Unicorn: pfuti Shuvalov Russian atirari

Kushandisa catapults kuparadza muvengi nechokure zvakanzi kwaiitwa kubva munguva dzekare. A chinokosha budiriro iri kuvandudzika pamusoro atirari zvombo chakaitika pashure nechitarisiko gunpowder. Catapults chinhu chekare, vakatsiviwa zvakasiyana yokutevedzera kwepfuti, howitzers uye mumaturi. hondo Kuchinja nzira kwakaguma kuvandudzika pamusoro atirari zvombo. Mumwe specimens ramakore rechi18 kupfuura akakwana ndiye simba rakafanana nerenyati kanoni Shuvalov.

Reform kuti smoothbore atirari

Munguva kubva XVIII kuna XIX remakore kuchinja zvinhu Matériel zvakanzi rakaitirwa uto vakabata Tsarist Russia: nayo itsanangudzo uye rakabatana. Kuchinja zvakakanganisa nokureba atirari uye pakukora kwemasvingo avo. Sezvineiwo kwakaderedza nhamba calibers uye friezes - nezvishongo muti. Somugumisiro kubatanidzwa vakava zvichibvira kushandisa chete pagondobwe zviridzwa zvakasiyana. Unicorn (pfuti) - A chombo itsva anzverwa pasi murayiro feldtseyhmeystera General (Mukuru atirari) Count Petra Ivanovicha Shuvalova. Howitzer semaonero ichi rakabviswa basa wehondo yamambo. Ndakapedza nadzurudzo yave kuzivikanwa munhu wokuRussia atirari muna 1812 hondo.

patani mabasa

vakuru chikwata vagadziri vanotungamirirwa Count Shuvalov akatora makore mashomanana ushande pakusikwa maturusi chitsva uye nani kusvikira iwe zvinogutswa muenzaniso wavo - pfuti itsva - Shuvalov simba rakafanana nerenyati. "Itai izvozvo pachako" - kupa mhizha ano specialized nzvimbo, ichipa zvakafanira zvose vanodhirowa yacho uye magadzirirwo. Chombo kuti aivapo vakagadzirira vanodhirowa - zvikuru nyore basa pane uya aifanira kukurira pfuti varidzi. Sezvo nesayenzi panguva iyoyo yaiva kure yokungotaura Masvomhu, kushanda pazuva idzva pfuti womuenzaniso anoitwa kutongwa uye kukanganisa.

Somugumisiro vakawanda kuedza, kunze Nyati, pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvimwe yokutevedzera kwepfuti, vakawanda vakanga kuraswa. Rimwe ivhu izvi havasi aendeswa Russian uto kupinda pabasa, ndivo dvuhstvolny pushki- "mapatya". Izvi atirari chidimbu aiva maviri-dhiramu akatasva ngoro.

Shooting kubva ichi chombo akanga akatakurwa kunze buckshot, iro raiva wakatemerwa simbi tsvimbo. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti mugumisiro vachiridzira munhu projectile yakadaro yaizova yakakura. Pashure yekuedzwa, zvikazooneka kuti mabasa ake hunyambiri kanoni nani pane kwakajairika kuroorwa-barreled.

Chii simba rakafanana nerenyati (pfuti)?

Russian atirari kubva 1757, akanga akashongedzerwa mutsva chishandiso yakataurwa vatariri M. V. Danilovym uye M. G. Martynovym. The chombo akasikwa kutsiva refu-barreled pfuti uye howitzers. zita rayo - UNICORN - Cannon akagamuchira mhuka ngano kuti anoratidzwa mune nguvo maoko Count P. I. Shuvalova.

Izvi wakananga kune Russian atirari pfuti vasanganiswa pachakwo zvainyanya kwepfuti uye howitzers, akaronga kuti achiitisa sandara uye curved moto. Nyati vane pfupi cannons. Shuvalovskie chigadzirwa dhiramu ane denderedzwa mugero umo chinjikira dhayamita kanoverengeka kupfuura tote. In ichi zvakasiyana kubva dzenhoroondo nezvidimbu atirari. Hunde yacho Unicorn ane chimiro ane denderedzwa cone. Kana vachiridzira kwayo zvinopa chinjikira inofamba trajectory kanisita. Ko pfuti muvambi dzakawanda mhosva vakaburuka muvhu, kana ichibhururuka pamusoro misoro muvengi.

