Yakagadziriswa ethyl doro. Ethyl doro ishandiso. Ethyl alcohol inogadzirwa

Hapana chakavanzika kuti sezvo huru mbishi mashoko pagadzirwe zvinwiwa iri kunogadzirisika ethyl doro. It nemaloznachimy chigadzirwa munharaunda iyi. Nokuti zvakadzama pazasi.

Description zvinhu

Ethyl doro kunogadzirisika chinhu Hauoneki läpinäkyvä mvura, usina kwakanaka uye aftertaste. The dzakananga uremu zvibereko nenguva 20 ° C akaenzana 0,78927 g / cm3. Panyaya iyi, kana ethyl doro, yakatanga synthesized muna 1855 kubva ethylene. Ichi acho ndiwo zvinobata moto zvokunwa. Kana chakaumbwa combustion nemvura uye carbon dioxide. doro vapor dzinokanganisa utano. Kufadza zvinobvumidzwa wevasungwa mudenga anoonekwa kuti 1 MG / l. Its nechando tembiricha iri -117 ° C uye kubika pfungwa: +78,2 ° C.

Panyaya iyi - nzira yemaitiro

Zvakakosha kuziva. The vakawanda makemikari payakavakirwa panyaya iyi: C ₂ H ₅ OH. Kunoratidza kuti Kuronga chigadzirwa uye hwakagadzwa asi muna 1807. Asi chete pashure pacho akabudirira synthesizing Ethyl doro STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa akanga hwokurara. Zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: CH ₃ CH ₂ OH.

Panyaya iyi iri zvine doro uye, sezvo rine OH mumwe chete boka, anoreva muchikwata monatomic. Kuvapo hydroxyl mapoka anosarudza makemikari ehupfumi ari fuma, uyewo maitiro chigadzirwa simba.

Kana akachengetwa asina kuvharirwa midziyo ethyl doro runopwa uye mwando wefodya kubva mumhepo. Izvi imhaka yokuti panyaya iyi inoreva hygroscopic fuma. Nokuti vakati chigadzirwa ane chimiro chakafanana mvura, rinogona kusanganiswa nawo chero kukura.

Ethyl doro kunogadzirisika, zvichiguma muindasitiri ezvinhu, ine zvishoma acidic maitiro. Chinhu yakavimbika chokwadi. Rine zvishoma Organic acids. Maitiro mishonga chaiyo ethyl kwazvakarerekera doro. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa.

Zvinodiwa kuti zvinoshanda unhu zviyo

Huru dambudziko ne Vagadziri doro, ari kugadzirwa ethyl doro chemhando yepamusoro. State mitemo nezvimwe zvinyorwa pamutemo uyu mukuru zvinodiwa, izvo zvinokanganisa physico-zvemakemikari uye organoleptic parameters. Panyaya iyi inotengwa kubva siyana dzinongoitika zvinhu.

ZvaAtemisi akati mumiririri kubva zvokurima mbishi zvinhu zviri kuitwa noutachiona kugadzira, iyo inoshandisa tusingaoneki kutendeutsa starch kupinda fermentable shuga, uye ndagadzirira zvinhu - panyaya iyi. muzvikamu zvose kubvuma zviyo rectification zvine yakawanda kwemakemikari uye nomuviri kwendangariro. Mumwe nomumwe izvi kunokanganisa organoleptic unhu ethyl doro. Izvi zvichakurukurwa kutsanangurwa pashure.

Zvinhu kukanganisa organoleptic unhu

Muchiitiko ichi:

• Utsanana mamiriro zvokushandisa kubudisa (Mapaipi vaporization kamuri, kupisa exchangers, kuchinjwa tangi).
• Kuva mbishi zvinhu (mhando zviyo, mamiriro ezvinhu enyika kuchengetwa, chinzvimbo, uye kunhuhwirira unto.).
• Kushandisika flowsheet chikafu kugadzirira (enzymatic Mechanics, zvetsika).
• Marapirwo kwacho (norusununguko, mune imwe imba yokuchengetera zvinhu iri production).
• Used mbiriso marudzi.
• Kufambira mberi chinovira kwacho (nguva, nezvibereko acidity).
• Inobatsira rutsigiro zvinhu (antiseptics uye mishonga yokuuraya utachiona).

