Vanosimbiswa nekurapa kwekutsvaira, kureva kudzima paanenge kupisa kwe520 ° C kutevererwa nekukwirira kwakanyanya kwemvura uye kukwegura kwepanyama kwemazuva anenge gumi. Chimwe chinhu chakasiyana chezvinhu zveboka iri ndechekudzivirira kukuru kwehutachiona mukushanda pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai uye pasi pekunetseka.
• Yakasanganiswa alloys e-aluminium-copper-magnesium (Al-Cu-Mg). Nheyo yavo ndeye aluminium, yakashandiswa nemhangura, manganese uye magnesium. Nokuchinja kuenzana kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa, zvinyorwa zvinotenderera ndege zvinowanikwa, izvo zvingave zvakasiyana.

Zvigadzirwa zvekupedzisira kweboka zvine maikirwo akanaka, asi zvinowanzogadziriswa kuora kune yekutanga uye yechipiri yemhuri yealloys. Chiyero chekurohwa kwechirosi chinotaridzirwa nehutachiona hwehutachiona huchiri hunochengetedzwa nepepa kana anodizing. Kurwisana kukanganiswa kunowedzera zvishoma nekuisa manganese muhutano.

Mukuwedzera kune zvitatu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemaalloys, kuumba mashizha, kupisa kusingaiti, masimba-masimba, uye vamwe vane zvivako zvakakosha kune imwe nzvimbo yekushandiswa vanove vakakurumbira.

Kuongorora kwemafiriya alloys

Mumitemo yenyika yose, chiyero chekutanga chekucherechedza kweaviation yealuminium inoratidza hurukuro yezvinyorwa zvealloy:

• 1000 - pure aluminium.
• 2000 - duralumin, zvinyorwa zvakagadzirwa nemhangura. Mune imwe nguva - iyo yakanyanya kufanana neaerospace alloy. Pamusana pekunzweka kwepamusoro pakuputika kwemhepo, vari kuramba vachichinjwa ne 7000 series alloys.
• 3000 - alloying element - manganese.
• 4000 - alloying chinhu - silicon. Alloys anozivikanwa se "silumin".
• 5000 - alloying element - magnesium.
• 6000 - iyo yakawanda yeplastiki alloys. Alloying zvinhu zvinonzi magnesium uye silicon. Inogona kuiswa pakupisa kupisa kuti kuwedzere simba, asi iyi parameter yakaderera kusvika muna 2000 ne7000 series.
• 7000 - thermally hardened alloys, iyo yakagadziriswa aviation yakaruminium. Izvo zvakakosha zvinyorwa zvinonzi zinc uye magnesium.

Inhamba yechipiri yekuisa chiratidzo ndiyo nhamba yakashata yekushandurwa kwea aluminium alloy shure kwekutanga - chidimbu "0". Iyo miviri miviri yekupedzisira ndiyo nhamba yesimbi iyo pachayo, ruzivo pamusoro pokuchena kwayo nekusvibiswa. Kana shanduro ine ruzivo, chiratidzo chechishanu che "X" chinowedzerwa pakucherechedza.

Kusvika iye zvino, mararamiro anozivikanwa zvikuru e-aircraft aluminium: 1100, 2014, 2017, 3003, 2024, 2219, 2025, 5052, 5056. Kusiyana kwezvinhu izvi zvinonzi alloys ndezvekuti: chiedza, ductility, simba rakasimba, kusagadzikana kuputika, kurwisa uye nemitoro yakakwirira. Muchivakwa chezvikwata, iyo yakanyanya kushandiswa inonzi alloys inofambisa ndege yealuminium 6061 uye 7075.

Kuumbwa

Izvo zvakakosha zvinyorwa zveaviation yealuminium ndezve: mhangura, magnesium, silicon, manganese, zinc. Izvo zvikamu zvezvikamu izvi kuburikidza nehuwandu mumagariro zvinogadzirisa zvinhu zvakadai sesimba, kushanduka, kusagadzikana kumagadzirirwo emagetsi, nezvimwewo. Nheyo yesimbi yacho ndeye aluminium, iyo inowedzera mashizha ndeyemhangura (2.2-5.2% nehupamhi), magnesium (0, 2-2.7%) uye manganese (0.2-1%).

