Business, Indasitiri
Cannon: mhando uye kuwanda moto. Pfupiso atirari anoshongwa kubva vekare ano
Unoziva chii revarwi mhando noruremekedzo rinonzi "mwari hondo"? Chokwadi, atirari! Pasinei kukura zvombo mumakore mashanu apfuura, basa ano mukuru-zvakarurama dhiramu hurongwa vachiri yakakwirira chaizvo.
History of budiriro
Hapana chikonzero chokudavira kuti vamwe atirari pfuti haina kushandiswa kare. Nenzira kutaura, kupfuura rinotaura zvombo zvakadaro kunogona kuwanikwa Chirungu manyoro ekare, uye kwete zvose zvinyorwa German chepuraimari. Saka, zvikurukuru zvinokosha panyaya iyi zvikuru rinozivikanwa bhuku "On Mabasa Kings", iro rakanyorwa rokukudza Edward III.
Munyori aiva mudzidzisi wamambo, uye bhuku rakanyorwa muna 1326 (nguva Edward kupondwa). In rugwaro hapana zvakawanda tsananguro rinodhindira, uye saka kuvimba chete pamusoro subtext. Saka, musi mumwe wemifananidzo vanoratidzwa, pasina kupokana, ndiko pfuti chaiyo, iyo chakafanana muhari guru. Anoratidza sei kubva pamuromo "chirongo" zvinotora kure tiguu guru, wakaputirwa youtsi, uye daro inomira munhu knight, chete podzhegshy upfu uchishandisa rinopisa tsvimbo.
kuonekwa
Kana China, izvo angangorema tega gunpowder (a Ages masayendisiti akazoziva nayo inenge katatu, kwete zvishoma), pane chikonzero chose kufunga kuti wekutanga atirari zvachose vaigona kuona kunyange vasati yechikristu. Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, atirari, kufanana nepfuti zvose, zvirokwazvo mukuru zvikuru pane vaifungidzira.
Munguva naCharles wokushinga , maturusi izvi zvave akawanda panguva yokukomba wenhare, masvingo yakanga atova nokuda rakakombwa inoshanda saka chingamubatsira.
chisingaperi kurega kunotanga
Saka nei vekare vanhu havana kukunda achibatsirwa "Mwari Hondo" nyika yose? Ndicho nyore - pakutanga remakore rechi14 kanoni. uye 18. Vakasiyana zvishoma kubva mumwe. Vakanga zveufende, kumuremera, kupa varombo chaizvo kururama. Ndosaka yokutanga zvishandiso akashandiswa kuputsa masvingo (zvakaoma kupotsa!), Uyewo kupfura guru kuwanda muvengi. Panguva apo mauto muvengi akaenda pane mumwe chete mavara mbiru, uyewo haatarisiri dzakakwirira nemazvo pfuti.
Usakanganwa pamusoro zvinosemesa sezvo gunpowder, uyewo yaro nezvimwewo ehupfumi: apo Sweden Gunners Russian hondo dzimwe nguva vaiva katatu kuwedzera mwero linkage kusvika pokupedzisira zvemapuranga muvengi nhare kumbodzidzira kukuvara. Chokwadi, pane pfuti rakavimbika chokwadi ichi zvinoratidzwa pachena zvakaipa. Paiva kakawanda apo dzemaitirwe kuti atirari iri mhepo pfuti zvavo hapana sarudzo.
zvimwe zvikonzero
Pakupedzisira, simbi. Sezvakaita pamwe locomotives, chete nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa tikaisa zvigayo uye zvakadzama tsvakurudzo mumunda simbi kupiwa zvakafanira ruzivo kubereka yakavimbika zvechokwadi hunde dzacho. Pakasikwa atirari anoshongwa kwenguva refu akapa vanhu ropafadzo "monarchical" muhondo.
Musakanganwa caliber atirari Mumakore iwayo, vakanga akaverenga sezvo inobva dhayamita ari cores kushandiswa, uye panyaya parameters ari hunde. Akatonga incredible kuvhiringidzika, uye nekuti hondo Aisagona vave chinhu here dzibatane. izvi zvose makadzivisa zvikuru kukura indasitiri.
mhando Main yekare atirari nehurongwa
Zvino funga mhando mikuru atirari zvidimbu, izvo kazhinji kacho zvakabatsira chaizvo kuchinja nhoroondo, nokuputsa kubvisa hondo nyasha kusaroora. Pakazosvika gore 1620 kwakasarudzwa kusiyanisa zvinotevera marudzi zviridzwa:
- Caliber pfuti kubva 7 kusvika 12 nemainji.
- Perriere.
