Voltaire: pfungwa huru. Pfungwa ouzivi Voltaire

Twenty-wokutanga November 1694 kuParis mumhuri pamutemo mwanakomana. The mukomana ainzi François-Mari Arue (chinyoreso zita - Voltaire). Akadzidza panguva wechechi yeRoma kukoreji. Mhuri yose vaida Voltaire pamutemo basa, asi akatanga kunyora. Francois vaifarira satire Zvisinei, kuchiva kwake havana mvumo kusenza, nekuti akanga ari kakawanda muenzi kujeri pamusana nhetembo dzake.

Rusununguko aiva Voltaire, maonero uye pfungwa vaionekwa vakashinga uye ushingiwo. Munyaya, akapinda somunhu yakakurumbira muzivi, munyori, mudetembi uye murwi pamusoro obscurantism, chehunyaunyau exposer the Catholic Church.

Voltaire akadzingwa France uye vakapedza makore akawanda kuEngland, uko aumba ake maonero. Paakanga yadzoka kunyika, akanyora "ouzivi Letters", uye nokudaro akawana mukurumbira. Zvino vazhinji kuziva Voltaire. Pfungwa kuvhenekerwa, kunouya kuburikidza mu chambotaurwa nezvacho basa, zvava yakataurwa zhinji nhoroondo nouzivi zvinyorwa.

Francois kubatanidzwa feudal maitiro mumaonero rationalism. Aida rusununguko vanhu vose. Too pfungwa idzi dzaiva noushingi. Zvinonzwisiswa uye Voltaire pachake. Pfungwa inokosha rusununguko kuderedzwa chokuti chete kuvimba mitemo, zvaizova akakodzera, sezvo muzivi pachake akafunga. Zvisinei, haana kuziva kuti kuenzana. Voltaire akati hazvigoni rakakamurwa vapfumi nevarombo, hazvisi kuita. The yakanakisisa chehurumende akasarangarira ari zvokuvhoterwa.

Voltaire akanyora zvose prose uye nhetembo. Funga zvaakasika yakanakisisa.

"Candide"

The zita anoshandura se "chena ikapenya". Nyaya zvakanyorwa inovava uye ndyaringo, izvozvo Voltaire kunoratidza panyika mhirizhonga, upenzi, rusaruro uye udzvinyiriri. uvaite inotyisa uzivi muchipikisana gamba rake, ane mwoyo wakanaka, uye nyika-pakuva - Eldorado, kuti kwakanga kuri kurota uye pachake nevatambi kuti Voltaire. Published mabasa zvisiri pamutemo sezvo rakarambidzwa muFrance. basa iri - rudzi Achipindura Kurwa muEurope pamwe vaJesuit. The zvakasimbisa wayo zvisikwa waiva Lisbon kwenyika.

"Mhandara Orleans"

nhetembo iyi, rakanyorwa Voltaire. Pfungwa huru (pfupi kosi) basa iri richikunda kufunga New nguva kumwedzi. Kunanga uye chibhende basa, azadzwa vaiti, anoonga runako zvidavado kwakabatsira pamusoro pakuzadzisa European nhetembo.

"Nhoroondo Charles, Mambo Sweden"

Paaidzidzisa rakanyorwa musi maviri kunoshamisa madzimambo ose Europe (Peter Mukuru uye Charles). Labor rinotsanangura hondo pakati pavo. Semagamba Biography pamusoro mukuru Mambo Charles, gamba pakati Poltava, inopenya uye rina mavara mavara rakarondedzerwa Voltaire. Decent basa kuti mwoyo. Panguva iyoyo, basa vakauya mbiri kuna Voltaire.

"Mwanasikana wamambo weBhabhironi"

Basa yepakutanga, iyo yaiva chikamu kutenderera nyaya yacho nomuzivi. The inokosha Pfungwa: munhu akaberekerwa kufara, asi upenyu hwakaoma, nokuti kutambura.

