Nitrates - chii ichocho? Nitrates: formula, receipt, application, action

Pakati pemashoko ane dambudziko rekudya kwakakodzera, tinokwanisa kusiyanisa chikamu chinoratidza kuchinja kumunhu wezvinhu zvakadai se nitrate. Zvavanoita pahutano hwedu hazvina maturo. Hazviiti kuti uyeuke kutaura kwakakurumbira kweParacelsus: "Zvinhu zvose zvinouraya uye zvinhu zvose mushonga; Mumwe kana mumwe wacho anongoronga chete. " Zvechokwadi, nokuda kwechimiro chechimiro chemaitiro, kuvapo kwe NO ₃ ^- NO ₄ ⁺ anions mu cytoplasm yemasero inodiwa. Panguva imwecheteyo, kuwedzerwa kwemakemikari ane ions aya muchikafu kune ngozi kune utano hwevanhu. Basa re nitric acid salts, kugadzirira kwavo, kushandiswa kwe nitrates kuchaonekwa munyaya ino.

Nzvimbo ye nitrates muzvinyorwa zvezvinhu zvisingaiti

Vanhu vazhinji vanoziva kuti nitric acid salt, iyo inogadzikana kwazvo mumvura, inonzi nitrates. Chii chinonzi saltpeter hachizivikanwi kune vose. Icho chinotarisa kuti kare kare mumakemikari inonzi zvinhu zvakakosha-sariti ye nitric acid. Kusvika ikozvino, tinogona kunzwa izwi iri rinoshandiswa kune chemiti ye mineral fertilizer. Mu nitrate, nitrate ion inosanganisira potassium, calcium, sodium uye ammonium cations. Ivo vari pakati pemarara. Izvozvo zvakaita kuti nitrates ye sodium, potasium nemamwewo salt inopera pakupisa, izvo zvinoshandiswa zvinogadziriswa zvichienderana nechekupi kwechikamu chikamu chema molecule. Nokudaro, nitrate, iyo yakagadzirwa neKaNO ₃ kana NaNO ₃ , inonyangarika yakazara kune nitrite inoenderana uye yakasununguka oksijeni, uye magnesium nitrate painopisa mafomu oxide, nitrogen dioxide uye oksijeni.

Kuwana nitrates

Nzira yakakosha ndeyekugadziriswa kwemaminera emasine ane nitric acid salts. Nokudaro, Chilean nitrate, iyo ine mineral nitrone, ndiyo imwe yenzvimbo huru yekugadzirwa kwayo. Panyaya dzemabhizimisi emafuta, dombo ine nitrogen sodiyamu inogadzirisa pasi uye, musati yamboiswa mumapuranga, inowanikwa neyemabhizimisi emabhizimisi epurazi se nitrogen fertilizer. Shandisa izvi kunyanya kukura kwehuwandu hwezvirimwa zvezvirimwa, zviyo nemichero nemichero yebriji, pamwe nekuwedzera zvibereko zvavo. Mumatarareti, nitric acid salts inowanikwa nekushandurudza zvinogadziriswa pakati pealkali ne nitrate acid kana nekubatana kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa neHNO yakanyanyisa _3. Kushandiswa kwe nitrogen fertilizer, yakadai se potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ndiyo inofanirwa kuwana kuwana zvakagadzika zvibereko zvezvirimwa zvakakosha.

Agrotechnical mamiriro ezvinhu ekubudiswa kwe nitrogen fertilizer (nitrates)

Zvinosanganisira, kutanga kwezvose, kutevedzera mitemo yekuisa mishonga muvhu. Somuenzaniso, nokuda kweammonium nitrate inosvika 35% nitrogen, iyo inobvumirwa nehuwandu haisi yepamusoro 25 g pamamita mita. Calcium nitrate, iyo inosvika 15.5% ye nitrogen, inoiswa pachiyero chepamusoro kusvika ku 50 g pa 1 m.Ukudzvinyirira kwemagrotechnical mitemo ye nitrogen fertilizing yemiti hakurevi kungoita kuti ivhu rive nekusvibiswa uye kuderedzwa kwaro kuderedzwa basa, asiwo kune mungozi inotyisa yezvikamu zvakadai se Nitrates, mumiriwo nemichero. Panyaya iyi tichagara mazviri.