- Falcon uye vateveri ( "Falcon").
- Handheld zvishandiso kubva breech loader.
- Robinety.
- Mumaturi uye bombards.
Achitaura zvakare nguva Peter vanyori venhau makore iwayo vakaona kuti mumwe nomumwe bhatiri "Nyati" (mhando kulevriny) raida mazana marita nevhiniga. Ake rakasanganiswa mumvura sezvo kushandiswa kutonhora overheated kubva vachiridzira dhiramu.
Kashoma akasangana tsaru atirari pfuti ine caliber kupfuura 12 nemainji. Zvinowanzoshandiswa kulevriny vane moyo kuremerwa anenge 16 makirogiramu (anenge 7,3 kg). Under munda mamiriro akanga zvakajairika mazuva falsconet vane moyo kuremerwa 2,5 chete LBS (anenge kilogram). Zvino ngatitarise mamwe atirari zvidimbu dzaiva nevakawanda kare.
Name kwepfuti | Bharero Length (mu calibers) | Projectile uremu, makirogiramu | Est inoshanda kupfura kure (mu mamita) |
musket | Hakuna yakatarwa chiero | 0.45 | 50-75 |
norukodzi | 30 | 1.36 | 70-100 |
Sacra | 28 | 4-5,4 | vanenge 400 |
"Asp" | 20-25 | 4-5,4 | 1000-1067 |
Standard pfuti | 17-21 | 9-45,4 | kusvika 1300 |
Polupushka | Hakuna yakatarwa chiero | 13.6 | Kusvikira 200 |
Kulevriny (vakura atirari pfuti ine refu dhiramu) | 33 | 9-22,7 | 230-250 |
"A hafu" kulevriny | 32 | 5,4-13,6 | 150-170 |
unomonereka | No Information | 24 | vanenge 300 |
woupombwe | No Information | 18.6 | 400-700 |
Kamnemet | 9-45,4 | 900-1000 |
Kana airinda kunyatsoongorora tafura uye akaona pfuti, usashamisike. saka ainzi kwete chete zveufende uye inorema pfuti, izvo isu kurangarira kubva mafirimu pamusoro Musketeers, asiwo izere atirari pfuti ine refu barreled caliber diki. Pashure pezvose, fungidzira "bara", rairema 400 magiramu riri matambudziko chaizvo!
Pakupedzisira, vose mashoko vari kuratidzwa tafura yedu - anofungidzirwa. Mhando dzakawanda atirari kwepfuti vacharamba zvachose kukanganikwa, uye kare kare kazhinji kwete chaizvo aiziva unhu uye mazita avo kwepfuti akashandiswa akawanda panguva yokukomba Maguta uye nhare.
Innovators vavambi
Sezvatakamboreva, kanoni atirari kwemazana emakore akawanda raiva chombo iyo, sezvo zvaiita, zvachose chando kwaro kukura. Zvisinei, zvinhu nokukurumidza zvakachinja. Sezvaiitwa Kakawanda, zvakagadzirwa mune zvehondo, pfungwa nhengo vatariri rengarava.
The chikuru dambudziko kwakajairika atirari pamusoro zvikepe yakanga isiri nzvimbo constraints, kunzwisisa kuita chero anofambisa. Achiona izvi zvose, Va Melville uye Mr. Gascoigne, uyo aiva mutariri okuwana ndezvake, akakwanisa kusika pfuti zvinoshamisa kuti dzekare kuziva nhasi pasi zita "karonada". It vasina nembambo paari hunde (nokuti rechikepe zvisungo). Asi raiva ziso duku, izvo nokukurumidza uye nyore zvinogona akaisa simbi netsvimbo. Iye zvakasimba akanamatirana tsindirana muchina atirari.
The pfuti Zvakazoitika chiedza uye pfupi, nyore kubata. Est zvinobudirira kupfura kure kwazviri oda 50 mamita. Uyezve, nokuda vamwe magadzirirwo ayo inobudisa mukana kutungamirira projectiles moto pamwe Molotov cocktaileja. "Karonada" akava akakurumbira zvokuti nokukurumidza Gascoigne kuRussia, apo matarenda vemifananidzo vemamwe mavambo kwagara akamirira, vakagamuchira chinzvimbo rwevanhu uye nzvimbo imwe Catherine kuti vezvemitero. Rakanga mumakore iwayo, Russian atirari pfuti yakagadzirwa uye dzikabereka ari chikero kusvikira zvisingaoneki.
