Chii chinonzi organelle? Marongerwo kushanda organelles. Organelles hwomuti muchitokisi. Organelles nemasero mhuka

Cell - ndiyo padanho sangano kwenyaya, kurarama yakazvimirira zvoutachiona hurongwa, iro rine zvechadenga zvose zvipenyu zvose. Somuenzaniso, unogona kuva, muwande, kutama, kuchinja uye kuchinja. Uyezve, chero kuri masero muviri, chaiyo mamiriro, kuti arayira zvivako uye mabasa.

The sainzi kuti anobata nokudzidza masero - ndiko cytology. chidzidzo Its ari STRUCTURAL chairema mhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda uye zvinomera, zvinenge chete-celled - utachiona, majemusi uye algae, zvinosanganisira sero rimwe chete.

Kana isu nezvazvo mukuru kurongwa STRUCTURAL vamapoka zvipenyu, ivo panofanira kuva Kamudzira uye mwoyo pamwe nucleolus. Uyewo, dzine organelles muchitokisi cytoplasm. Pari, akasiyana-siyana zvikuru dzakabudirira tsvakurudzo nzira, asi vaitungamirira nzvimbo inogarwa microscopy, iyo anobvumira munhu kudzidza maumbirwo masero uye kuongorora zvainoshandiswa zvinokosha STRUCTURAL okunze.

Chii chinonzi organelle?

Organelles (dzinonzi organelles) - zvachose constituent zvemamiriro chero masero kuti yakakwana uye kuita mamwe mabasa. mamiriro ichi, izvo zvinokosha nokuda kwokuramba kwayakaita.

By organelles zvinosanganisira mwoyo, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum uye Golgi midziyo, vacuoles uye vesicles, mitochondria, ribosomes, uye masero centre (centrosome). Napano zvinosanganisira zvivako kuti vanoumba sero cytoskeleton (microfilaments uye microtubules) melanosomes. Tinofanirawo nezvezvichaitwa organelle sangano. It cilia, flagella uye pseudopodia myofibrils.

Zvivako zvose izvi zvinoenderana uye achipa kwakarongeka basa nemasero. Ndokusaka mubvunzo: "Chii chiri organelle" - vanogona kupindura kuti chinhu chinoumba kuti inogona kuenzaniswa chitunha zvipuka zvine masero akawanda.

kupatsanura organelles

Masero dzinosiyana kukura uye chimiro, uyewo avo mabasa, asi ivo vari zvakafanana makemikari marongerwo uye nheyo sangano rimwe chete. The mubvunzo pane uye chii organelle mamiriro, kukurukurirana yakakwana. Somuenzaniso, lysosomes kana vacuoles Dzimwe nguva vachinzi cellular organelles.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro kupatsanura pakati pamakamuri yenhengo aya, yoga asiri Kamudzira uye Kamudzira organelles. Non-Kamudzira - kamuri muzinda uye ribosome. Organelle kufamba (microtubules uye microfilaments) tiri kunyimwa membranes.

Panobva maumbirwo membranous organelles nhema pamberi zvoutachiona membranes. Odnomebrannye dvumembrannye organelles uye zvinenge zvakazara yunifomu chimiro, chine miviri paiva phospholipids uye mapuroteni mamorekuru. It Anopatsanura cytoplasm kubva zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, zvinobatsira kuramba muchitokisi chimiro. Zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti chirimwa masero kuwedzera Kamudzira achiripo uye dzokunze cellulose casing, unonzi sero rusvingo. It anoita kutsigira basa.

By Kamudzira organelles zvinosanganisira EPS, lysosomes uye mitochondria uye plastids uye lysosomes. membranes avo anogona akasiyana chete pamusoro yakatarwa kwemapurotini.

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro dzichipfekeka Kukwanisa organelles, vamwe vavo vanokwanisa synthesize zvimwe zvinhu. Saka, kwetunhu organelles zvinokosha - mitochondria, izvo zvibereko ATP. Ribosomes plastids (chloroplasts) uye mafungu endoplasmic reticulum anokonzera mapuroteni usage, mvere EBL - nokuti kwetunhu lipids uye makabhohaidhiretsi.

Marongerwo kushanda organelles zvizere.

moyo

organelle Izvi zvinokosha zvikuru, nekuti kana akabvisa masero vanorega kushanda uye kufa.

