Zvounhu kurapa: yechiitwa uye unyanzvi

Zvishande-zvounhu kurapa mufananidzo yokurapa kuti inobatsira varwere kunzwisisa pfungwa uye manzwiro kuti vatingakurudzira maitiro avo. Kazhinji rinoshandiswa kurapa-siyana zvirwere, kusanganisira muropa, phobias, kufunganya, uye kuora mwoyo. Maitiro mushonga, kurovedza, izvo zviri kuita dzakakurumbira chaizvo, zvikurukuru Rinotora pfupi uye anonyanya zvainanga kubatsira vanhu vane imwe dambudziko. Kana kurapa nemakasitoma kudzidza kushandura uye kuziva zvinovhiringidza kana zvinoparadza mafungiro kuti vane kwavo maitiro inokanganisa.

panotangira

Sei ouchenjeri kana zvishande-zvounhu kurapa? Kuti vateveri akakurumbira psychoanalysis kumanikidzwa kuenda kudzidza siyana yemashoko cognition uye maitiro?

Wilhelm Wundt, akavamba muna 1879 paUniversity Leipzig wokutanga mukuru mumarabhoritari kuti mupfungwa tsvakurudzo, runoonekwa muvambi experimental zvepfungwa. Asi zvinokosha kuziva kuti chii kwainzi ipapo experimental zvepfungwa, kuchema iri kure nhasi experimental zvepfungwa. Uyezve, zvinozivikanwa kuti magetsi kurapa zvakasikwa basa Sigmund Freud, akakurumbira munyika yose.

Panguva iyoyowo kuti Zvakarurama uye experimental zvepfungwa vakawana ayo kukura vadanana muUnited States, vanhu vashoma vanoziva. Kutaura zvazviri, pashure pokunge asvika pano Sigmund Freud muna 1911, psychoanalysis akakwanisa ndezvokuti kunyange kutungamirira nyanzvi wepfungwa. Zvokuti mumakore mashomanana, anenge 95% munyika yacho vanachiremba vepfungwa vakadzidziswa nenzira kushanda psychoanalysis.

Izvi chindingindingi muna US kuti kurapa mberi kusvikira 1970, apo ava manheru mu akakodzera madenderedzwa ari Old World kwemakore 10. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti matambudziko psychoanalysis - maererano nemano ayo kupindura kuchinja-siyana munyika yakawanda pashure peHondo Yenyika II, uyewo kukwanisa wayo "kubata" - kwakatanga 1950s. Panguva ino nguva, zvarwa kungaitwa akasiyana psychotherapy. Huru basa rakanga aitamba pakati pavo, Chokwadi, zvishande-zvounhu kurapa. Uzvirovedze mairi kana vashoma akamboda kuita.

Akamuka pakarepo munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzenyika, nemhaka mupiro uye psychoanalysts vari kusagutsikana kwavo zviridzwa kupindira uye pachisara kurapa emotive maitiro kodzera nokukurumidza yapararira somoto muEurope yose. Iye munguva pfupi akagadza pacharo ave nzira yokurapa anogona zvinobudirira zvinetso siyana vatengi.

Kubva nguva takaona chiedza basa John. B. Watson pamusoro behaviorism, uye kushandisa maitiro kurapa, zvakatora makore makumi mashanu, asi pashure iyoyo iye vakakunda pakati kushanda Psychotherapy nzvimbo yaro. Asi zvimwe zvayo kushanduka kwakaitika nokukurumidza kumhanya. Raiva nyore chikonzero: uyewo dzimwe nzira kuti dzinobva pfungwa yesayenzi, zvishande-maitiro yokurapa, kurovedza zvinopiwa munyaya pazasi neshanduko rakavhurika, Integrated uye wakafananidzwa nevamwe nzira.

It chinayo ane migumisiro zvidzidzo inoitwa zvepfungwa, uyewo mune dzimwe minda zvesayenzi. Izvi zvakaita kuti chidzoke idzva siyana kupindira uye ongororo.