Voltaire: pfungwa huru zvishomanana nezvemaonero aaiita Mwari

Muzivi pabasa rake akapa nzvimbo inokosha nechitendero. Mwari, iye aimiririra pfungwa, izvo pasi mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa. Voltaire haatarisiri uchapupu nezvokuvapo Wemasimbaose. Akanyora kuti: "munhu anopenga chete angaramba kuvapo kwaMwari, chikonzero anodavira pamberi pake." Muzivi sokuti musoro kuti nyika yose yakaumbwa woga, pasina chero pfungwa kana chinangwa. Ndiye chokwadi kuti ndechokuti pfungwa dzevanhu kunoratidza kuvapo kwaMwari uyo akatipa kukwanisa kufunga.

pfungwa ouzivi Voltaire pamusoro chitendero haanyatsozivikanwe chaizvo uye dzinopikisana, ivo kutenda zvikuru bofu pane chikonzero. Somuenzaniso, nei kuratidza kuvapo kwaMwari, kana ukanyora kuti haachafaniri risimbiswe? Akatiwo Mwari akasika nyika uye basa, uye ipapo, sezviri pachena, kungodzungaira dzavo nharo, anoti kuti Mwari uye nyaya iripo nemhaka yezvakaita zvinhu.

Muzivi muzvinyorwa ake anotiudza kuti hapana chikoro uye hapana nharo regai iye nechokwadi kutenda. Ndizvo zvakanga akazvipira Voltaire. Pfungwa huru iri nzvimbo chitendero vakabika pasi chokwadi kuti vanonyanyisa zvikuru nengozi zvikuru vasingatendi kuti kuna Mwari, sezvo yokupedzisira havasi inflated "ropa kukakavadzana." Voltaire chave kutenda, asi nechokwadi chitendero, nokuti pachake vakagoverana navo. Havatendi kuti Mwari ariko, nokuti kworutivi - nyanzvi vatsauka kurambwa chitendero uyo akatanga nokuti vaya muropa naro, rinoshandisa hapana kutenda zvakanaka kuda zvinangwa,.

Mune zvaakanyora, Voltaire acharuramisira kusatendera, kunyange zvazvo rinoti anokanganisa kunaka. Muzivi nechokwadi kuti nzanga vasingatendi masayendisiti aizorarama zvakawanda vachifara, aitungamirirwa chete nomurayiro netsika, pane vanonyanyisa akarova kupenga.

Mind anoramba havatendi kuti Mwari ariko, nokuti kunyimwa vanonyanyisa. Zviri munhu anogona kufunga agara raimirira Voltaire pakutanga. Naizvozvo kusatendera muzivi zvinoshanda chiduku zvakaipa, apo kuramba akatendeka kuna Mwari, asi kuchengetedza pfungwa dzevanhu. "Dai Mwari aiva asina, izvozvo zvinofanira kutanga" - sezvo Voltaire akati, muchidimbu mashoko aya anoratidza muzivi nezvetsika, vose vanofanira kutenda.

Ideas nezvemavambo enyika

Voltaire pfuma haisi saka ari truest mupfungwa. Chokwadi kuti muzivi yapera anoparadzanisa pfungwa iyi. Voltaire mubasa rake anoedza kufungisisa nezvenyaya yacho uye kusvika pakuguma pamusoro wayo asingagumi, rinobatana pfungwa yacho materialists, asi kwete vose zvinhu dzidziso dzavo Francois-Marie mugove. Primary nyaya, haana funga, sezvazvakanyorwa akasikwa naMwari, asi chinhu chinodiwa kuti Mwari ariko.

Voltaire mashoko azere nouchenjeri ( "The nyika finite, kana pane chinhu"), mberi anoti sezvinotevera: "Saka, nyaya yacho vaifanira kurarama chero chikonzero."

Kubva chinhu, hapana chinoitika (Voltaire). Quotes kubvumira murume uyu kufunga. In nemaonero muzivi, inert nyaya, nekuti ndiMwari kunoita izvozvo. pfungwa iyi yaiva kwerudo Mwari ariko.

Ideas Voltaire (zvishoma) kutonga kwayo pamusoro mweya

Muzivi uye nyaya idzi mutsigirire nemaonero materialists. Voltaire akaramba kuti vanhu vari anoumbwa masangano maviri - mweya uye basa, izvo chokuita mumwe chete nokuda kwaMwari. Muzivi aidavira kuti pfungwa iri kukonzera muviri, kwete mweya, saka, wokupedzisira unofa. "Kukwanisa kunzwa, kurangarira, kuti hope - uye ndizvo anonzi mweya" - Zvinofadza chaizvo Voltaire akati. Inoti iye kuziva, uye pamusoro pavo zvinokosha kufunga.