Musimboti ane Kamudzira kaviri, ine muzvizhinji kuti pores. Kuburikidza kwavari hakuna chokuita endoplasmic reticulum uye cytoplasm. organelle ichi unotora chromatin - okutodza dziri mapuroteni akaoma uye DNA. Tichifunga izvi, tinogona kutaura kuti ndicho chinoumba pamusoro organelle kuti ndiye anokonzera richengetedzwe chikuru chitsama genome.

The mvura chikamu tsanga rinonzi karyoplasm. Rine chinoumba hurongwa zvoupenyu zvigadzirwa. The densest nharaunda - nucleolus, izvo dzimba kuti ribosome mapuroteni zvakaoma uye RNA, uyewo potassium phosphate, magnesium, zingi, simbi uye calcium yakawanda. Nucleolus nokupera pamberi muchitokisi kupesana , uye chakaumbwa zvakare mumashoko okupedzisira nzendo kwacho.

Endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum)

EPS - odnomembranny organelle. Zvinotora hafu muchitokisi vhoriyamu uye rine tubular uye matangi, izvo zvakabatanidzwa pamwe chete, uyewo cytoplasmic Kamudzira uye chokunze goko ari musimboti. The Kamudzira pamusoro organelle ichi ine chivako sezvo plazmalema. Chivako ichi revatema uye haana kushamisa kupinda cytoplasm.

Endoplasmic reticulum riri kumeso uye granular (rough). On dzomunyika goko pamusoro granular EPM wakaiswa ribosome apo mapuroteni usage kunoitika. Pamusoro pemvura kumeso endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes hatisi, asi pano inoendeswa kwetunhu makabhohaidhiretsi uye mafuta.

zvinhu zvose izvo kuumbwa mune endoplasmic reticulum, zvaive maererano negadziriro tubules uye ducts kuenda uko vaunganidza uye zvadaro kushandiswa siyana nokukanganisika kwendangariro.

Akapiwa mano synthesizing EPS gritty reticulum riri mumasero vane chikuru basa - paumbwe mapuroteni uye anotsvedzerera - ari mumasero synthesizing makabhohaidhiretsi uye mafuta. Mukuwedzera, kumeso reticulum kuunganidza karusiyamu ions kuti zvinodiwa dzose kushanda masero, kana yose muviri.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti EPS ndiyo nzvimbo paumbwe Golgi midziyo.

Lysosomes, uye avo mabasa

Lysosomes - vari cellular organelles ayo akapa odnomembrannymi pouches pamwe woita uye hydrolytic zvomudumbu makemikari (proteases, lipases uye nucleases). For kugutsikana mamirire acidic hwaiitwa lysosomes. Membranes idzodzo date kuwadzana navo kubva cytoplasm kutadzisa kuparadzwa zvimwe STRUCTURAL zvinoumba masero. Pandakasunungurwa, makemikari lysosome kupinda cytoplasm muchitokisi kwataisvika kunoitika - autolysis.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti makemikari achinyanya synthesized pamusoro ine endoplasmic reticulum, uye akabva atamira kune Golgi midziyo. Pano vari dzakachinjwa, mumapepa ari Kamudzira vesicles votanga vaparadzane uye kuzvimirira zvinoumba sero - lysosomes, izvo nesekondari.

Primary lysosomes - hurongwa izvo vanoparadzaniswa kubva Golgi midziyo, uye yechipiri (zvomudumbu vacuoles) - avo ayo kuumbwa nokuda Fusion chinonyanya lysosomes uye endocytotic vacuoles.

Kupiwa Chimiro yakadaro uye sangano anogona kuziva chikuru kushanda lysosomes:

• kugaya dzakasiyana zvinhu mukati muchitokisi;
• kuparadzwa cellular hurongwa kuti havana zvinodiwa;
• kusangana nokubatanidzwazve sero kwendangariro.

vacuoles

Vacuoles - odnomembrannye organelle iri idenderedzwa chimiro, vari reservoirs mvura ukaparadzawo mairi Organic uye inorganic yeimwe. In paumbwe mashoko zvivako dzinobatanidzwa Golgi midziyo uye EPS.

The mhuka Sero vacuoles wedzeredzei. Vane diki uye kugara hapana anopfuura 5% bhuku. Chavainyanya basa - kupa chokufambisa zvinhu mhiri muchitokisi.

Vacuoles kuti chirimwa masero makuru uye kutora kusvika 90% bhuku. Muchitokisi akakura ane vacuole rimwe chete, izvo ane nzvimbo nechepakati chinzvimbo. Kamudzira rayo rinonzi tonoplast uye kugutsikana - sero muto. The chikuru mashandiro anoita chirimwa vacuoles - kupa foni Kamudzira voltage, kuunganidza siyana yeimwe uye masero kupambadza. Uyezve, izvi chirimwa sero organelles kupa mvura zvakakodzera kuti photosynthesis rikurumidze.