Panguva iyi kurapa wa1 chizvarwa, iyo inozivikanwa nokuva yakakura kuchinja psychodynamic kurapa anozivikanwa, nokukurumidza akatevera kutaridza "zvakagadzirwa". Vanga kufungwa zvishande zvinhu kukanganwika ambotaurwa. Izvi batanidzo zvishande zvounhu kurapa uye ndiyo inotevera chizvarwa maitiro kurapa, aizivikanwawo zvishande-zvounhu kurapa. Education zvinonzi inoitwa panguva ino.

kukura kwayo kuchiri kuenderera, pane nzira itsva kurapwa, izvo ndezvaJehovha nechekare kurapa kurudzi rwechitatu.

Zvishande-zvounhu kurapa: zvinokosha

The pfungwa yokuti pfungwa dzedu nemanzwiro basa guru iri kuumba maitiro evanhu. Saka, vanhu vanofunga zvakawanda pamusoro runway tsaona, mhepo abondera uye dzimwe mhepo tsaona zvinogona kudziviswa mhepo kufamba zvakasiyana. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti chinangwa mishonga iyi kudzidzisa varwere kuti vane zvose zvinoumba nyika haigoni kudzora, panguva imwe chete inogona kutora kudzora zvikuru kududzirwa nyika yake uye kushamwaridzana nayo.

Munguva ichangopfuura, zvishande-zvounhu kurapa chete rinoshandiswa kakawanda. Izvi mhando kurapwa kazhinji haatori nguva yakawanda, saka kuti runoonekwa awanike kune vamwe kurapa. Empirically rakaratidza kushanda kwayo: nyanzvi yakasimbiswa kuti runoita varwere kubata kukodzera maitiro zvayo kuratidzwa siyana.

kurapwa

Vamiririri British Association kuti zvishande uye evanhu varapi vakaona kuti dzakatevedzana kurapwa inobva misimboti pfungwa dzinobva yokutevedzera maitiro evanhu uye manzwiro. Vanosanganisira guru-siyana nzira kuti ndichiva kubvisa mupfungwa zvirwere, uyewo okuzvibatsira nezvaanogona.

Nyanzvi nguva dzose, mhando zvinotevera:

• Zvishande kurapa;
• mupfungwa uye musoro-zvounhu kurapa;
• multimodal kurapa.

Nzira maitiro kurapa

Ivo zvinoshandiswa zvishande kudzidza. Nzira huru - ndaisagona-emotive zvounhu kurapa. Pakutanga akaisa musoro kufunga munhu, ipapo azive zvinokonzera kudavira kusina musoro ezvinhu, ipapo tinosvika kuna kupfura.

Kazhinji, mukuru nzira yokurovedza - nzira yokugadzirisa matambudziko. The chikuru nzira - ndiko kudzidzisa biofeedback, izvo kazhinji kushandiswa kubvisa migumisiro mupfungwa. Kana izvi zvaitika midziyo kudzidza mukuru ezvinhu Tsandanyama ndipo, uyewo Manyiminya kana acoustic dzinovaka kunoitika. chokwadi Muscle kutandara inofambiswa yanyatsosimba, uye ipapo kunounza kuvarairwa.

Zvishande-zvounhu kurapa: nzira pakudzidzisa uye kudzidza

The zvounhu ARV zvakanyatsorongwa kushandiswa dzidzo uchapupu, maererano izvo zvinoita kudzidzisa uye kudzidza zvakarurama maitiro. Kudzidza ari muenzaniso ndohwaJehovha inokosha kwendangariro. kugona nzira nezvatinovavarira zvikurukuru pamusoro operant kutonhodza, pashure iyo vanhu kuvaka zvavo achida maitiro. A nzira inokosha kwazvo kudzidza kutevedzera.

