Vatsvakurudzi Great uye Zvavakawana

Nguva mapiyona vomunyika itsva kune vokuEurope akava kuguma namashanu, nemitanhatu uye nenomwe remakore. Kupfuura kuongorora uye kudzikama vanhu dzikarongwa munyika nhatu: Portugal, Spain, uye Russia.

Zvakawanikwa kukosha remakore

Mukupera eighties remakore rechigumi nemashanu, ari navigators huru Portugal kare kutsvaka uye nokumavirira, uye kuchamhembe pemhenderekedzo Africa kure, muna 1492, Hristofor Kolumb vachienda Bahamas, iyo Muduku Antilles uye vakaona America, uye muna 1497 akavawo inokosha tsaukana matongo: Vasco da Gama ndakawana gungwa kuenda kuIndia, skirting yacho African. Uye muna 1498, Columbus, Vespucci uye Omeha vaiva mapiyona South America, zvavakaita adzidza kwemakore mashanu, uyewo Central America.

Russian vezvikepe kukuru Akaongorora vainyanya kweArctic Ocean. Vakaenda vose zvikuru kuchamhembe Asia, akazarura ari Yamal Peninsula uye Taimyr, Chukotka Peninsula, akaratidza kuti America haisi kuenderera Asia, achibva Arctic kusvika Pacific Ocean kuburikidza Bering Strait. rwendo urwu akatungamirirwa guru Russian aiongorora S. Dezhnev uye F. Popov. Sezvo 1735 Khariton uye Dmitry Laptev Seas kuenda kuSiberia, mumwe yaiva yakazonzi zita ravo. Mazita makuru navigators vanowanzoteerera chipo pamepu, ivo inoumbwa.

Dutchman W. Barents akafamba Novaya Zemlya uye Spitsbergen. WokuEngland G. Hudson neshamwari dzake vakaona Greenland, Baffin Island, Labrador Peninsula, Hudson Bay. S. Shampilen wokuFrance akavhura kuchamhembe Appalachians uye shanu North American Great Lakes. Spaniard L. Torres akashanyira New Guinea. Dutch Yanszon B. uye A. Tasman vakanyora mamiriro ayo Australia, Tasmania uye New Zealand chitsuwa.

Chinhu pamusoro Columbus

A asinganzwisisiki murume akasiya vazukuru Hristofor Kolumb. Photo sezvingatarisirwa hakuna kutangwa asi. Asi pakanga Portraits. Pavari tinoona murume akachenjera Kutarira uye anoita kure chero adventurism. All unhu uye kwakakwana kwezvematongerwe mugumo Hristofora Kolumba vari zvakawanda, kujeka, zvinokwanisika kunyora yokufungidzira-yakakura, uye kunyange hakuna yamura ose vicissitudes hwake.

Maererano nomumwe shanduro dzakawanda, iye akaberekwa pachitsuwa Corsica muna 1451. Nezvenyaya iyi kusvikira zvino masayendisiti vanotyisa gakava okupedzisira maguta matanhatu muItaly uye Spain vapike kuti uyu apo nzvimbo yechizvarirwo pamusoro muColumbus.

Hwake hwose upenyu - yezvechitendero. Chimwe chinhu chiri pachena - akararama Lisbon, uye zvakawanda vasati kuti akapfuurira nezvikepe Mediterranean. Kubva ipapo, kubva kuPortugal, uye akatanga chinokosha nzendo Columbus, izvo harisati akaita vafambisi mukuru munyika.

Cuba nemamwe chitsuwa

Muna 1492, akaisa rutsoka pachitsuwa Cuba. Ikoko Columbus akawana chimwe chezvinhu cultured vanhu Latin America, kuvaka chivako hombe, vayavshy chifananidzo chakanaka, inokura yaizivikanwa donje uye Europe vasingazivikanwi zvachose mbatatisi uye fodya, iyo zvino akakunda nyika yose. Saka kure iri pachitsuwa rokuberekwa Hristofora Kolumba - rudzi zororo.

Mumwe piyona ane dzinopisa neboka Atlantic, wokutanga kupinda muCaribbean, South America uye vawana muIsthmus Central, uyo akauraya pamepu Bahamas rezvitsuwa, Zvikanganiso uye Antilles Greater, zvitsuwa Caribbean, chitsuwa Trinidad, - zviri Hristofor Kolumb. Photo rinoratidza munhu wakanaka, chinyararire vakanyatsotarira kubva mufananidzo, pasina chidukuduku nyonganyonga kumeso.

Regai vokuEurope munoti North America pamberi Columbus mugwagwa yakanga protoron VaViking kubva Iceland kubva regumi remakore. KuMiddle Ages gungwa kuenda mhiri nenyanza uye nokuda chegumi nguva - chinhu chinopa akaoma uye ngozi. Uye chero zvazvingava, nyika yakawandisa ari maviri makondinendi American, iyo pamberi Columbus haana kuziva munhu.

Nhume roruvanze - huru navigators

Ferdinand Magellan akaberekwa muna 1480 kuchamhembe Portugal, uye makore gumi nherera. Achitsvaka zvokudya agere muimba youmambo - mutumwa. Zvino gungwa achibuda kokutanga muna shanu dvadvat, kunyange gungwa akanamata kubva pauduku. Magellan haana hope pasina guru navigators uye Zvavakawana. Akakwanisa kupinda chikwata F. de Almeida, uyo pakutanga akatamira nezvikepe ake pasi flag Spain kuMabvazuva.