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha pane kunaka yakatsvuka zvakashandiswa. Zvinhu naye kwakaoma, sezvo pasina voruzhinji wedzerai zviyo. Naizvozvo, unorema yakatsvuka zvakashandiswa runopiwa kambani pasi zvibvumirano. Ivo akagumisa bhizimisi siyana panguva nekambani mitengo.

To musi, hapana nyika mwero kana zvimwe normative uye zvekushandisa mapepa, izvo zvaizoita zvakajeka kutsanangura zvose zvinodiwa zviyo, akashandiswa zvaAtemisi chigadzirwa ichi. Zvisinei, vamwe vavo vari ngadzirambe dziri "Mirayiro iri kugadzirwa doro kubva starch tubhokisi mbishi zvinhu." Pakati pavo - zviri siyana chepfu utachiona (mbeu masora, etc ...), Pest infestation kuti rekushongedzesa, uyewo nokuvumba Dirt.

Kushandiswa alcohols iri kugadzirwa doro kunoda refu unhu kunoguma chigadzirwa. Kubva mamiriro zvezviyo inoshandiswa zvakananga novimba organoleptic ehupfumi ari zvichizoita kwazviri akati fuma. Rinonyatsooneka chokukomborerwa yakatsvuka zvinhu zviri chinonhuwira. Nokuda rirambe richibvira-porous nemamiriro tsanga uye runoenzanirana gobvu skvazhistosti rinogona adsorb (Sechipanji) akasiyana magasi uye vapor kubva zvakatipoteredza. The mbishi zvinhu kuti utachiona okuchengetera zvipukanana, anogona dzinewo zvigadzirwa muupenyu hwavo. Kana zviyo mites varipo, izvozvo Zvinoipisisa ruvara uye kuravira, asiwo vakaumba yakananga zvakanaka. Kukuvadzwa ichi mumuhara zvokuvakisa pave akanaka ezvinhu kuti microbial kukura uye kuunganidza mycotoxins. Shandisa zviyo ichi kugadzira sezvinobvira. Zvisinei, vakawanda tupukanana kwakakanganisa kunokanganisa organoleptic zvechadenga zvichiguma doro.

Nokuti zvaAtemisi vakati chigadzirwa kazhinji chenhando rinoshandiswa uye chakaremara zviyo, ramakagadzwa saibva uye dzichangobva kumorwa, zvakakuvadza nokuomesa, pasi nokuzvidzora kudziyisa, uye vanga ergot smut uye Fusarium. Chinhu yakavimbika chokwadi. Munguva kubudiswa dzichangobva kumorwa tsanga ripen pasina kunzvenga michina kutyora kunoitika, iyo inotungamirira kuoma iri Mash uye, naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuderera chokupika ari runoenzanirana mupanda.

Ruvara yakatsvuka zvinhu, zvakakuvadza nokuomesa, anogona anosiyana kubva chiedza Brown dema. Zvakakosha kuziva. Zviyo dema Itai kuti marara. Somugumisiro kwacho iyi, chete nokusanganisa ane utano hwakanaka. Naizvozvo, mwero bvumidzwa yezvibayiro tsanga havafaniri kupfuura 10%. Kushandiswa alcohols kuti pagadzirwe yepamusoro zvinwiwa zvinopfuura mufananidzo uyu isingagamuchiriki.

Raw utachiona ergot uye smut anova chepfu, sezvo rine alkaloids siyana (argonin, ergotamine, kortunin etc.). Inokuvadza tsvina vari pamamiriro chaizvo, nokuti zvinobatsira organoleptic zviratidzi doro uye anohupa hasha, shungu uye pungency. Zvisinei, yakatsvuka zvinhu inogona kupatsanurwa ane tsanga utano. Saka kwayo kugutsikana havachiri pane 8-10%.

Zviyo, iro rinoshandiswa kuti doro kugadzirwa, chinosanganisira starch (65 - 68% pakaoma fuma) uyewo mapuroteni, mafuta, vakasununguka shuga, zvicherwa, polysaccharides, dextrin. All dzakanyorwa yeimwe mumatanho akasiyana-siyana kwacho munyaya dzakasiyana-siyana nokukanganisika siyana.

Chimwe chinhu kunokanganisa organoleptic ehupfumi ari rapera chigadzirwa chinhu mumera uye chinovira kugadzirira mikroorganizmennyh zvirimwa (saccharifying zvinhu). Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa. Kazhinji utachiwana zvinodhaka izvi zvinogona kushandiswa mukugadzira. Zvinogonawo kuitika kuti vachibva kushayikwa enzymatic basa. Pakadaro kunoitika utachiona chinovira rikurumidze. Zvinoguma kuvaka-up of pasingadiwi tsvina zvibereko mbiriso. Naizvozvo, oxidation doro shoma. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, kwava kuipa kunhuwidza uye kuravira.