Muenzaniso zvakanyatsorongwa sezvimwe kuzvitsinhanisa nauchenii - munhu kana hunhu. Nemamwe mashoko, kuti nhaka anogona kukurudzira chikamu yokufananidzira kana yakavanzika.

Achishingaira kushandiswa kana kushanda nevana maitiro mishonga. Zviitwa zviri iyi, ane muedzo incentives zvakananga, akadai zvihwitsi. In vakuru, chinangwa ichi kushumirwa kwegadziriro ropafadzo uye mibayiro. Kuudzwa (rutsigiro chiremba anosiya muenzaniso) kana kubudirira riri phased kunze.

nzira otuchivaniya

Odysseus mu "Odyssey" pakati Homer, zano Circe (muroyi) akavarayira kusungirira naye rechikepe chikepe kuti arege kuva pasi yokurira pakati sirens pavanokutsausai. Satellites akapfiga nzeve dzake wakisi. With yakajeka kunzvenga zvounhu kurapa simba rokufurira panguva iyoyo kuitwa zvimwe kuchinja kuti zvinowedzera mukana kubudirira. Somuenzaniso, unhu, doro, wedzera imwe aversive anotikurudzira, akadai kunhuwidza, emetic.

Zvishande-zvounhu kurapa kurovedza yakasiyana chaizvo. Saka, vachibatsirwa mudziyo kuti kurapa enuresis, kubvisa bedwetting - the mashandiro murwere wacho chisinga- kunouya apo pakarepo madonhwe weti rokutanga.

kubviswa nzira

Remedies kurwisana shoma maitiro. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mumwe mukuru nzira - iri enderana desensitization kuti manyowa zvinoitwa kutya ane 3-danho muitiro: kurovedza tsandanyama zvakadzama kuzorora, rokunyora mazita rakakwana kutya, uyewo alternation kuti dzishande uye kutandara asatya kubva pamazita iri vachikwira kuti.

yokurwisana unyanzvi

Nzira idzi kushandisa wakakurumidza nevanhu kwokutanga kutya mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira hama peripheral kana nechepakati phobias siyana vairwara nepfungwa. The chikuru nzira - iri mafashamo (dzepabonde siyana mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira vachishandisa zvakasimba yemichato). Saka Client pasi zvikuru zvakananga kana mupfungwa simba zvose zvinogoneka mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kutya.

kurapa zvinoriumba

vanhu vanowanzoodzwa manzwiro kana pfungwa, izvo chete muna isiri pfungwa. Izvi zvinotendwa uye maonero kukonzera matambudziko maitiro kuti kuva nezvahunoita zvakasiyana-siyana zvoupenyu, kusanganisira kudanana ukama, mhuri, kudzidza uye basa. Somuenzaniso, mumwe munhu anorwara kusanyatsozviremekedza, zvinogona kukonzera pfungwa nezvako, mano ako kana chitarisiko. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vanhu vanotanga kudzivisa mamiriro nekuita nevanhu kana kusiya basa mikana.

Kuti agadzirise izvi, kushandisa maitiro kurapa. Kuti tikurire pfungwa idzi anoparadza uye unhu chiremba chinotanga yeGmail.END_STRONG yokugadza matambudziko zvitendero. Danho iri inonziwo "dzichipfekeka pachisara", kukosha kuti kunzwisisa sei zvinhu pfungwa uye manzwiro anogona kukonzera shoma maitiro. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera matambudziko, tichinyanyotarisa vatengi kutambura tsika kunyanya introspection, kunyange somugumisiro ichi zvingaita kuzvinzwira ruzivo uye zvakabudiswa izvo vanoonekwa fanira chikamu apore.

Zvishande-zvounhu kurapa kunosanganisira uye chechipiri. Focus ari maitiro chaiyo, inobatsira kuti kukura dambudziko. Munhu anotanga kudzidzira uye kudzidza unyanzvi hutsva, iyo zvino ingashandiswa ezvinhu chaiwo. Saka, mumwe munhu anorwara kupindwa muropa anokwanisa mukudzidzire unyanzvi kukurira gwaro iri uye vanogona kudzivisa munzanga ezvinhu pamwe kuparira kuitazve, uyewo kutsungirira vose.