Iyo nitrates inopinda sei mumiti

Ngationgororei, ndedzipi nzira iyo nitrates inopinda nayo muvhu, chii chinotangira kudyara, kutanga mboreji uye kudya. Mune zvekurima, kushandiswa kwakanyanya kwema fertilizer kunoitwa mukati megore uye panguva imwechete kutarisa kuumbwa kwenyika uye mamiriro ekunze. Chinangwa ndechekuita kuti nitrojeni chikafu chiwedzere panguva yekudyara kwemuti.

Paunenge uchishandisa nzira yekutanga, saltpeter inoshandiswa zvakananga kumitsara kana matsime, uchishandisa nitrates muhope doses kuti "usapisa" iyo yakaoma midzi yemichero yakadyarwa. Kupfeka kwepamusoro kunowanikwa panguva yakanyanya kunyanya kunwa kwezvibereko nemiti. Inoitwa mumhando yezvirimwa zvinomera kana semudziro wakagadzikana nemhinduro dze nitrate. Mune substrate ivhu, ammonium ions kana nitrate ions zvinonyorerwa nyore nemudzidzi wemvere nekuparadzirwa uye zvinoenderera mberi ku xylem. Inoumbwa nekuitisa zvinhu zvezvirimwa. Mu gymnosperms iyo inonzi tracheids, uye iri mumaruva - zvikepe (trachea). Maatomu e nitrogen ayo anoita nitrate anowanikwa mumutambo weCalvin, unoitwa muchikamu chemafa ne photosynthesis, uye unowedzera kupinda mukuumbwa kweiyo yakagadzirwa amino acid uye zvinowedzera mumapuroteni emidziyo.

Izvo zvinotyisa ndezvakawandisa zviri mu nitrate salts

Kana kukanganiswa kwemakemikari akataurwa pamusoro apa kunopfuura chimiro chinogamuchirwa, chinogona kugadzirisa chigadziro chekuyera nitrate mune zvigadzirwa. Inowanikwa pakutengesa uye inoshandiswa mumhuri dzakawanda dzinofambidzana neutano hwakanaka. Zvidzidzo zvezvemishonga zvakaratidza kuti kuwedzerwa kweHNO ₃ salts mumatumbu Nzira yacho inotanga kuva nitrite. Zvinokonzera kutsamwiswa kwemakumbo emakumbo emudumbu uye duodenum, zviratidzo zvinoratidza dyspepsia uye chepfu inopisa. Yakawanikwawo kuti huwandu hweHNO ₂ huyu husina kunyatsogadziriswa neitsvo, saka dzinounganidza mune renalyma renal. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti itsvo ivo pachavo dzinotungamirira basa rinotungamirira mumagetsi uye kubviswa kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinodhaka. Kugadziriswa kwekusvibiswa kweiyo tsvina ndekukuvadza kwakanyanya kunokonzerwa nehupfu hunokonzerwa nesarti ye nitrogen uye nitrous acids. Somugumisiro wekudya zvokudya zvine huwandu hwehuwandu hwe nitrate, chiropa, icho chiri chimwe chigununu chekutema, chinotamburawo. Kukuvadzwa kwaro ne nitrate kwakazara nekukuvadza kwakanyanya kusvikira kuora kwe hepatocytes mu adipose tissue.

Oxygen nzara yezvishutu semugumisiro wehupfu hwavo ne nitrates

Nutrients (mafuta, mahydrohydrates) anogona kuchengetwa semhepo yakasununguka uye inopedzwa nemuviri zvishoma nezvishoma. Ndicho chikonzero munhu anokwanisa kuita pasina kudya kwemazuva mashanu nemashanu. Asi okisijeni, kusiyana nemakrohydrates nemafuta, haigoni kuramba ari mumasero kana tishu kwenguva yakareba, saka hypoxia kwemaminitsi mashanu nemashanu inotungamirira kurufu rwekutanga masero europi, uye zvemuviri wevanhu wose. Sekuita seine mhosva, nitrate muzvibereko, miriwo, mucheche wechando inogona kukonzera kuparadzwa kwemaketani ekufema mukati mitochondria, kukanganisa maitiro ekusungirirwa kwemasero matsvuku eropa - hemoglobin - nemamolekemu eokisijeni.