Magellan akanga akakodzera chaizvo mudzidzi, akakurumidza pakugona seamanship mumabasa ose. Vakasara India, agara Mozambique, akapedzisira akava mukuru. Vaigona kudzokera kumusha.

Kwemakore mashanu akakurudzira mutongi Portuguese ose kubatsira Eastern nzendo, asi hazvina kuenda zvakanaka, uye muna 1517 Magellan akapinda basa raMambo Charles, wokutanga uye saka kure ari Spanish, asi mune ramangwana - mambo hweRoma.

World rwokuparidza

Muna 1493 zvakanzi wakabudiswa Pope nzombe kuti avhura nyika itsva kumabvazuva - the Portuguese, uye kumavirira - Spanish. Magellan akatungamirira pakundopambara kumavirira kuunza uchapupu kuti chitsuwa, apo pane zvinonhuhwirira, ndezvaJehovha kuSpain.

Uye chinhu rwendo ine saka shoma uye mercantile chinangwa, akatendeuka kubva munyika yokutanga nyika rwokuparidza. Vakaramba kure shure uye guru navigators uye Zvavakawana vari ainzi Magellan nezviroto nevana. rwendo urwu haana kutora pasisina, zvikuru kuti pasi rakatenderera, isu vaifunga panguva, kwete zvose vafambi.

Magellan haana vanokwanisa kupa nyika uchapupu zvekungofungira dzavo, akaurayiwa ari rwendo urwu - muPhilippines. Kunyange zvakadaro, akanga akafa chokwadi iye akarurama. Zvakasara chikwata vakadzokera Spain chete muna 1522.

Cossack ataman

Semon Ivanovich Dezhnov - Arctic Kumufambisi Wechikepe, Cossack Ataman, aiongorora uye akawana vazhinji tsaukana features, akaberekwa muna Pomeranian mhuri, Pinega ari, muna 1605. Cossack basa akatanga ari oga Tobolsk, akabva kune Yeniseisk, uye kunyange kwapera - yokuYakutia. Pose nyanzvi nyika itsva, rwizi, kunyange akayambuka East Gungwa Siberian pamuromo mukaravhani auto Indigirka kuna Alazeya. Kubva ipapo neshamwari dzake muvazhe mbiri chinochechenya yakatamira East.

In Kolyma Delta akakwira rwizi uye akavaka guta Srednekolymsk. Makore mashoma rwendo akaramba kumabvazuva - kusvikira Bering Strait, iyo ichiri makore anenge masere haasi Bering: Dezhnev akaenda akakamanikana rokutanga. Inonyanya okumabvazuva pfungwa huru - Cape, ainzi pashure akawana Dezhnev. Mukuwedzera, chitsuwa, apo pakapinda nyika, Peninsula uye musha vanonzi vanomutevera. Pakati guta Veliky Ustyug muna Vologda nharaunda iri shongwe kwaari. Nhungamiro aiva murume. Vakatendeseka uye aishanda nesimba. Hardy. Strong. Vakarwa. Pakati gumi nenhatu maronda - vatatu rinorema. Asi nguva dzose uye kwose kwose akatsvaka rugare.

South Mainland

By nemanomwe remakore chikuru hurukuro yacho Nyika vokuEurope akaona. Zvisinei, imwe unexplored munda vakanga kwazvo. Scout dzendima kupfuura vakatsvaka mano colonialists. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika haawaniki kunze kuti vanhuwo Dutch Selyanin Abel Tasman akava wechikepe, asi yokufamba ake vakauya munyika rinokosha kuwanikwa.

Aristotle asati auya yedu yainyatsoziva ariko risingazivikanwi wokumaodzanyemba nyika. "Terra australis Incognita" ( "Terra australis"), - akataura ari ake manotsi. Pano Ini uye nyika vakaenda kunotsvaka aiongorora Tasman pamusoro chikepe chikepe "Zehaan". Kumaodzanyemba latitudes ari yaisazoraramika hunhu. An mhepo nechando uye zuva rinenge kumbobvira. South uye kumadokero anotumira madutu monstrous. mafungu kwakadaro regai kuitika pedyo yakaoma, ipapo South nyika imwe nzvimbo kunze pano. Uye Tasman, kufungisisa, akachinja kare wakaisa kosi. Mberi aiva isingazivikanwi wakakwana.

chisarudzo

Pashure kosi kushandura hunhu ngoni vezvikepe - akasiya kumakore, uye zuva nokukurumidza zvakafadza chikepe. Pasina iye akazviratidza uye nenyika. Zvakangoitikawo kuti Tasman akasvika pachitsuwa, izvo uchanzi pashure pake, zvakanaka kumaodzanyemba yakaoma. Australia pacharo, iye anongoti kubuda. Tasmania yave vakaongororwa, vakanyora mamiriro ayo. Ipapo guta vachamuka pano. Uye panguva iyoyo kuita hapana chimwezve - okunze kusingafadzi, kwakakwidibira mawere, mhuka hunhu, vagari vemo havagoni kupa chinhu.

Tasman akaenda mberi. Iye kusimba rombo pamusoro pakuvhurwa Zvitsuwa. Next aiva New Zealand. Zvisinei, veko Maori akagamuchira Tasman, uyewo vafambi zvose nezveramangwana, venga. Asi, kunyange hasha. Kana uchiedza itsva nyika ongororo dzakawanda nhengo rakarira vakaurayiwa. Naizvozvo, Tasman akasiya basa iroro nevazukuru, uye "Zehaan" pakarepo vakaenda kumba. Haana kuwana nzvimbo pfupi nzira muChile. Asi kuratidza kuti Australia ariko.