Kana isu kutaura Dhavhidhi angave akanyorerei sero muto, zvino zvinosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

• yokutsiva - Organic acids, makabhohaidhiretsi uye mapuroteni, vamwe amino asidhi;
• yeimwe izvo yakaumbwa mumakore muchitokisi basa uye vaunganidza mairi (alkaloids, phenols uye tannins);
• kugadzikana uye chirimwa mahormone;
• pigments, naro zvibereko, midzi uye petals vari kupendwa mune rakakodzera ruvara.

Golgi kunzwisisa

Sechivako organelles anonzi "Golgi midziyo" riri nyore. In chirimwa masero, vanoonekwa sezvo vakaparadzana mhuru Kamudzira mumasero mhuka anomiririrwa matangi, migero uye matema. The STRUCTURAL Unit Golgi zvakaoma - nayo dictyosome, uko kunomiririrwa murwi wemagazini 4-6 "Matangi" uye matema duku vanoparadzaniswa navo, uye vane intracellular nezvifambiso zvinosvika, uye zvinogonawo kushanda tsime lysosomes. Dictyosomes nhamba ingabva mumwe anoverengeka zana.

Golgi yakaoma, makhiriniki pedyo musimboti. In masero mhuka - pedyo nepakati muchitokisi. The chikuru mashandiro anoita organelles izvi ndizvo zvinotevera:

• secretion uye kuunganidza mapuroteni, lipids uye saccharides;
• dikidiki Organic yeimwe kupinda Golgi kunzwisisa;
• organelle Ndiyo nzvimbo paumbwe lysosomes.

It rinozivikanwa kuti EPS, lysosome, ari vacuole, golgi midziyo uye pamwe chete vanoumba tubular vacuolar-mamiriro ezvinhu izvo wakapatsanura sero kupinda vakaparadzana zvikamu pamwe runoenzanirana mabasa. Uyezve, nyika ino inopa kuramba update kuti membranes.

Mitochondria - simba chirimwa masero

Mitochondria - dvumembrannye tsvimbo-kufanana organelles, idenderedzwa kana filamentary chimiro, izvo synthesize ATP. Vane yokunze nomumativi yomukati Kamudzira kumeso pamwe pazvirugu zhinji, inonzi cristae. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti uwandu cristae pakati mitochondria hungasiyana zvichienderana sero simba zvinodiwa. Icho Kamudzira vazhinji enzayemu zvivako kuti synthesize adenosine triphosphate yomukati. Pano simba kwemakemikari zvisungo zviri dzikwanise simba-vapfumi ATP kukurukurirana. Uyezve, muna mitochondria inopfuura cleavage kuti mafuta acids uye makabhohaidhiretsi vane kusunungurwa simba, iyo inochengeterwa uye rinoshandiswa dzinotsanagura kukura uye kwetunhu.

Internal date Wednesday organelles anonzi chizvaro. It unotora chindori DNA uye RNA, diki ribosome. Zvinofadza mitochondria - the Semi-zvionera organelles, nekuti vanovimba kushanda muchitokisi, asi panguva imwe chete, zvinogona kuramba mumwe kuzvitonga. Saka, vanogona synthesize mapuroteni dzavo uye makemikari, uyewo zvichiberekana hwavo.

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mitochondria kwakaitika apo akasunungura kupinda musero Kurovedza prokaryotic Utachiona, zvichiita kuti paumbwe imwe kunzwisisa symbiotic. Saka, mitochondrial DNA ine chivako sezvo DNA utachiona ano uye mapuroteni usage mune mitochondria uye utachiona hwakaipa maererano chete nemishonga.

Plastids - the organelles ane muti sero

Plastids yakakura organelles zvakakwana. Ivo varipo chete chirimwa masero uye vari aumba kubva Precursors - proplastids ane DNA. organelles izvi basa rinokosha iri muviri uye akaparadzaniswa cytoplasm pedyo kaviri membrane. Mukuwedzera, vanogona iumbe akarayira maitiro yomunyika membranes.