Modern atirari hurongwa
Sezvataona pakutanga ino, munyika ano nyika atirari akanga akawanda "Mukana" pasi pokudzora zvombo. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti kwakajairika uye chitundumuseremusere enyika hakuna nzvimbo yakasiyiwa muhondo. Ngazvisadaro! Nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa zvakarurama-akatungamirira zvombo musi GPS / GLONASS anogona vanoti nechivimbo chokuti "zvemo" kubvira kure 12-13 remakore acharamba kuchengeta muvengi ndikunde.
Kwakajairika uye chitundumuseremusere atirari: ndiani nani?
Reactive hurongwa muri kutsanya uye pafoni, vanogona kuchinja kurwa nzvimbo yake kwemaminitsi mashoma. In Zvinotaurwa, michina izvi zvinogona moto kunyange kana uchityaira, asi rakarurama bara riri sei zvakaipa. Zvakaipira dzakadaro gadziriro - dzavo pasi rwakatwasuka. Chete "Hurricane" anogona sezvariri kurima mashoma sikweya makiromita, aparadza zvinhu zvipenyu zvinenge zvose, asi kutora bhatiri wose zvivako pamwe zvikuru kwete chisingakoshi anoshongwa. Izvi atirari zvidimbu, mapikicha izvo uchawana munyaya, kunyanya kudiwa mudzimba Developers ( "Katyusha").
A howitzer volley ne projectile "akangwara" anokwanisa kuparadza chero ano tangi pamwe chete kuedza, ukuwo bhatiri chitundumuseremusere launchers uye kungada vanopfuura mumwe salvo. Uyewo, "dutu", "Hurricane", "Grad" uye "dutu" pakutanga nguva havazokwanisi kuona kana bofu musoja, segore utsi panguva nzvimbo akaumba kosha. Asi pazvivako zvakadaro imwe projectile ingasanganisira kuti zvakawanda zana makirogiramu ose zvinoputika.
Cannon atirari, nokuda kwayo zvakarurama, inogona kushandiswa kunotutirwa muvengi nenguva nzvimbo yaro pedyo zvavo chete nzvimbo. Uyezve, kuzvidzora propelled atirari pfuti barreled zvechokwadi kuita pakaunda-bhatiri moto, zvichiita kwemaawa akawanda. In salvo moto gadziriro asi nokukurumidza dzinopaza hunde dzacho kuti murege kupa kwavo kushandiswa kwenguva refu.
Panzira kutaura, ari wokutanga Chechen pamushandirapamwe kushandiswa "Grad", uyo akakwanisa hondo Afghanistan. Pfeka hunde dzacho kunge zvakadaro kuti anoshongwa akabhururuka dzimwe nguva nezvimwewo mirayiridzo. Kazhinji izvi zvinoita kuti "chifukidziro," pachavo varwi vavo.
The yakanakisisa mugadziriro salvo moto
Vatungamiri vaizongoguma kuuya atirari Russia "dutu". Vanoshamisa projectiles caliber kuti 122 mm ari chinhambwe 100 makiromita. Mune imwe salvo anogona rakapa kusvika 40 mhosva, iro kufukidza nzvimbo 84 zviuru mativi mamita. Cruising haachipo kana zvishoma - 650 makiromita. Pamwe mukuru akavimbika chassis uye kufamba nokukurumidza 60 km / h, hunobvumira kuti uchatamisa bhatiri "dutu" panzvimbo chaiyo uye shoma nguva.
Wechipiri kubudirira wechipfuwo MLRS 9K51 "Grad", sebenzi pashure nezvakaitika South-East rweUkraine. Caliber - 122 neMM, 40 hunde dzacho. Moto kure kusvika 21 makiromita, vari vanopfuura chete anogona 'kubata' kuti nzvimbo 40 mativi makiromita. Cruising panguva kunonyanyisa kumhanya 85 km / h zvakangofanana 1.5 zviuru makiromita!
nzvimbo Third anoenda HIMARS kanoni kubva American mugadziri. Zvombo ane anoyevedza caliber pakati 227 neMM, asi nhanhatu chete kumutungamirira shoma Anotadzira pfungwa installation. Akapfura Range - kusvika makiromita 85 panguva rifukidze imwe nzvimbo 67 mativi makiromita. Speed kufamba - 85 km / h uye cruising siyana makiromita 600. Well akasimbisa munyika mushandirapamwe muna Afghanistan.