Inowanika nekushandura youmambo atirari

Mushure mazuvaano kwemashoko mubasa muuto Russian akazviratidza simba rakafanana nerenyati. The pfuti, riri pazasi pamufananidzo, dzinomiririrwa upgraded atirari pfuti, umo nokubatanidza yakanakisisa ehupfumi yatangira vachiridzira namano.

Martynov uye Daniel chigadzirwa panguva iyoyo kwainzi kwazvo vakakwana, sezvo zvakanaka zvakafanana mimwe nenyama yavo uye maneuverability. About makore zana akashandisa youmambo mauto pfuti UNICORN, vane vanodhirowa kukumbira Russian vatsigiri varo yeAustria muna 1760.

Chii chinosiyanisa muenzaniso mutsva kubva Classic atirari?

Kuti uvandudze kutungamirirwa zvakarurama zvombo kunanga vagadziri chaiva kukudziridza mano diopter, iyo akashongedzerwa ane simba rakafanana nerenyati. Pfuti akanga vakapakata pfuti, ndicho slots chete pamberi kuona. Vachiridzira siyana Shuvalov chigadzirwa yaiva katatu kupfuura needzimwe nezvidimbu atirari. Nyati ane yakaderera uremu pane kwakajairika pfuti, asi hombe mwero uye mutariri vanokwanisa. Ivo zvakasiyana uye vachiridzira. Kugona kubereka moto nemasoja musoro akatasva pamusoro trajectory ndiye anozivikanwa kuchiitwa chombo zvakadaro, kufanana simba rakafanana nerenyati. The pfuti, ari akazotsiviwa of chombo mutsva aikwanisa kuita moto chete kufudza.

Chii projectiles vanogumurwa ane upgraded muenzaniso?

Shuvalov kanoni aigona kupfura mabhomba, izvo mhango idenderedzwa anoshongwa akazara matema gunpowder uye pamwechete naye emapuranga pombi, fuses. Izvi dzenyati akafanana pfupi-howitzers. Ivo zvakasiyana ndinorova nokukurumidza uye siyana. Nyati prices vaiva kaviri kupfuura howitzers.

Uyezve, kushandiswa kwakapararira cores uye zvakasiyana kanisita Unicorn. Cannon (Classic) Kwaingoitirwa chete kuramba flatness ari kupfura. Kuti kuisa moto pamusoro muvengi, vatana pfuti vakanga kusundwa mberi inifanduri: kukwirira wavo asingaiti kupfuudza madhigirii 15, apo hunde Shuvalov UNICORN dzinochengeterwa vachipfura madhigirii 45.

A mudziyo bhaudhi

Mauto Russian uye European pamberi dzenyati akashandisa kanoni caliber 18-25 uye 6-8 caliber howitzers. Gauge kureba akanga akatsunga reshiyo giya wayo hunde dhayamita. Classical pfuti panguva haana nepokuongorora bhaudhi, saka anonziwo beskamornoy. Upfu mugero ari pfuti wakapfuurira pasi, iyo yakanga sandara chimiro kana ari muchimiro hemisphere. Howitzer bhaudhi aiva cylindrical chimiro.

Nyati takashongedzerwa pamwe bhaudhi, zvakange conical vari chimiro. Chamber aiva rwemberi chikamu akaderedza dhayamita mu atirari anoshongwa uye akaronga kuti nokuisa kartuznyh mhosva.

Chimiro chaiva truncated cône, uko kwakaguma idenderedzwa pasi 2 ane udzamu geji. Nokuda kuvaka yakadaro, kana Akanongedzera kubaya pfuti kunovimbisa akakwana kuvakira uye projectile ballistics.