CBT kazhinji kacho chinhu kumeso chichiitwa, kubatsira vanhu kuti matanho matsva kuchinja maitiro avo. Saka, munzanga phobia anogona kutanga nyore chinoshamisira pachavo mune imwe evanhu mamiriro ezvinhu anoita kuti iye hanya. Ipapo anogona kuedza kutaura shamwari, vafambidzani uye vomumhuri. Process nguva dzose kufamba kuti chinangwa hachiratidzi kunzwisisa, uye zvinangwa pachavo - zvachose kuita.

kushandisa CBT

kurapa iri kushandiswa kurapa vanhu vanotambura zvakawanda zvirwere - phobias, kufunganya, kupindwa muropa uye kuora mwoyo. CBT anonzi chimwe chezvinhu vakadzidza mhando yokurapa - zvimwe chikamu nokuti kuti mishonga rinonyatsotarira matambudziko chaiwo uye ahwo zviri nyore kuyera.

mushonga uyu zvakakunakira akakodzera kuti vatengi vari anongoti introspection nayo. To CBT akanga tinyatsobudirira, munhu yazvinofanira kuva vakagadzirira, anofanira kuva nechido kupedza nguva uye kushanda nesimba kuti kuongorora manzwiro avo uye pfungwa. introspection kwakadaro chakaoma, panguva imwecheteyo ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yokudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro matambudziko dzomunyika mamiriro maitiro.

Zvishande-zvounhu kurapa mukuru vanhu vanoda kukurumidza kurapwa kuti hakudi kushandisa zvimwe mishonga. Saka, mumwe zvakanakira zvishande-zvounhu ARV kuonekwa chokwadi kuti zvinobatsira nemakasitoma kukudziridza unyanzvi kuti zvinogona kubatsira zvino uye ipapo.

Kukura nechivimbo

Zvinofanira kuita kuchengetedza kuti chivimbo anobva siyana unhu: kukwanisa kutaura zvavanoda, pfungwa uye manzwiro, mukuwedzera, kunzwisisa zvinodiwa nemanzwiro evamwe, unyanzvi kuti "kwete"; Mukuwedzera, kukwanisa kutanga, kumugumo uye ramba kutaura pamberi paruzhinji kutaura akasununguka, uye zvichingodaro.

Kudzidziswa uku nechinangwa vakunde kutya pangava nevamwe, uyewo nematambudziko vokukurukura. Similar Migumisiro dziri kushandiswa wokusagadzikana uye utsinye, kuti Activate vatengi vari kwenguva refu pakurapa vanachiremba vepfungwa, uye retardation nepfungwa.

Kudzidziswa uku kunonyanya anovadzinga zvinangwa zviviri: paumbwe kugarisana uye kubviswa mumagariro phobias. Muchiitiko chino, shandisa nzira zhinji, somuenzaniso maitiro muviri uye basa-nokutamba mitambo, kurovedza mumamiriro ezvinhu ose, operant nzira, kudzidza yokutevedzera, boka kurapa, mavhidhiyo zvokushandisa, nzira kuzvidzora uye nezvakadaro. Saka, panguva Kudzidziswa uku tiri Kazhinji munhu purogiramu yacho achishandisa mhando dzose dzokudzidzisa mune imwe kutevedzana.