The chatingatevedzera doro zvakananga anoenderana-siyana mbiriso inoshandiswa. kusarudzwa zvakakodzera characterization kuti ruzivo chinovira achibvumira kuwana akati chigadzirwa ane pasi zviri zvinokosha tsvina.

Uyewo chinhu rokuti inokosha kugadzirwa doro ndiyo mvura. Kubva kuchena kwayo (uwandu zvigare varipo, uye siyana ichiputswa mairi Chemicals) chatingatevedzera chigadzirwa anobudiswa kunoenderana. Zvakanakisisa kushandisa mvura inobva chitubu matsime.

Onawo kuti mushure rokutsvaira chigadzirwa kuramba akati siyana chepfu utachiona. Yepamusoro esters vari dzimwe nguva aripo ari yakabereka doro, anogona kupa chiedza, rimwe simba fruity zvakanaka. Chinhu yakavimbika chokwadi. Asi kuvapo diethyl Eteri anopa ainzi chigadzirwa inovava uye chinonyangadza kwakanaka.

The chatingatevedzera nenhumbi dzayo organoleptic unhu nemarererwo siyana atypical tsvina kana zvimwe microbial muchetura, mishonga yezvipembenene nevamwe.

doro zvibereko Michina

chinhu ichi ndicho kunyatsoongorora. Kunogadzirisika ethyl doro kunogona kuitwa munzira nhatu: nemakemikari, chakaita zvokugadzirwa uye nokukanganisika (enzymatic). sarudzo dzavo kunobva munhu.

• Enzymatic muitiro achigadzirira shuga doro chinovira kunoitika. It nemaloznachimy muitiro. Akaita zvinoitwa mbiriso uye makemikari.
• Chemical rikurumidze achigadzirira doro inoshandiswa kugadzira maindasitiri doro kubva chirimwa mbishi zvinhu izvo ane yakakwirira internet kugutsikana (uswa, sawdust, etc.). Uyewo anogadzirwa kubva sulphite rinodhaka (pulp nebepa kugadzirwa namatongo).
• A chakaita zvokugadzirwa muitiro hwokubereka maindasitiri doro iri mvura riine ethylene pamberi anowedzera. Uyu chaizvo nzira nevakawanda.

Food kunogadzirisika ethyl doro inotengwa chete kubva runoenzanirana feedstock. Tichaona ichi richava zviyo, molasses uye mbatatisi. Kunogadzirisika ethyl doro Technical kugadzirirwa kubva chete feedstock. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvinogona ane tsvina-siyana, izvo prohibitive zvokudya indasitiri.

Kugadzirwa ethyl doro rinoitwa muna 3 mumatanho

• Preparatory. Anatswa kubva dyisa netsvina uye kugadzirwa mumera.
• Main. Panguva iyi kubika kunoitika uye saccharification pamusoro starchy pakugadzira zvinhu, chinovira, DISTILLATION uye chizi mutambo doro.
• Final - rectification. Izvi inodzokororwa DISTILLATION akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze nechinangwa wokunatswa panyaya iyi pakusachena siyana.

Mumwe yakanakisisa mhando chirimwa zvokunyama, iro rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzirwa chigadzirwa ichi chinhu mbatatisi. Uyu inoshandisa mhando yakadaro iyo nhaka yakakwirira starchy uye zvikuru kugadzikana pamusoro okuchengetera. Izvi zvinokosha ezvinhu kuti kugadzirwa.

Unofanirawo kuziva kuti zviyo kwete chete kushandiswa senzira mbishi zvinhu, asiwo mumera, inova tsime makemikari kuti kuputsa starch kuti fermentable shuga. It kunobva munhu zvido. Vamwe zvinomera anoshandiswa pachinzvimbo mumera enzayemu kugadzirirwa microbial mavambo. Ibvai kubva achitanga. enzayemu Formulations anogona kunge munhu wokutsiva rwomumera zvakakwana anoshandiswa pamwe nawo ratios siyana.

