YeAustria Empire. The yeAustria Empire

The yeAustria Empire akaziviswa kuva monarchic mamiriro muna 1804 uye kusvikira 1867, uye akabva tinoshandurirwa rweAustro-Hungary. Zvikasadaro, rainzi Habsburg Empire, zita wekupedzisira mumwe Habsburgs, France, izvo, kufanana Napoleon, zvakare, vakazivisa pachake mambo.

nhaka

YeAustria muUmambo remakore rechi19, kana iwe tarisai nemepu, zvinoita sokunge munhu Pacchiwaku pamucheka. We pakarepo kuona kuti ichi chinhu multiethnic mamiriro. Uye, Ungangove, ndizvo, sezvo zvinowanzoitwa, kunyimwa rakatsiga. Achitarira achishandisa kare, tinogona kuona kuti zvaitika pano. specks tuduku wechitema inounganidzwa pasi mumwe muganhu - iri Hapsburg Austria. Map inoratidza zvikurukuru zvakanaka sei nyika ichiparara umambo. Nhaka Holdings of Habsburgs - duku emunharaunda dzoga, ine vanhu vakasiyana zvachose. YeAustria Empire akaumba zvakadaro.

• Slovakia, Hungary, Czech Republic.
• Zakarpate (Karpatska Rus).
• Transylvania, Croatia, VOJVODINA (Freeman).
• Galicia, Bukovina.
• Northern Italy (Lombardy, Venice).

Kwete chete kwakabva marudzi ose zvakanga zvakasiyana, asi chitendero haana -enderana. Vanhu yeAustria Empire (matatu mamiriyoni mana), hafu vaiva Slavs (Slovaks, Czechs, vokuCroatia, Poles, Ukrainians, vokuSerbia. Magyar (Hungarians) vaiva mamiriyoni mashanu, pamusoro chete nhamba vokuItaly.

Pamharadzano dzenzira zvenhoroondo

Feudalism iyoyo haisati serapera, asi yeAustria uye Czech nemhizha kare aigona zvakanaka achizviti kushanda sezvo indasitiri munzvimbo idzi chaizvo yakatanga kusvika capitalist.

Habsburgs kwavo yakapoteredza kwamachinda raiva simba unonyanyoshandiswa umambo, vakatora vose zvikuru mukuru panzvimbo - zvose zvehondo uye bureaucratic. Absolutism, ari kutonga pakati nehanya - bureaucratic uye simba chiso mapurisa, zvinorayirwa yeKaturike, vakapfuma tsika muumambo hwacho - zvose izvi zvimwe vaidzvinyirira marudzi maduku, akabatana pamwe vasingawirirani kunyange mafuta chisanganiso uye mvura.

YeAustria Empire pamusoro avaida chimurenga

Czech nokukurumidza Germanize, kunyanya bourgeoisie uye vakakwirira. Varidzi kubva Hungary ikavhunga mamiriyoni necheSalvic vanhuwo zvavo, asiwo kubatsirwa nehurumende-Austrians. The yeAustria Empire akanga kudzvanya nesimba vokuItaly ake enyika. Kunyange zvakaoma kusiyanisa pakati kudzvinyirira mhando yaiva: kurwisa feudalism, capitalism, kana evasingatombonamati National kusiyana.

Metternich, wehurumende uye takasununguka reactionary, makore matatu akarambidza chero mutauro kunze German mune zvose masangano, kusanganisira matare uye zvikoro. Vagari vemo kunyanya murimi mudiki. Sechinoitika vakasununguka, vanhu ava zvakakwana novimba landlords, kubhadhara zvakavakodzera, aiita kuhondo chakatodzana serfdom.

Kwete chete nemhomho yavanhu akagomera pasi pejoko feudal ino uye residual simba Mhedziso wayo nehanya. The bourgeoisie akanga vasingagutsikani, uye zviri pachena kuti kungoita vanhu vamukire. Revolution muna yeAustria Empire pamusoro apa zvikonzero aingovawo hakudzivisiki.

National yokuzvisarudzira

marudzi ose rusununguko-rudo uye kuvhunduka panguva imwe chokuita kukura uye richengetedzwe National tsika. Zvikurukuru necheSalvic. Zvadaro, pasi uremu shangu yeAustria, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians uye vokuItaly vakaedza kuzvitonga, kugadzirwa kwemabhuku uye Arts, akatsvaka murayiridzo ari chizvarwa mutauro zvikoro. Writers, zvidzidzo vakabatana nomumwe pfungwa - National kuzvisarudzira.

Zvakafanana pezvakaitwa vaiva vokuSerbia, vokuCroatia. The kwakanyanya akava nderemagariro, chiedza kaiva hope rusununguko, izvo zvinoratidzwa nemabasa vemifananidzo, vananyanduri uye musicians. National tsika akasimuka pamusoro chokwadi uye zvinokurudzira vomunyika pamusoro yairwirwa nezvikwiriso rusununguko, kuenzana, Fraternity - muenzaniso French Revolution.

The chimurenga muVienna

Muna 1847, ivo yeAustria Empire "awana" zvikuru echimurenga mamiriro ezvinhu. Acuity akawedzera mukuru zvoupfumi uye varombo parunokohwa makore maviri kusunda rakanga sapakuparadzwa poumambo muFrance. Muna March 1848, hondo yechimurenga ari yeAustria Empire akakura akaputsa.