Plastids vari vatatu mhando:

1. Chloroplasts - zvikuru zvakawanda plastids vane basa photosynthesis umo Organic yeimwe vari kuumbwa uye vakasununguka okisijeni. zvivako izvi vane kunzwisisa marongerwo uye vari chinjwa ari cytoplasm kurutivi chiedza kunobva. Huru nenhumbi kuti anowanika chloroplasts - chlorophyll nayo zvirimwa vanogona kushandisa zuva simba. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chloroplasts akafanana mitochondria semiautonomous hurongwa vave vasingakwanisi akazvimirira weboka uye kwetunhu yayo mapurotini.
2. Leucoplasts - Hauoneki plastids, izvo, pasi zvinoitwa chiedza kuva chloroplasts. Izvi sero zvinoriumba vanoumba makemikari. Navo shuga iri vagotendeuka uye zvakachengetwa muchimiro starch granules. Mune dzimwe mbesa plastids izvi zvinogona kuunganidza lipids kana mapuroteni muchimiro crystals uye amorphous miviri. Nhamba huru leucoplasts kusimbiswa mumasero pachivande nhengo zvinomera.
3. Chromoplasts - nomukaka vemamwe maviri marudzi plastids. Vari vakaumba carotenoids (pamwe chlorophyll kuparadzwa), izvo zvitsvuku, yellow kana orenji. Chromoplasts - mukunopera kusanduka plastids. Vazhinji vari muchero, petals uye kwematsutso mashizha.

ribosomes

Ndeipi organelle anonzi ari ribosome? Ribosomes dzinonzi dzisiri Kamudzira organelle, zvinosanganisira zvimedu maviri (zviduku subunit). dhayamita wavo anenge 20 nm. Ivo vanowanikwa masero pakubhadhara zvose. Izvi organelles dzemhuka uye chirimwa masero, mabhakitiriya. zvivako aya yakaumbwa muna chinoumba, uye ipapo akatamisira kupinda cytoplasm apo akaisa anongoremberera kana vasiyana EPS. Zvichienderana ehupfumi kuti synthesizing ribosome basa chete kana kukabatanidzwa kupinda zvivako, zvichiumba polyribosomes. Muchiitiko chino, izvi asiri Kamudzira akasungwa organelles mutumwa RNA Morekuru.

A ribosome rine 4 mamorekuru kuti S.-RNAs, izvo vanoumba puranga, uyewo mapurotini siyana. The chikuru chinhu pamusoro organoid - vaiunganidza polypeptide cheni, unova Danho rokutanga mapuroteni usage. mapuroteni avo vari zvinoberekwa ribosomes ari endoplasmic reticulum, inogona kushandiswa yose muviri. Mapuroteni nokuti munhu zvinodiwa sero vari synthesized ne ribosomes, izvo dziri mune cytoplasm. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ribosomes vari rinowanikwawo mitochondria uye plastids.

sero cytoskeleton

Sero cytoskeleton vakaumba microtubules uye microfilaments. Microtubules vari cylindrical inotungamirwa 24 nm mu dhayamita. kureba ravo 100 mm-1 mm. Huru zvinoriumba - a puroteni inonzi tubulin. Haagoni kubata uye inogona kuparadzwa kuitwa colchicine. Microtubules dziri mu hyaloplasm uye kuita zvinotevera mabasa:

• kusika kuchinja, asi panguva imwe chete, munhu simba marangwanda masero, izvo zvinoita kuti varambe chimiro chayo;
• mumhemberero kuparadzira muchitokisi okutodza;
• zvinopa kufamba organelles;
• huri muchitokisi centre, uyewo flagella uye cilia.

Microfilaments - pemavara anoiswa pasi plasma Kamudzira uye anoumbwa mapuroteni actin kana myosin. Vanogona kuderedzwa, zvokuti pane kwebasa cytoplasm uye musero Kamudzira protrusion. Uyezve, zvinoriumba izvi zvinobatanidzwa paumbwe muchiuno panguva muchitokisi nokupesana.

Cell centre (centrosome)

organelle ichi rinoumbwa maviri centrioles uye tsentrosfery. Centriole cylindrical chimiro. masvingo aro inoumbwa microtubules matatu, iyo batanidza pamwe chete vachishandisa crosslinks. Centriole maviri vanosarudzirwa panguva pamakona mumwe kurudyi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti rokumusoro chirimwa masero kushaiwa organelles izvi.

