Zvinokambaira - muenzaniso. Amphibians uye zvinokambaira

Mumwe nomumwe wedu, kunyange ari mifananidzo, akaona matatya dzvinyu, makarwe uye matatya - mhuka idzi ndezvaJehovha mukirasi amphibians uye nezvinokambaira. Muenzaniso kwatiri kwete zvinoreva chete. zvisikwa izvi zviri zvechokwadi zhinji. Asi pano ari kutaura ndiani uyo? The siyana amphibians uye zvinokambaira, uye sei Misiyano izvi?

Garwe uye buruuru anogona zvakakwana pamwe zvakafanana dziva. Saka, zvingangoita kuti zvingaita sokuti vari mhuri uye vane madzitateguru zvakafanana. Asi ichi ndicho chikanganiso chikuru. mhuka idzi nhengo dzakasiyana taxonomic makirasi. Pakati pavo zvizhinji zvakasiyana unokosha. Uye havasi chete nechitarisiko uye kukura. Garwe uye nedzvinyu - munhu goroondo uye datya uye buruuru - amphibians.

Asi, chokwadi, amphibians uye zvinokambaira, uye vamwe zvakafanana. Vanosarudza nzvimbo ine kudziya mumamirire ekunze. Zvisinei, amphibians vari kusarudza nyorova nzvimbo, nani pedo mvura. Asi izvi zvinosiyana yokuti vakanga bereka chete mumvura. Zvinokambaira zvisina chokuita mvura miviri. Ivo, nekusiyana, vanosarudza kuva yakaoma uye inopisa kumatunhu.

Ngatimboonai marongerwo uye vasiri zvinhu nezvinokambaira uye amphibians, uye enzanisa sei akasiyana nomumwe.

Kirasi zvinokambaira (zvinokambaira)

Kirasi zvinokambaira kana zvinokambaira - ichi mhuka nyika. Yakasvika zita raro nokuda nzira vachifambira. Zvinokambaira usafamba pasi, ivo kukambaira. Yaiva nguva yokutanga iyo goroondo iri kushandisa zvakakwana kubva mvura nenyika-mupenyu. Madzitateguru mhuka idzi dzakawanda kupararira munyika. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha nezvinokambaira zviri womukati muchangosangana uye anokwanisa mazai, wakafuma muviri. Vari ozodzivirirwa gobvu goko, izvo zvinosanganisira karusiyamu. Kukwanisa kuita amudanire mazai vakabatsira kuti kukura nezvinokambaira kubva dura panyika.

The nemamiriro nezvinokambaira

zvinokambaira muviri ane dzidzo hwakasimba - pachikero. Vari dzine akafukidza ganda nezvinokambaira. Inochengetedza kubva kuunyoro kurasikirwa. Goroondo ganda iri nguva dzose akaoma. Kusimuka kwemvura kunoitika kuburikidza nawo. Naizvozvo, nyoka dzvinyu vanokwanisa kurarama murenje, pasina kushushikana kusagadzikana.

Zvinokambaira fema tichibatsirwa kwazvo-dzakabudirira mumapapu. Zvakakosha kuti vanyatsodzidziswa kufema zvinokambaira yakaitwa zvibvire anoonga kwaita vangasimudzira itsva dhipatimendi marangwanda. The thorax ndiyo nguva yokutanga pane goroondo. It chakaumbwa mbabvu pakukoka kubva vertebrae. On the ventral divi vari kubatana kusvika sternum. Nokuda rinokosha rumbabvu tsandanyama Usazviomesera. Izvi hwezvekukurukurirana pakuwedzera chipfuva panguva kufemerwa.

Zvinokambaira boka hwachinja uye chikamu kweropa hurongwa. Izvi imhaka kuwedzera kunzwisisa kubva zvemapapu mamiriro. Ruzhinji nezvinokambaira,-mukamuri matatu mwoyo, ivo, uyewo amphibians, vaviri kutenderera. Zvisinei, pane dzimwe kusiyana. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mupanda iri ventricle. Nengano rutapudzo mwoyo zviri kushanda rinokamukana kuva sezvikamu zviviri (kurudyi - venous, akasiya - arterial). Location huru nenhumbi ropa zvakajeka delineates ari arterial uye venous chokubuda. Somugumisiro - the goroondo muviri yaipiwa neropa, oxygenated, nani. Nokudaro ivo makasimbisa pamusoro intercellular Exchange pezvakaitwa uye goho metabolic zvinhu uye carbon dioxide inobva muviri. Pane zvagara mukirasi nezvinokambaira, muenzaniso - imwe garwe. mwoyo wake Quad.