Vashandi, vadzidzi, mhizha vaivaka kwezvinovharidzira mumigwagwa Vienna uye akabvunza kuti kusiya basa iri hurumende, haana kutya youmambo mauto, nominated kudzvinyirira kwezvematongerwe. Hurumende akaita zvichemo, aendesa Metternich uye vamwe vashumiri. Rakanga akavimbisa kunyange bumbiro.

Veruzhinji Zvisinei, iri kukurumidza ihwohwo: vashandi chero zvazvingava haana kuwana chinhu - kunyange kodzero dzokuvhota. Students akasika Academic Legion, uye bourgeoisie - National Guard. Ndokuisa nemishonga kana mapoka aya zvisiri pamutemo zvombo akaedza kuiparadza kupfuura mambo uye akamanikidzira hurumende kutiza Vienna.

Vanhuwo zvavo, senguva dzose, ari kumukira akatora chikamu vasina nguva. Places nomuzvarirwo apanduka, vachiramba kubhadhara rendi uye muridzi zvisiri pamutemo kutema miti. Kuziva sangano rwekuita mukirasi aiva Chokwadi, zvakawanda. Haisi uye individualism basa yokubatana haina akawedzera.

incompleteness

Kufanana zvose German, yeAustria chimurenga haana yapera, kunyange zvazvo Bourgeois-democratic kudana yatova zvinobvira. Nekubata kirasi asati zvakakwana yakura, ari bourgeoisie samagariro akarurama uye vakaita nokunyengera, pamwe akanga dziripo National nokukakavara uye uto pakaunda-chimurenga.

kugona kukunda. The umambo yave mutsva uye akasimbisa kudzvinyirira kukunda pamusoro varombo uye disenfranchised marudzi. Zviri zvakanaka kuti vamwe zvokuchinja zvaitika, uye chinhu chikuru - the Revolution pakupedzisira akauraya ari feudal hurongwa. Good uye kuti nyika yava sezvairi munharaunda yayo, nekuti pokuchinja pashure vapera uye nyika yakawanda homogeneous kupfuura Austria. Empire Card haana kuchinja.

vatongi

In yokutanga yezana rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore, kusvikira 1835, ose mabasa ehurumende kutarisira Kesari Franz I. chanzera Metternich akanga akangwara uye aiva uremu kukuru zvematongerwo enyika, asi kuti agutsikane mambo akanga kazhinji hazviiti. Mushure nemigumisiro rechiFrench Revolution muAustria, zvose zvinotyisa ose Napoleonic hondo, Metternich vakawanda vaida kuunza murayiro uyu nyika norugare.

Asi Metternich akakundikana kusika munhu paramende nevamiririri vanhu vose muumambo hwacho, amachinda Diets havana kugamuchira chero masimba chaiwo. Zvisinei, zvikuru mune zvemari nenhendashure Austria, pamwe feudal reactionary hurumende matatu Metternich vakatendeuka mamiriro akasimba muEurope. Great ndiwo basa rake nokuumba pakaunda-echimurenga Holy Alliance muna 1915.

Mukuedza kuchengeta umambo kubva scraps kuchidonha zvakakwana, zviri yeAustria mauto noutsinye makapwanya kwazvakarerekera mune Naples uye Piedmont muna 1821, apo kuramba Kudzora zvakakwana munyika Austrians pamusoro neavstriytsami. Kakawanda woutsinye bongozozo kunze Austria, nokuda iyo hondo munyika iyi akasvika yezvinongoerekana nomukurumbira pakati vanotsigira National kuzvisarudzira.

Excellent Wenyika Metternich akanga avimbiswa neShumiro Affairs Foreign, uye Kesari Franz vape dzomunyika mabasa ehurumende. On kuongororwa nayo inocherechedza zvose yomumugwagwa munzvimbo dzidzo: machinda kukurairisai achiongorora zvose zvinogona kudzidzwa uye kuverenga. Kusenza aiva noutsinye. Journalists vaisabvumirwa kunyange kurangarira shoko "bumbiro".

In chitendero, zvakanga huri akanyarara, pane zvimwe shiviriro. Akararamazve sezvakarayirwa vaJesuit, vaKaturike aitarisira dzidzo, uye kwete kusiya munhu pasina mvumo kubva mambo kubva kuchechi. VaJudha vakasunungurwa kubva cram, uye kunyange Vienna dzakavakwa sinagoge. Zvino yakabuda pakati vokubhengi Solomon Rothschild, akaita shamwari Metternich. Uye kunyange akagamuchira baronial rokuremekedza. Mumazuva iwayo - chiitiko incredible.

Kuguma simba guru

The vatorwa wokuti Austria nokuda yechipiri yezana remakore izere nezvipingamupinyi. Kuramba Kukundwa muhondo.

• The Crimean War (1853-1856).
• RweAustro-Prussian War (1866).
• First Italian Hondo Independence (1866).
• hondo Sardinia uye France (1859).

Panguva ino, paiva nomusiyano yokumbozorora Rara Russia, ipapo kusikwa North German Confederation. izvi zvose zvakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti Habsburgs vakarasikirwa simba ravo pamusoro hurumende, kwete chete muGermany asiwo yose Europe. Uye - somugumisiro - mamiriro simba guru.