Sarudza nzvimbo pamusoro alcohols kugadzirwa michina. The mutema muviri ine nhamba nouipi izvo zvinosiyana zvichienderana kubika tembiricha. Vari pedyo-zvigadzirwa munguva chinovira. Dzavo residual uwandu uye sezvamunoita sei kunaka doro anobudiswa liquors. Uyu chinokosha chokwadi.

midziyo Kunodiwa

Kuti vawane chigadzirwa kubva kwakafumuka doro uchishandisa multicolumn hurongwa. Kushandiswa kwavo kunokosha. Mumwe shongwe vakati midziyo anoita yakananga basa chaienzanirana kuparadzana musanganiswa panguva tembiricha siyana uye zvinetso. Zvinoitwa alcohols vavo physico-kwemakemikari ehupfumi kubvumira ndeyokubvisa nouipi siyana. Zvakakosha iyi. Havabvumirwi kweShanduro dzinodyiwa doro. Pari zvino pane zvitsva patented rwokugadzira Zvirongwa yokunatswa chirimwa mbishi zvinhu zvinoverengeka, izvo zvinogona yekudyidzana kuvandudza Analytical uye organoleptic maitiro akati chigadzirwa. Performance bragorektifikatcii nayo kunowedzera kubudikidza 15%. Output ndeyekupedzisira chigadzirwa riri pedyo 98,5%. Pari, kugadzirwa pafuma rinoshandiswa bragorektifikatsionnye ari kuramba zviito zvinogona ine kusvika mbiru shanu. Vane siyana uye, maererano chinangwa chawo, dziya sezvinotevera:

• Brazhnye. Vari kushandiswa vamwe naMashi uye doro.
• Epuration. Ivo anoshandiswa nevamwe panyaya iyi.
• DISTILLATION. Kuzvishandisa kuchenesa doro - mbishi. Vawana mweya kunogadzirisika pano zvinoitwa
• Fusel. An kwadzakabva inokosha. Vari dzichiitika uye voga yemafuta fusel
• Mbiru okupedzisira kucheneswa. Kushandiswa kuwana chemhando yepamusoro chigadzirwa.

zvakadzama kuchenesa

Rectification - rudzi multi-pechikuva DISTILLATION. Voitakura ari mbiru kuburikidza hwemvura uye mnogokolpachkovyh kwamahwendefa. Zvirimwa izvi berekai akati fuma uyewo kugadzikana zvinoriumba uye mafuta fusel inova musanganiswa yakakwirira alcohols. Maererano nedanho DISTILLATION, netsvina aya akakamurwa:

• Muswe. zvinhu izvi Vanowanzodanwa avo vane Kubika pfungwa kupfuura panyaya iyi. It fusel anonhuwirira, uye zvimwe zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, furfural, acetals, uye vamwe.
• Nomusoro. Izvi zvinosanganisira tsvina kuti ubike panguva tembiricha yakaderera pane panyaya iyi. Muchiitiko chino, esters uye aldehydes.
• Zvenguva alcohols uye vakaomerwa kwake. Ndivo mapoka akawanda trudnootdelimymi pamusoro yeimwe. Zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana DISTILLATION vangava muswe uye musoro.

mhando

In akati chigadzirwa, zvichienderana dhigirii yokuzvinatsa rakakamurwa:

• 1 giredha. doro ichi awana kushanda mune zvokurapa. Zvisinei, nokuti kugadzirwa doro hakusi kushandiswa.
• "Lux".
• "Extra".
• "Hwaro".
• "Alpha".

Nokuti zvaAtemisi zvinodhaka, izvo unhu uchasangana zvinodiwa zvose ano, unofanira kushandisa doro kuti kusavapo chepfu hunhu nouipi. Zvinofanira zvinodiwa raanotaura GOST R 51652-2000.

Ethyl doro - kushanda

Panyaya iyi, zviri rakanaka nyore uye zvakananga. Kushandiswa doro riri tefa chaizvo. Zvisinei, kazhinji vari kushandiswa kwezvokurapa zvinangwa, nokuti kugadzirwa doro, uyewo mune indasitiri.

kugadzira zvinhu

Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana akati fuma inotengwa kubva siyana mbishi zvinhu. zvinoti:

• Doro "Alpha" yakaitwa kubva gorosi kana rye. Nerumwe, muchiitiko ichi musanganiswa rayo rinoshandiswa.
• Mweya "Lux" uye "Extra" vari vakawana kubva marudzi akasiyana zvirimwa, uyewo wemisanganiswa zvayo kana matapiri. It zvinoenderana munhu pakusarudza mbishi zvinhu. Doro "Extra" anogadzirwa chete kubva tsanga utano. Mwari akaronga kuti kugadzirwa vodka, iro aivigirwa.
• Alcohol mugwaro 1st rinobudiswa kubva musanganiswa mbatatisi nezviyo, kana chete nomumwe. Uyewo pane izvi zvakaitika, unogona kushandiswa uye shuga bhiti molasses. Kushandiswa alcohols ari indasitiri kunoita kuti kugadzirwa doro mhando.