Pakupedzisira nzvimbo ndiye Indian MLRS Pinaka. The design - 12 vakapofumara 122mm anoshongwa. Vachiridzira Range - kusvika 40? Km. With vaifanira kumhanya 80 km / h motokari inogona kufamba kusvika 850 makiromita. Munzvimbo iyi - zvakawanda 130 akaenzana makiromita. The hurongwa yakazokudziridzwa pamwe zvakananga kutora chikamu kwe vanachiremba Russian, zvakanaka akaratidza pacharo mune dzakawanda Indian-Pakistani kunetsana.
pfuti
Ichi chombo kure avo vamutangira yekare, uyo akatonga kuMiddle Ages minda. Caliber pfuti zvinoshandiswa riripo ezvinhu, anoda kubatsira kubva 100 (Anti kanoni "Rapier") kuti 155 mm (TR, NATO).
Assortment of anoshongwa yaishandiswa zvikuru paupamhi; kubva mureza mukuru-putika kwepfuti kune programmable projectiles anogona yakarova atambudzwe ari chinhambwe 45 makiromita ane kururama makumi masendimita. Zvisinei, mari mumwe kwepfuti zvinogona kusvika zviuru 55 madhora! Panyaya iyi, Soviet atirari iri isingadhuri zvikuru.
zita | Country okuwana | Caliber, mm | Pfuti Weight makirogiramu | Kunonyanyisa Range (zvichienderana norudzi projectile),? Km |
GHN-45 | Belgium | 155 | 8900 | 30-39 |
GC 45 | Belgium | 155 | 8222 | 30-39 |
P 5.5 padiki (decommissioned anenge kose) | England | 140 | 5851 | 16.5 |
"Zsolt" M-68 / M-71 | Israel | 155 | 9500 | 21 |
WA 021 (chaiyo zveBelgium GC clone 45) | China | 155 | 9500 | 30-39 |
M-46 | USSR | 130 | 8450 | 27 |
2A36 "Hyacinth-B" | USSR | 152 | 9800 | 27 |
|
"Rapier" | USSR | 100 | 2800 | 3 |
Soviet atirari C-23 | USSR | 180 | 21450 | 30.5 |
D-20 | USSR | 152 | 5700 | 17-24 |
"Octopus-B" | Russia | 125 | 6575 | 12.2 |
G5 | South Africa | 155 | 13500 | 30 |
mumaturi
Modern dhaka hurongwa vazukuru bombards yekare uye mumaturi, izvo zvinogona kusunungura bhomba (kusvika mazana makirogiramu kurema) pa chinhambwe 200-300 mamita. Nhasi yekudyidzana vakachinja kugadzirwa dzavo, uye kufadza-siyana mafomu.
In vakawanda muchiuto munyika vachirwira mumaturi dzidziso inokurukura navo sezvo kanoni akatasva kuti vachiridzira kure anenge mumwe kiromita. Rinotaura kubudirira kushandisa ichi chombo ari mumaguta ezvinhu uye kudzvinyirira pakati vakapararira, mobile mapoka muvengi. Mugore Russian mauto mumaturi vari mureza zvombo, vari anoshandiswa ose zvishoma chakakomba uto oparesheni.
Uye panguva Ukrainian chiitiko mativi vakaratidza kuti kunyange vanhu vakura 88 mm mumaturi chinhu chakanakisisa chishandiso remagandanga hondo, uye kurwisana nayo.
Modern mumaturi, uyewo mamwe kanoni atirari, kukura nenzira kuwedzera kururama nerimwe vapfurwa. Muzhizha rapera, yakakurumbira rezvombo dzesangano Bae Systems kutanga akaratidza dzakawanda zvakarurama dhaka vaitenderera caliber 81 neMM, izvo vakaedzwa imwe British landfills. Zvinonzi munitions yakadaro inogona kushandiswa chakazara kunyatsoshanda ari tembiricha siyana kubva -46 kusvika +71 ° C. Uyezve, pane ruzivo pamusoro vakaronga kweShanduro widest siyana projectiles.
Anotarisira muchiuto chokuita kukura mukuru-zvakarurama Maminitsi 120 mm pamwe zvakawedzera simba. The itsva mhando yakatanga nokuda US Army (XM395, somuenzaniso), pane zvakawanda anosvika 6,1? Km vane kutsaudzira vasina zvinopfuura 10 mamita. Zvinonzi kwepfuti anoshandiswa Stryker zvikwata zviri warrior motokari yokuIraq uye Afghanistan, uko zvombo zvitsva akaratidza rutivi rwake yakanakisisa.
Asi zvikuru kuti vaizotibata zvevakomana vari kukura kutungamirirwa zvombo pamwe chinoshingaira homing. Saka, mudzimai pfuti guru "Nona" anogona kushandisa goko "Kitolov-2", iyo unogona kurova anongoda chero tangi ano riri chinhambwe vapfumbamwe makiromita. Kupiwa cheapness chezvombo, akadai vaitarisira kukura zvido muchiuto rose.
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