Uye kudzivirira kuendeswa kwayo nhengo uye mishonga. Nokudaro, kunyanya kuiswa mu cytosol yemasero emakemikisi akadai se nitrate (formula - Me (NO ₃ ) N ₁₎ inogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwakanyanya kwemabasa pamativi ehutano hwakadaro sekudya, kuderera, uyewo kutya.

Zvokudya zvipi zvinogona kusvibiswa ne nitrate salt

Muvanhu vakawanda, zvakanyanya kuwanda kwezvinhu izvi zvinosanganiswa nemiriwo kana michero, yakadai semavhodelon, mbatata, radish kana strawberries. Asi zvinoshanduka kuti kusvibiswa kwevhu uye kunyanya mvura ne nitrogen fertilizer yakawana ipapo nekuda kwekuputsa mitemo yekushanda kwavo zvakananga kunotungamirira ku "kuderera kwe nitrates" mune zvipenyu zvezvipfuwo zvemhuka. Nokudaro, kushandiswa zvisina kudzora uye kusinganzwisisiki kwe nitrate kunosanganisira kukwirira kwezvakagadzirwa nezvibereko zvezvipfuwo: nyama, mukaka uye kunyange uchi. Kurasira kwezvirimwa-uchi huri (buckwheat, kubatwa) nemhinduro dze nitric acid salt semvura inoshandiswa mumvura inotungamirira pakuonekwa kwehupfu muzvigadzirwa zveuchi.

Nzira yekuziva sei zvinyorwa zve nitric acid salts mumiti

Ngatitsanangurire kuti zvinenge zvingaita sei kuti tidzidze nezvemajeri muzvinhu zvinovaka muviri zvemishonga yakadai se nitrate. Chii chinonzi nitrate tester, funga nezvimwe zvakadzama. Kuti uone kuvepo kwe nitric acid salt, zvakakosha kuvhara chiridzwa chishandiso mumaspire emuvhenekeri kana chimwe chigadzirwa. Chigadzirwa chacho chine zvikamu zviviri: zvakanaka uye zvakashata zvinotengesa. Uye iyo nitrate mamita pachayo inosarudza magetsi conductivity e-cell-juice solution. Mhinduro inowanikwa inofananidzwa nePPC yemuiti wekuedza, uye chigadziro chekuyera nitrates mumighidhi inoratidza chigumisiro nehuwandu hwehuyu mu mg / kg. Kunyanya kudiwa kuedza kwezvokudya zvekudya zvinoshandiswa mukudya kwevana vaduku, vakadzi vane pamuviri uye vanokanganisa, pamwe chete nevanhu vane chirwere chisingaperi chezvirwere uye zvirwere zvepfungwa.

Nitric acid munyu inouraya uye inodzivirira

Nhamba yepamusoro yezviitiko zvakanyorwa zvakanyorerwa zvinokonzerwa nehupfu nehuyu hwe nitric acid inopedzwa pakuguma kwechando - kutanga kwechinyakare. Nokuda kwekushaya kwezuva uye simba, muviri womunhu munguva ino uri mukuda kwakanyanya kwevhithamini yaiva mumitsva nemichero matsva. Nokudaro, zvipfeko hazvive nemapukisi emagetsi, matamate, zvinonhuwira (celery, parsley, dill), pamwe chete nemaswiti. Agrotechnologies yekurima kwavo inoda kushandiswa kwekushandisa kwezvinhu zvakadai se nitrate. Chii chinonzi mineral fertilizer uye kuti kudarika kwavo kunokanganisa sei muviri womunhu, kwave kutotaridzirwa nesu kare. Iye zvino tava kutarisa pamazano ekutanga matanho anokwanisa kuderedza mamiriro ehurwere ane zviratidzo zve nitrate chepfu. Chokutanga pane zvose, unofanirwa kukurudzira kurutsa kuitira kubvisa kubva mudumbu chechigadzirwa cheshuga. Kuti uite izvi, shandisa mvura inonaka. Ipapo tora zvinodhaka-enterosorbents uye ramba uchicherechedza hurumende yemvura. Zvine zviratidzo zvakaoma zvakadai sedonhi muropa, kurasikirwa kwekuziva, kukanganisa kunokonzerwa nehutachiona hwehurongwa hwekuvhiringidza uye mafungiro, "ambulensi" inofanira kunge yakakurumidza kudanwa.