Muitiro rokukwidza conical Camore pfuti itsva iri nyore uye dzichimhanya kufananidzwa cylindrical mukamuri howitzers. Nokuda anobudirira pamasikiro simba rakafanana nerenyati yakanga yakaderera uremu, ine kunobatsirawo achifambisa ake. Pashure 1808 muna Shuvalovskie pfuti kutsiva idenderedzwa akauya sandarara pasi, wakati vakagumisa. Kusimba yamakamuri ndokuramba.

Chii atirari pfuti akashandisa hwakavandudzika?

Nyati kushandiswa mukugadzira mhangura nesimbi. Field atirari akanga vakapakata-funt matatu endarira zviridzwa. Pudova pfuti izvi zvinhu akashandiswa kukomba atirari. Nokuti nyika akaronga dzenyati mana paundi, yakagadzirwa kukandira simbi.

Cannon 1757 wokuenzanisira gore

Sezvo rinotyisa odnopudovy UNICORN haana bvumidza-eighteen pfuti. uremu hwake aiva 1048 makirogiramu. Ndicho 64 makirogiramu zvishoma pane pfuti. In huchashandiswa ichi Shuvalovskie Paaiita yakakwirira mufambo. Maererano dzavo tactical uye michina maitiro odnopudovy UNICORN mukuru-paundi nhanhatu kanoni, izvo 1734 kwainzi nyore dzesango atirari zvidimbu. Shuvalov vana zvakazoonekwa kuti pondo gumi vakareruka pfuti uye vavakatorera kukuru kunoparadza mugumisiro kana vachiridzira buckshot. Odnopudovy UNICORN rakapfuura uye zvakakura uremu howitzer. Kunorira remoto kana bhomba kusabatana mabhomba kubva nani kanoni panguva muvengi masvingo akanga kaviri kupfuura kubva kwakajairika mabhomba inoshandiswa odnopudovaya howitzer.

Sezvo pakukura Akatsunga?

Kusvikira XIX remakore geji chipimo rakanga raitwa kwete dhayamita yacho dhiramu chiteshi. Rakashandiswa atirari chombo vaite izvi vanofungidzirwa kurema musimboti. Pashure achiedza trehpudovogo Unicorn caliber rakanga 320 neMM, ndokudzokera kuti huchashandiswa chinokuremera uye nguva apo rokukwidza. The chikwata vagadziri achishanda muenzaniso uyu atirari amira.

Chii vakashanda Shuvalovskie pfuti?

• Vasati vatanga mabukira UNICORN kunotungamirira kune chinangwa.
• Kurera richikwidibira pamusoro pfuti breech akaita kushandisa sighting mano - screws.
• To pafiripi maoko yakatambarara anokosha levers vakanga inopiwa vagadziri.
• Kutara zvainanga yomuvengi pfuti akanga akatakurwa kunze wedges.
• Galvanzie upfu anobudiswa kuburikidza chibani, iyo vakapakata mutyairi wendege chiedza.
• For pfuti uye dzenyati envisaged tomu vachizvitakudza: Musimboti, mabhomba uye gaba nemikombe akazadzwa kuchekwachekwa waya (kanisita) anoiswa mugomba chombo kuburikidza Upfu. Panguva iyoyowo dzenyati goko kubva pamusoro Upfu yarova tapered cône wayo uremu rakanga zvakasimba chisimbiso kare iripo pane mutariri upfu dema, iyo akaita vyshibalnuyu ushande.
• Panguva combustion kuti gunpowder rakaumbwa munhu zvakakwana simba rakawanda nokuti ejecting ari projectile kubva dhiramu. Pashure dzenyati kuvamba yekudyidzana akavandudza kunyatsoshanda yacho atirari zvidimbu. Shuvalov zvigadzirwa kubva combustion pakati gunpowder vebasa simba iri aisa chose bouncer projectile pane kuitwa kuburikidza Makwanza iri mumadziro Upfu, sezvakaitika muna kwakajairika pfuti.
• Pashure akapfura mumwe Upfu atirari vakachenesa Bannik - chaiwo brushes, izvo inoshandiswa kugadzirwa makwai matehwe.

Chii mukana pfupi-pfuti?