Ko mweya rufu

Mweya muzivi hakuna zvinhu marongerwo. Izvi zviri kutsanangurwa ndechokuti yatisingafungi nguva (somuenzaniso, apo isu kurara). Haana kutenda tama kwemweya. Pashure pezvose, kana ichi zvaiva zvakadaro, ipapo, imwe mubvakure, mweya aizokwanisa kuponesa vose vaunganidza ruzivo, pfungwa, uye izvi haisi kuitika. Asi muzivi achisimbirira kuti mweya unopiwa kwatiri naMwari, sezvo muviri. Chokutanga, ari maonero ake, rufu (kuratidza haana).

kana Mweya zvinhu

Chii Voltaire akanyora pamusoro nyaya iyi? Pfungwa - kwete basa, nekuti haina zvakafanana ehupfumi kwairi, somuenzaniso, hazvigoni kupatsanurwa.

manzwiro

Achinzwa kuti muzivi rinokosha chaizvo. Voltaire akanyora kuti ruzivo uye pfungwa zvatinowana kubva kunze kwenyika, uye kutibatsira kuti Anoona. Munhu haana tinozvarwa dzemitemo uye pfungwa. Nokuti kunzwisisa zviri nani munyika anofanirwa kushandisa akawanda pfungwa, Voltaire aifunga kudaro. Pfungwa inokosha uzivi kunobva nokuziva kuti akanga kuwanika. François akadzidza manzwiro, pfungwa, vachifunga muitiro. Vazhinji havaiti kunyange nezvazvo panyaya idzi. Voltaire ari kuedza kwete chete kutsanangura, asiwo kunzwisisa musimboti wenyika mashandiro yaigara manzwiro uye mafungiro.

Reflections upenyu, mazano uye sezvairayirwa kuitwa ukatadza Voltaire, akamanikidzwa kudzamisa zivo yavo munzvimbo idzi. Maonero vanhu vakanga akura chaizvo kuti nguva iyo akaberekwa. Muzivi vaidavira kuti upenyu yavakapiwa naMwari marwadzo uye mafaro. Zviito vanhu vanotungamirirwa neMweya purogiramu. Funga zviito zvavo zvinoodza vashoma, uye vanozviita mu "chaiyo mhosva". mabasa mazhinji anoita kuti kunokonzerwa nepfungwa uye dzidzo, kazhinji chete zvaisazogona vanhu. Vanhu zvakakwana kutsvaka mafaro, kunze, Chokwadi, vari kutsvaka mafaro uye yakasvinuka. All zviito zvevanhu Voltaire rinotsanangura rudo kwavanozviita. Zvisinei, nokuda mutevedzeri Francois asingaverengerwi kukudana, nekusiyana, anoona pamusaka mushonga zvirwere nehana. Iye runoparadzanisa vanhu muzvikwata zviviri:

- Unhu rudo chete pachavo (rakakwana ainetsa).

- Avo kubayira zvavanofarira nokuda kwenzanga.

Man akasiyana mhuka ine upenyu chete nouchenjeri hwokuzvarwa nahwo, asi dzetsika, tsitsi, mutemo. Kugumisa kudaro zvakaitwa Voltaire.

Pfungwa inokosha uzivi iri nyore. Vanhu havagoni kurarama pasina mitemo, nekuti pasina kutya kurangwa, nzanga vaizorasikirwa munhu kwaye maonero uye shure prehistory. Faith muzivi achiri chinotarisa uyewo kodzero kuita chinhu muchivande mhosva, uye hana inogona kuvamisa, nekuti ndicho asingaoneki mutarisiri haigoni kupukunyuka. Voltaire nguva dzose vaiita pfungwa yokutenda uye chitendero, pasina kutanga akanga asina pfungwa yokuti vanhu vose.

Pfungwa pamusoro Management Board

It saka zvinoitika kuti mitemo vanotadzawo, uye mubati haana kurarama maererano nezvaitarisirwa, uye haarambi kunze kuda vanhu. Zvadaro kupomera vanhu, nokuti kuti zviitike. Kunamata Mwari nemufananidzo namambo Voltaire vaiona benzi, zvakanga panguva iyoyo nyore. Muzivi akati kuti haangagoni chisikwa kwaIshe achakudzwa zvakafanana noMusiki.

Ndizvo zvakanga Voltaire. Pfungwa huru munhu uyu, Chokwadi, kukanganiswa kukura kwenzanga.