Zvinoumba uye Properties pamusoro Oil Oil

Oiri - uye ichi jikichira zvinobata moto mvura, izvo mune sedimentary goko nzvimbo goko. Zviri chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvicherwa vanhu. Mafuta ari zvikuru kunzwisisa musanganiswa cyclanes, alkanes uye arenes. Uyewo, rine okisijeni, sarufa senitrogen yeimwe. The mafuta sezvamunoita kuwanikwa pamusoro yakananga zviuru Organic zvinhu, izvo vanoumba vanenge makumi mapfumbamwe kubva muzana kabhoni, rehydrogen gumi muzana, shanu muzana sarufa, senitrogen uye rimwe muzana matatu muzana oxygen. mafuta rinewo yeimwe uye admixture duku chicherwa hunhu. Padurunhuru zviri mafuta yakaderera chaizvo, hazvina kupfuudza chegumi chimwe muzana. Mafuta nezvezvikwata matatu:

1. Easy.

2. Average.

3. Heavy.

Mafuta anopisa munguva kupisa pamusoro 43,7-46,2 MJ / makirogiramu, riri nani zvikuru pakati dzimwe combustibles.

Murwiyo mafuta anogona kupinda uye chiedza zvikamu zviduku kubika dzimwe madhigirii mazana maviri Celsius. Zvinosanganisira kazhinji kubva methane Mahydrocarbon, kureva alkanes. Zviri chiedza zvikamu zviduku epetroleum zvinogadzirwa kuti anobudiswa munzvimbo dzakasiyana, anogona kusiyana. Cycloalkanes, uye zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon zvakadai, kureva munhandare iri Zvinoumba mafuta zvinokosha.

Chinonyanya chepfu zvinoriumba vanobatanidzwa Zvinoumba mafuta uye peturu zvigadzirwa vanoonekwa zvakarurama zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon (arenes). Vari kunzi chirwere toxicants. The kupfuura vanoshingaira izvi rokutsanya uye zvinosanganisira benzene, toluene uye xylene, sezvo ivo vari vakaderera dzokubikira zvinhu. A dzakawanda arenes siyana vaiona mutagens ngozi uye carcinogens. Zvikuru ngozi boka Danho - boka polycyclic zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon.

Makemikari anoumba mafuta tsime unosanganisira guru inorwara methane chikukutu Mahydrocarbon - vanonzi waxes. kugutsikana kwavo mairi anogona pfuura nemashanu muzana.

Maererano zviri zvinhu mafuta paraffinic vanokamurwa muzvikwata akawanda:

1. Oil maloparafinovogo sezvamunoita. Havachisiri kupfuura hafu muzana paraffins zviri murwiyo.

2. Oil sredneparafinovogo sezvamunoita. mafuta ichi chine kusvika matanhatu muzana wakisi.

3. Vysokoparafinovaya mafuta. Pano Wakisi ine zvinopfuura 6 muzana.

The mafuta raiva zvinhu zvakadai chrysene, phenanthrene, benzpyrene, pyrene, tetrafeny. Rinewo asiri yeHydrocarbon zvinoriumba - Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti uye asphaltenes, izvo basa rinokosha mubasa chicherwa ichi.

Zvinobva Environmental nemaonero kuchikosha zvinoriumba nemafuta sarufa yeimwe. On zviri zvinhu izvi, mafuta uye mapoka mapoka matatu:

1. inotapira sokusingagutsi. Rine kusvika hafu muzana nesarufa.

2. sulphurous mafuta. Pano, nesarufa tigutsikane asingadi pfuura zviviri muzana.

3. mukuru-sarufa mafuta. zvigadzirwa izvi zvose mafuta ine anopfuura maviri muzana nesarufa.

ehupfumi mafuta, iyo nderei tsanangudzo kureba yepamusoro kwayo, zvinosanganisira:

1. Density. Panyaya mafuta kazhinji mupfungwa arambe achirema ayo panyaya kwakadonhera mvura. The arambe achirema of mafuta yemanyorero anoda kubva 0,8 kusvika 0,9 g / cm3, asi pane mhando mafuta, kuti arambe achirema izvo zvinogona kusvika 0,98 g / cm3.

2. Viscosity. Govera zvimiso, kinematic uye vakagwinya viscosity.

3. Molecular uremu. Ndicho inokosha inoratidza unhu peturu zvigadzirwa. The samolecular kurema kupfuura mafuta idukusa 300 g / mol.

4. The refractive indekisi. Ichi chinhu chakakosha kwazvo paakati kuti zvigadzirwa mafuta, vari wemisanganiswa dzakaoma akasiyana zvinhu.

5. Fractional sezvamunoita. All zvinhu izvo, kunyange zvishoma dziri mafuta, muri zvikuru nokuti unhu kwayo.