• Atirari magadzirirwo UNICORN zvishoma pane yenguva dzose pfuti, asi kupfuura dhaka.
• The chigadzirwa Shuvalova girafu akanga dzaona rikayerera anosvika zviuru zvitatu. Mamita. Izvi kure panguva kwainzi chinokosha.
• Short bharero UNICORN akamutsa kururama kwaro. Izvi imhaka yokuti pagadzirwe emiti nokuti atirari aisava akakwana: kuvapo nemaziso hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka pamusoro romukati pemvura Upfu kuti anogona kuchinja trajectory munhu akapiwa projectile, kwakaitika kakawanda. The yakareba Upfu, kwakondiko kuvapo hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka zvakadaro. Achidzikisa hunde shoma kakawanda zvarakasiya uye nezvimwewo rotations anoshongwa panguva vachiridzira, uye ichi, akavapindurawo, kwakavandudza rakarurama kwakafanorongwa.
• Kuderedza kukura hunde akanga kunobatsirawo pamusoro vachizvitakudza nokukurumidza. kwakajairika imwe bara pfuti kusati kwatombova dzenyati kubirwa kwemaminitsi 15.
• Shuvalov pfuti uye pamotokari muitiro kuzvidzora raiva nyore. Mukuwedzera, pfupi dhiramu yakawedzera dhigirii pave 45. Nhamba iyi asingagoni kuitwa kwakajairika pfuti.

Shuvalov simba rakafanana nerenyati. Ita izvozvo pachako

Yourselfers vanoda neImba maoko rokusika yokutevedzera zvombo kuti muunganidzwa wako, unofanira kuziva kuti usati watanga mukugadzira UNICORN marongerwo, unofanira kuva pamberi pameso angu nzwisa yeramangwana chigadzirwa. Tenzi womuenzaniso nyore chokuita papepa. Mukuita, zvinokosha kuchengeta imwe pezvose. Izvi zvinogona kushandiswa toyi musoja, vachishandisa izvo achasunga kuti marongerwo ramangwana atirari anoshongwa kuti contingent kukura dzemuviri. Kana zvakanaka vaurayiwa makadhibhokisi tenzi womuenzaniso, unogona mberi kusvika zvaAtemisi zvakafanana, asi huni.

In kushanda iyi, Zvinokurudzirwa kushandisa lacquer, iyo kuchengeta pamwe zvidiki uye kudzivirira misha yavo. To pfuti vaiva sandara pamusoro, vanofanira kubatwa tsono mafaira. The chigadzirwa inokurudzirwa kuti impregnate ari kwakajairika mhangura sulfate, izvo zvinogona kutengwa pachiteshi Hardware chitoro. Sam impregnation kwacho ndiyo nguva: mhangura sulphate inofanira rakasanganiswa mune mugaba duku iri kuti anyike pfuti kwaanoda. Sezvo pfuti achaita rima, vanofanira kubviswa mhinduro uye kupatsanurwa pachishandiswa akanzwa kana namatidza (GOI kana asidola). nzira iyi kunogona kuitwa kakawanda. Pashure pamusoro kurapwa zviridzwa vachava anobata yendarira ruvara.

mhedziso

Muzana XVIII remakore simbi nezvinomera Urals vaionekwa chihombe maindasitiri kunzwisisa, ichibereka zvakawanda simbi kupfuura Western nyika ipi European. A huru yakawanda zvinhu zvinodiwa Count Shuvalov zvaiita kuziva kwedu ouinjiniya chirongwa. Somugumisiro vakawanda kugadzirwa kare 1759 vashandi vakakandirwa 477 akasiyana yokutevedzera of Unicorn: pfuti akanga calibers matanhatu uye vakayera pakati 340 makirogiramu kuti 3.5 matani.

Nyati kunge nekusimba nyanzvi hondo vokuTurkey, waakapa kukunda Tsarist Russia kuCrimea uye New Russia. Kuvapo izvi atirari zvidimbu muzana remakore rechi18 akabvumira mauto wokuRussia kuva akasimba muna Europe.