Also kushandiswa zvounhu kurapa vana. Special siyana kurovedza vakasikwa vana nezvinetso neshamwari, uye magariro phobias. Petermann uye Petermann, muviri purogiramu chitsidzo, iyo, pamwe chete kurovedza nomumwe boka uye rinosanganisira kurayira vabereki vevana ava.

tsoropodzo CBT

Vamwe varwere mukutanga kurapwa mushumo kuti, zvisinei zvakakwana ruzivo nyore irrationality mamwe pfungwa, mumwe chete chokuti muitiro ndichiva kubvisa izvi hazvirevi kuti nyore. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti maitiro kurapa kunosanganisira kuziva mashoko mafungiro, uye nokupa rubatsiro mu ndichipfeka kubvisa pfungwa idzi akawandisa mitemo. Vanokwanisa zvinosanganisira basa nokutamba mitambo, kutema miti, nzira kutsauswa uye yokutandara.

Zvino tarisai vamwe Muchiitwa unogona kuita pachako kumba.

Progressive tsandanyama kutandara maererano Jacobson

Makirasi inoitwa vagere. Musoro unofanira achisendamira pamadziro, akaisa maoko enyu pamusoro nezvokutsamidza maoko. Pakutanga, unofanira call makakatanwa rake tsandanyama vose urongwa, unofanira musiwa inhalation. Itai pfungwa ushamwari. Panyaya iyi, kuti kutandara achabatsirwa kutsanya chaizvo uye zvikuru unopinza nedzinovengwa. tsandanyama Makakatanwa nguva - vanenge 5 masekonzi, usanetseka - mumasekonzi anenge 30. Uyezve, mumwe muviri zvinofanira kuitwa 2 nguva. Nzira iyi akakwana vana.

1. Ruoko tsandanyama. Dhonza maoko enyu mberi, kuisa zvigunwe kwakasiyana-siyana. Tinofanira kuedza kusvika saka minwe rusvingo.
2. Brushes. Clenching chibhakera kupfuura zvakasimba. Fungidzira kuti uri munhu compressible icicles nepavaigona mvura.
3. Pamapfudzi. Edza kusvika nzeve dzavakadzi ndidzo dzaingoboorwa pamafudzi.
4. Foot. zvigunwe kusvika pakati-mhuru.
5. Dumbu. dumbu vake amabwe sokunge anoratidza matambudziko.
6. Nechiuno, drumsticks. Wakaiswa nezvigumwe, chitsitsinho amutswa.
7. Avhareji 1/3 vanhu. Rakawunyana mhino yake, squint.
8. Upper 1/3 vanhu. Kwaishorwa, akashamisa chiso.
9. Lower 1/3 vanhu. Lips akapeta "proboscis".
10. Lower 1/3 vanhu. Makona muromo kusvika nzeve kutora.

nokuzvidzora mirayiridzo

chinhu All tinoti pachedu. We Pari mirayiridzo, mirairo, mashoko chaiwo matambudziko kana mirayiridzo. Panyaya iyi, munhu anogona kutanga pamwe nezvinoita kudzokorora, iyo pakupedzisira kuva chikamu yose zvounhu repertoire. Vanhu vanodzidziswa mirayiridzo yakananga zvakadaro. Panguva iyoyowo, mune zvimwe zviitiko vanova "kontrinstruktsiyami" utsinye, kutya, uye navamwe kutyorwa mufambiro. In ichi okuzvibatsira mirayiridzo pamwe anofungidzirwa Masvomhu zvinoshandiswa tichitevera nzendo.

1. Kugadzirira stressor.

• "Zviri nyore kuita. Yeuka zvinosetsa. "
• "Ndinogona kusika chirongwa kubata nawo."

2. Kuteerera kudenhwa.

• "Chero bedzi ndiri kuchengeta wakadzikama, ndakanga zvachose kudzora yose ezvinhu."
• "Mune izvi, handigoni kubatsira kunetseka. Ndiri chokwadi nezvake. "

3. Reflection ruzivo.

• Kana kusawirirana kuri unresolvable, "Oh kukanganwa matambudziko. Funga nezvazvo - chete kuparadza pacharo ".
• Kana kukonana akatsunga kana kuwana muudza: "Zvakanga zvakaita Ndaifunga."