Masvomhu pakati akati chigadzirwa chinoitirwa Pakusarudza vhoriyamu netembiricha zviri muvanhu tambo humburumbira. Special mudziyo (alcoholmeters) kuona arambe achirema yacho fuma. It unoenderana imwe nhare. Achishandisa chaiyo matafura pamusoro akagamuchira zvairatidza netembiricha kuona nhare% (panyaya iyi turnover). Uyewo, kuti unoenderana chinhu unoiswa pano. Ndiye rinokosha mufananidzo. Kana kane bhuku akati fuma voitakura kunze kukarukureta uwandu anhydrous doro izvo rine.

nhanhatu dzinokosha mumuviri uye kwemakemikari kuchengeteka Kurongwa vari wakaiswa kupati. Pave mwero zviri kuwanda chepfu zvinhu zvinorondedzerwa muna SanPin. Kuvapo furfural haabvumirwi zvachose. Pasherufu upenyu doro harina parinogumira. Zvisinei, vose akarongwa ezvinhu anofanira akasangana.

Kunyora, kavha uye okuchengetera zvinhu

The chigadzirwa iri mumwoyo nenzira zvikuru akashongedzerwa midziyo, magaba, emiti, hombodo kana dzehondo. Vanofanira hermetically chisimbiso lids kana kuparidzirwa. Containers inofanira chisimbiso kana chisimbiso. Nehombodo vari kugara munzvimbo chaiyo matengu kana mabhokisi. Hazvitenderwi mune iyi, kushandiswa kwakakurudzira simbi midziyo.

Ethyl doro 95% yokunwa mumwoyo mu girazi mabhodhoro remabhuku-siyana izvo chisimbiso Cork kana epurasitiki chimiso. Top chivharo ari kupfeka aruminiyamu kuti riri aishandisa mugadziri chidhindo. Uyewo, pane inoratidzwa vhoriyamu chikamu doro.

Zvakananga pamusoro bhodhoro chitaridzi iri pasted ine zita rimwe chigadzirwa, zita uye kero mugadziri, muchiso zita, nyika mavambo, simba, vhoriyamu uye akazadza musi. Kunodiwa pano kupa ruzivo pamusoro advertising. Uyewo ari Chikwata akashandisa kureva hwokugadzira kana pamutemo mapepa, maererano izvo chigadzirwa vangazivikanwa.

Nehombodo vari ipapo akaisa mumabhokisi emapuranga. - Zita doro ari mugadziri wacho, mureza pakunzi zita zvebhizimisi; ivo nomutoo usingadzimiki fanira zvinotevera mashoko anofanira kutevedzerwa. Rinoratidzawo chakakomba uremu, uwandu hombodo vavo chinzvimbo. Unofanirawo kupinda rakanyorwa "Caution! Glass "," zvinobata moto "," Top. "

Ethyl doro kunogadzirisika, dzaizara mumidziyo uye midziyo zvakachengetwa kunze pagadzirwe zvivako zviri vachida. Izvi chigadzirwa muna emiti, magaba nehombodo zvinochengeterwa mudura chaiyo chitoro. Ethyl doro iri zvinobata moto akadaro zvokunwa. Ndicho mwero simba pamusoro munhu ndowenyika 4th kirasi. Naizvozvo, amatura mamiriro dzinokosha zvinodiwa. Hombodo doro dura uye magaba igadzikwe panhurikidzwa asi ngoma - kwete anopfuura maviri kukwirira uye upamhi wemagazini. Kuitira kudzivisa kuputika, zvinokosha kuita kudzivirira midziyo, matangi kubva kunofambira mberi magetsi. Storage nguva hazvisi parunogumira.

mugumisiro

Pashure pokuverenga apa, unogona zvizere kuziva sei anogadzirwa ethyl doro, mutengo iyo, zvichienderana norudzi chigadzirwa uye injini vanokwanisa pakati mugaba riri inobva 11 kusvika 1500 rubles.