Main arteries makuru zviduku akaparadzirwa vangasimudzira saizvozvo mapoka ose pano vertebrates. Chokwadi, hapana diki musiyano, uye hakuna kumbovapo. Zvinokambaira mu iri pulmonary riparadzirwe akanyangarika cutaneous mutsinga uye arteries. Chete pulmonary midziyo.

Pari zvino pane vanenge 8 zviuru. Nezvinokambaira. Vanorarama ose kondinendi, mukuwedzera, Chokwadi, Antarctica. Shared ne mitemo mina nezvinokambaira: nemakarwe, scaly, nenjiva uye pervoyaschery.

kubereka nezvinokambaira

Kusiyana hove uye amphibians, nezvinokambaira ruminant mukati. Vane dioecious. Munhurume ane muviri chaiwo, rwaakanga anopinda cloaca munhukadzi dzisingaoneki. Ivo zvinopfuura zai, ipapo muchangosangana kunoitika. The mazai kuva mumuviri munhukadzi. ipapo Anotambanudzira navo prearranged nzvimbo, kazhinji vachera gomba. Kunze goroondo mazai akafukidzwa ine gobvu karusiyamu deko. Ndivo utachiona uye nerubatsiro muviri. Kubva zai anobuda ari dukutu havadi hove kana amphibians, uye anokwanisa kuzvimirira upenyu wacho. Saka, rutoto nezvinokambaira pfungwa kuvandudza. Embryo kaviri muzvikamu zvose huchangotanga zai. Pashure hatching, hazvina kuvimba mvura muviri uye kunogona kurarama hwavo. Kazhinji, vanhu vakuru havaratidzi hanya vana vavo.

The kirasi Amphibians

Amphibians kana amphibian - a datya, toads uye newts. Vane, kusara shoma, nguva dzose kurarama pedyo mudhamu. Asi pane mhando kuti kurarama murenje, akadai mupoto buruuru-mvura. Mvura zviri kuwana mvura iri subcutaneous pouches. muviri wake inflated. Zvadaro anoviga pacharo mujecha uye kwokusunungura yakawanda madzihwa, zviri dzichisangana kwemvura kuripo. Pari zvino pane anenge 3,400 mhando amphibians. Vari mapoka mapoka maviri - akadanidzira uye tailless. Boka rokutanga unosanganisira salamanders uye newts, wechipiri - matatya uye toads.

Amphibians zvakasiyana chaizvo mukirasi nezvinokambaira, muenzaniso - maumbirwo muviri nenyere enyika, uyewo nzira kubereka. Kufanana madzitateguru avo hove, ivo mazai avo mumvura. Kuti aite izvi, amphibians kazhinji kutsvaka dziva, akaparadzaniswa chikuru muviri mvura. Pane zvinoitika kuti muchangosangana uye larval kukura. Izvi zvinoreva kuti panguva maberekero amphibians vanofanira kudzokera mvura. Izvi zvinokanganisa zvikuru Resettlement dzavo uye pokugumira kufamba. Chete mashoma dzemarudzi dzakashandisa upenyu kure reservoirs. Yadzinobereka vana raumbwa. Ndicho chikonzero mhuka idzi dzinonzi Semi-hwemvura.

Amphibians - wokutanga chordates, uyo akakurukura maoko nemakumbo. Nokuda ichi kare, vakakwanisa kupinda munyika. Izvi, Chokwadi, kwakakonzera wandei dzokuchinja mhuka idzi hakusi chete anatomical asi vasiri. Zvichienzaniswa mhando vakasara vari aqueous svikiro iri amphibians zvakawanda wakafara pachipfuva. Izvi zvakaita kuti pave uye kunzwisisa mumapapu. Amphibians runokwaniswa nhengo nokunzwa uye kuona.

nzvimbo yose amphibians

Kufanana zvinokambaira, amphibians vanosarudza kurarama inodziya munharaunda. Kazhinji, datya inowanikwa nyorova nzvimbo pedyo nemvura. Asi vanogona kuonekwa uye Mafuro uye masango, kunyanya pashure rinorema mvura. Dzimwe vanowanda kunyange mumagwenga. Somuenzaniso, rokuAustralia buruuru. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa zvakanaka kujairana vava kwemvura kuripo. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vamwe matatya dzaizondisema kufa nokukurumidza. Asi iye akadzidza kuunganidza mwando rinokosha subcutaneous Homwe munguva yokunaya. Uyezve, iyi, izvozvo reproduces, nokuisa mazai mune puddles. Tadpoles kuti zvakakwana kutendeutsa mwedzi mumwe chete. Australian buruuru mumamiriro ezvinhu azvo, kwete chete vakawana nzira zvichiberekana, asiwo zvinobudirira kutsvaka vamene nokunyora.