The chikuru Basa sero centre - kuona kunyange kuparadzirwa okutodza panguva muchitokisi nokupesana. Ndiyewo Nhongonya kurongwa cytoskeleton.

organelle mufambo

Kutakura organelles kufambira cilia uye flagella. growths ichi duku riri muchimiro vhudzi. Flagellum 20 unotora microtubules. Nheyo yake iri muna cytoplasm uye anonzi basal muviri. flagellum kureba 100 mamita kana kupfuura. Flagella, izvo microns 10-20 chete, rinonzi cilia. Zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope microtubules pakati cilia uye flagella vanokwanisa oscillate, kukonzera kwebasa muchitokisi. The cytoplasm ingasanganisira contractile fibrils, makatumidzwa myofibrils - nayo organelles masero mhuka. Myofibrils kazhinji muNzvimbo tsandanyama masero - tsandanyama masero, uyewo masero mwoyo. Zvinosanganisira fibers zvidiki (protofibrils).

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti myofibril tsapo ine rima faibha - iri anisotropic discs, uyewo pfungwa - zviri isotropic disks. Structural chairema imwe myofibril - sarcomere. mugove ichi pakati anisotropic uye isotropic dhisiki ine actin uye myosin filaments. Avo Gliding sarcomere kupfupikisa kunoitika, iyo inosvitsa sangano rose tsandanyama fibers. Izvi anoshandisa simba pamusoro ATP uye calcium yakawanda ions.

Achibatsirwa flagella majemusi uye spermatozoa zvinokambaira. Cilia muri muviri kufamba ciliate-shangu. In mhuka uye munhu vanofukidza pneumatic Airways uye kubatsira kubvisa wakanaka particulate nyaya dzakadai seguruva. Uyezve, pane pseudopodia anopa amoeboid kufamba vari chinobatanidza zvakawanda unicellular zvipenyu uye mhuka (semuenzaniso, leukocytes) masero.

miti Most haagoni kufamba muchadenga. kufamba dzavo dziri kukura, shizha kufamba uye kuchinja kuerera muchitokisi cytoplasm.

mhedziso

Pasinei ose akasiyana-siyana emasero, vose vane akafanana nemamiriro sangano. Marongerwo uye basa organelles vane akafanana ehupfumi, kuona zvakajairika kuvhiyiwa sero rimwe chete, uye wose muviri.

tinogona kuratidza muenzaniso ichi kunotevera.

Table "organelles masero eukaryotic,"

organelle	chirimwa sero	zooblast	zvinhu mabasa
moyo	ndizvo	ndizvo	Kuchengeta DNA, RNA transcription uye mapuroteni usage
endoplasmic reticulum	ndizvo	ndizvo	kwetunhu mapuroteni, lipids uye makabhohaidhiretsi, kuunganidza calcium ions, Golgi kunzwisisa inotungamirwa
mitochondria	ndizvo	ndizvo	ATP kwetunhu pachavo makemikari uye mapuroteni
plastids	ndizvo	kwete	kuitawo photosynthesis, kuunganidza starch, lipids, mapuroteni, carotenoids
ribosome	ndizvo	ndizvo	kuunganidza polypeptide cheni (mapuroteni usage)
microtubules uye microfilaments	ndizvo	ndizvo	kubvumira sero kuramba mumwe chimiro vari chinokosha muchitokisi centre, cilia uye flagella zvinopa kufamba organelles
lysosomes	ndizvo	ndizvo	kugayiwa zvinhu mukati muchitokisi, achiparadza zvivako ayo pasingadiwi munyaya nokubatanidzwazve masero kukonzera autolysis
yakakura nechepakati vacuole	ndizvo	kwete	Rinotibatsira sero rusvingo voltage rinoungana zvinovaka muviri uye muchitokisi tsvina, kugadzikana uye phytohormones, uyewo pigments, imwe mvura Dam
Golgi kunzwisisa	ndizvo	ndizvo	secretes uye rinoungana mapuroteni, lipids uye makabhohaidhiretsi, modifies kuti zvokudya kupinda sero, ndiye paumbwe lysosomes
cytocentrum	ipapo, kunze dzakakwirira zvirimwa	ndizvo	Ndicho Nhongonya kurongwa cytoskeleton, hunopa dzakafanana chromosome panguva iyoyo panguva muchitokisi nokupesana
myofibrils	kwete	ndizvo	zvinopa zvinoderedza tsandanyama tishu

Kana mhedziso, tinogona kutaura kuti pane kupesana kuduku pakati mhuka uye chirimwa masero. Panyaya iyi chivako zvinhu uye organelles (tafura apa, zvinosimbisa izvozvo) ine vakawanda sangano musimboti. Sero mabasa ave kwakarongeka uye Integrated hurongwa. Muchiitiko chino, organelles mabasa vari interconnected uye zvainanga Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri kuita uye kuramba muchitokisi chinhanho.