Mhuri yebhazi dzeAviation dze aluminium ne silicon (4-13% yehutu) ine zvisinganyanyi kukosha pane zvimwe zvinyorwa zvinokwana - mhangura, manganese, magnesium, zinc, titanium, beryllium. Inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakakomberedzwa, inozivikanwawo seigumin kana kuti foundry aluminium alloy. Mhuri yealuminium-magnesium alloys (1-13% kuburikidza) nezvimwe zvikamu zvine purasitiki yakakwirira uye kusagadzikana kwegorosi.

Basa remhangura mune aviation aluminium

Kuvapo kwemhangura mukugadzirwa kwekambani yemagetsi kunokonzera kuoma kwayo, asi panguva imwecheteyo, haina hunobudirira pamararamiro ayo. Kuwira kunze kwemiganhu yezviyo panguva yekudzima, mhangura inoita kuti alloy inowanikwa pitting corrosion, stress corrosion uye intergranular corrosion. Nzvimbo dzakapfuma mumhangura dzakawanda dzinogadziriswa cathodic kupfuura yea aluminium matrix, uye naizvozvo inowanzoshungurudzwa nehutori hunoitika pa galvaniic mechanism. Kuwedzerwa kwehutu hwemhangura mualloy mass kusvika kusvika 12% kunowedzera simba remvura nekuda kwekupararira kwekuita mukukwegura. Nehuwandu hwemhangura hwepamusoro pe12%, iyo alloy inova brittle.

Applications

Aluminium alloys ndiyo inotengeswa yakawanda inotengeswa. Iko kuyerwa kweaviation yealuminium, nekugadzirisa inoita sarudzo iyi chisarudzo chakanaka chezvibereko zvakawanda kubva kune ndege kusvika kune zvinhu zveimba (mafoni, mafoni, headlights). Aluminium alloys anoshandiswa mukugadzira ngarava, motokari, kuvaka, motokari, mune zvigetsi.

Yakapararira chido chealloys ine zvinyorwa zvisingabatsiri zvemhangura (2014, 2024 zvimwe). Nhoroondo dzezvikwereti izvi zvinokonzerwa nekudzivirira kwehutachiona, machinability zvakanaka, uye mavara weldability. Pakati pezvizvi, zvivako zvine simba zvezvikepe, motokari dzinotyisa, zvombo zvehondo zvinogadzirwa.

Zviratidzo zveaviation inonzi aluminum connection

Kusungirirwa kwemafirigi emagetsi kunowanikwa chete munzvimbo yakachengetedza yemagesi asingawaniki. Gasi dzakasarudzwa ndezvi: helium, argon kana musanganiswa wayo. Helium inonyanya kutungamirira. Izvi zvinogadzirisa zvakanakisisa kushambidzika kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakugadzira, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kubatanidza zvinhu zvakakomba-zvigadziro zvezvivakwa zvakanyanyisa. Kushandiswa kwekusanganiswa kwegasi rinodzivirira kunokurudzira kuwedzera mafuta akazara. Mikana yekuumbwa kweporesi mujoka yakashambidzwa inonyanya kuderedzwa.

Kushanda mukugadzira ndege

Aviation aluminium alloys yakatanga kusimbiswa kwekugadzirwa kwemafiriya. Pakati pavo, mahwendefa e aircrafts, injini zvikamu, chesisi, mabhazi emotokari, zvigadziridzo zvinogadziriswa, nezvimwe zvakagadzirwa neaviation yealuminium zvikamu mukati mekamuri.

Aluminium alloys ye 2ххх series inoshandiswa pakugadzirwa kwezvikamu zvakasarudzwa kune kutonhora kwakanyanya. Tsanangudzo dzemakamuri mashoma akatakurwa, mafuta, hydraulic nemafuta emafuta anoshandiswa nemaarloys 3xxx, 5xxx uye 6xxx. Iyo yakanyanya kushandiswa mukugadzira ndege kunenge yakagadzirwa nemhando 7075. Inobudisa zvinhu zvekushanda pasi pemutoro wakawanda, kutonhora kwakadzika nekukwirira kwakasimba kurori. Nheyo yesimbi yacho ndeye aluminium, uye main alloying elements ndeye magnesium, zinc uye mhangura. Kubva pairi yakaitwa simba remapurogiramu ezvikwata zvemhepo, zvikamu zveganda.