Kusiyana pakati zvinokambaira kubva amphibians

Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga kuaona zvinoita sokuti amphibians hazvina akasiyana zvikuru kubva zvinokambaira, hazvina kudaro. Kutaura zvazviri, kufanana havasi zvikuru. Amphibians zvisinganyanyi akura uye dzakabudirira nhengo pane mukirasi nezvinokambaira, muenzaniso - amphibian mazana vane gills, ukuwo goroondo vana vanoberekwa vaine kunotangira chiedza. In kururamisira zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti newts, uye matatya, uye njiva, uye kunyange nyoka zvingabudirira pamwe munharaunda imwe Dam. Naizvozvo, vamwe havaoni kukosha kusiyana squads izvi, kazhinji akanyonganisa ndiani uyo. Asi zvikuru kusiyana hatibvumiri iwe chokubatanidza mhando ava vari mukirasi chete. Amphibians nguva dzose pakuti panzvimbo yavo yokugara, kureva dura, kazhinji havagoni kusiya. Sezvo zvinokambaira zvakasiyana nokure. Kana kwemvura vaite pfupi rwendo uye kuwana nzvimbo yakakodzera.

Izvi zvinogoneka kunonyanya kukonzerwa ndechokuti ganda nezvinokambaira akafuka horny chikero kuti usarega hunyoro kuti ipfungaire. Goroondo ganda riri zvachinoratidza mumasero secrete madzihwa, saka nguva dzose akaoma. muviri wavo vakachengetedzwa kubva kupwa panze, izvo zvinovapa vaakasarudza zvinobatsira rakaoma okunze. For zvinokambaira dzinoratidzwa molting. Somuenzaniso, kuti mutumbi nyoka inokura nokusingaperi. ganda rake "kusakara." Ivo tunodzivisa kukura, saka zvose gore nayo "resets" navo. Amphibians kupfeka ganda. Hazvina akapfuma mumasero secrete madzihwa. Asi unogona kuwana kupisa sitiroko munguva kupisa amphibian.

Madzitateguru nezvinokambaira uye amphibians

Madzitateguru amphibians vaiva hove crossopterygian. Kubva dzavo aiwanzopiwa wokushanda zvimbi uye gare gare vakaumba shanu-neminwe maoko nemakumbo. External mamiriro nezvinokambaira anoratidza kuti madzibaba avo vaiva nezvinokambaira. Izvi runoratidzwa zvose anatomical uye vasiri kufanana. Pakati vertebrates, ndivo zviumbu vokutanga akasiya hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza, uye achibuda. Nokuti nezviuru zvemakore, vane pakutanga pamusoro dzimwe mhando. It agumisa ushe uku mhuka. Nei izvozvo zvichiitika, usingazivi kuti vamwe. Kune zvekungofungira zhinji, vazhinji ayo anotsigirwa zvazvisingarambiki uchapupu. Izvi dambudziko pose kunokonzerwa kuwa meteorite, uye kwaita maruva zvinomera, uye kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Zvadaro, nezvinokambaira zhinji kunyika hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza. Asi zvomukati vakanga chaizvo akakodzera upenyu panyika. Pari mumiririri kwemarudzi zvakadaro gungwa hamba.

Kusiyana maumbirwo zvomukati

Amphibians uye zvinokambaira fema mumhepo mhepo kuburikidza mumapapu. Asi amphibian mazana zvinochengeterwa gills. Zvinokambaira uyewo havana navo. Kunze kwaizvozvo, zvinokambaira zvikuru kunzwisisa tsinga. Vane pedzidziso dzekutanga cerebral cortex, cerebellum, uye zvakawanda dzakabudirira takasvinura. Nemakarwe, madzvinyu uye chameleons vari akaderedzwa nani upenyu panyika. Vane kunzwa vakakwana, kuona, zvakakwana yakatanga uye nhengo kuravidza, kunhuwidza, murove. Ravirai Mafundo sapamazuva amphibians dzinenge vasipo. Kunyange vane kukura kwazvo, vanoshingaira kunhuhwidza.

In zvinokambaira kuoma kweropa uye excretory nehurongwa. ropa ravo mumidziyo guru iri zvakanakisisa akakamurwa arterial uye venous. Uyezve, nezvinokambaira akanyangarika cutaneous midziyo, iyo yakatanga zvakanaka kwazvo amphibians. Izvi imhaka yokuti vanenge hafu okisijeni matatya uye newts vakazvigadzirirwa cutaneous afemeruke. Pasi mvura, havashandisi mumapapu. Zvinokambaira saizvozvowo havagoni yekubata oxygen. Naizvozvo ganda arteries uye mutsinga havadi navo. Ivo fema chaizvo yakatanga zvakanaka mumapapu.

Amphibians uye zvinokambaira siyana nhamba nomuzongoza. In zvinokambaira, pane vashanu, uye amphibians - mana. In tailless mhando hapana mbabvu.

The musiyano kupararira nzira

Fish, amphibians, nezvinokambaira zvikuru akasiyana kwadzinoita kupararira. Zvinokambaira muchangosangana nechomukati. Mazai vari akaumba mukati munhukadzi. Zvadaro, sezvo mutemo, izvozvo achivabudisa munyika vakachera gomba uye kubatwa dropwise pamusoro. Saizvozvowo vazvibate sezvinoita nemakarwe, uye nenjiva. Young tsotsonya kwakakwana, kubva vakuru vakasiyana chete ukuru. Panewo viviparous nezvinokambaira. Vari "kuberekwa" munyika mwana kuumbwa mune Rakaunyana nevamwe. nzira iyi kupararira kuri kune dzimwe mhando venyoka. Akazvarwa mwana anovhunanya ganda uye anotanga. Anotungamirira yakazvimirira upenyu. Kukwanisa kuita mazai avo reDhura akapa shanduka zvinobatsira kuti zvinokambaira kune amphibians. Izvi zvaiita kuzvigadzirisa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika. Ivo kuripo mumasango, mumarenje, makomo uye mapani. Zvakakurukurwa marongerwo nezvinokambaira uye kuvatendera kurarama mumvura.

In amphibians rutoto rikaitika mudhamu. Nhunzvi kuita kuti pave mumvura. Pane kwakabvumirawo vanhurume dzisingaoneki kuti fertilizes zai. First tsotsonya kuita mazana. Chete pashure miviri kana mitatu pakupedzisira ivo vava vaduku.

Lifestyle zvinokambaira uye amphibians

amphibians zhinji vanoberekwa chete mumvura, uye zvose upenyu mukuru yavanopedza panyika. Asi pane mhando amphibians zvakadai newts, izvo regai kusiya hwemvura kwezvakatipoteredza. In vanoshorwa ezvinhu, nyika zvakadai mhando dzakadai matatya, toads anogona kudzoka kunyika mudhamu. Vakaguta chirimwa chikafu amphibians uye invertebrates. Vanorarama refu. Dzimwe matatya anogona kurarama makore 8, uye newts - makore 3 chete.

Features nezvinokambaira ndechokuti havavimbi pamusoro pemvura. Vanokwanisa muwande, uye ayo asipo. Zvinokambaira kudya zvokudya zvakasiyana siyana. Zvokudya ine zviduku dzvinyu, tumbuyu. Nyoka anovhima nemakonzo. Vanogona kudya uye shiri mazai. Nemakarwe dzvinyu vanosarudza herbivorous mhuka - nondo, mhuka uye mvura kunyange guru nyati. Nenjiva zvinodya miriwo chikafu. Zvinokambaira - chaiyo centenarians. Found nekamba, ane zera riri makore anopfuura 200. Nemakarwe anogona kurarama makore 80, uye nyoka dzvinyu - 50.

zvakawanikwa

Zvinokambaira yakasiyana amphibians anotevera parameters:

1. Location Data. Amphibians vanosarudza nyorova uye nyoro nzvimbo pedo nemvura. Zvinokambaira zvisina chokuita mvura.

2. ganda nezvinokambaira ndiyo kuine mumasero. Zvaoma akafukidza pachikero. In amphibians zviri nekusiyana, iri Dziine mumasero kuti secrete yakawanda madzihwa.

3. zvinokambaira runozivisa Molt.

4. madzitateguru nezvinokambaira - amphibians.

5. zvinokambaira zvakawanda dzakabudirira uye yakanatswa pamusoro huta uye kweropa nehurongwa.

6. nemakarwe, madzvinyu, nyoka nezvimwe mhando muchangosangana nechomukati.

7. amphibians nomuzongoza mana, uye nezvinokambaira mashanu. Izvi zvakafanana mhuka uye nezvinokambaira.

dzinonakidza zvinhu

Chinonyanya wandisa zvinokambaira kuti nokusingaperi aivapo panyika, muri dinosaurs. Ivo akanyangarika makore anenge mamiriyoni 65 apfuura. Ivo kugarwa gungwa nenyika. Dzimwe vanokwanisa kubhururuka. Pari zvikuru zvinokambaira dzekare dziri nenjiva. Ndivo makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 300. Zvakavapo Munguva dinosaurs. Papera chinguva akauya nemakarwe vokutanga dzvinyu (Photo vanogona kuonekwa munyaya ino). Nyoka ndiyo makore "chete" 20 miriyoni. Uyu hwakanaka kweuduku chitarisiko. Kunyange zvazvo dzakavapo pari mumwe zvakavanzika makuru zvipenyu.