Afghanistan: Nhoroondo dzekare nanhasi

Afghanistan - munyika kuti makore anopfuura 200, inyaya mubereko vatambi inokosha munyika zvematongerwo enyika. zita rayo riri tsime hwakasimbiswa mazita hotspots yedu nyika zvikuru ngozi. Zvisinei, vashoma vanoziva nhoroondo Afghanistan, iro akaudza zvishoma munyaya ino. Uyezve, vanhu vayo anoverengeka zvemakore akaita akapfuma tsika iri pedyo Persian, izvo iye ari kuderera nokuda kunoenderera enyika uye kusagadzikana kwezvemari nemagandanga mabasa okunyanyisa masangano Islamist.

Nhoroondo Afghanistan kubva kare

Vanhu vokutanga akazviratidza munharaunda yakapoteredza 5,000 apfuura. vaongorori Most kunyange kudavira kuti izvi ndiko kuva ndakagara kurima nzanga yokutanga yenyika. Uyezve, zvinofungirwa kuti cheZoroastrianism akazviratidza pamusoro chipo ndima Afghanistan pakati 1800 uye makore 800 BC, uye muvambi chitendero, inova imwe wedangwe, akapedza makore okupedzisira oupenyu hwake uye akafa Balkh.

In pakati 6 remakore BC. e. Achaemenids zvaisanganisira idzi hwePezhiya. Zvisinei, pashure mugore 330 BC. e. iye akanga akabatwa hondo Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Sezvo chikamu State yake Afghanistan rakanga kusvikira pokuwa, uye akazova chikamu hwekwaSeleucus Empire, pane Vakasimwa chiBuddha. Zvadaro, nharaunda akauya pasi pasimba yeGirisi Bactrian umambo. By Pakupera 2nd remakore BC. e. Indo-vaGiriki akakunda vaSitiya, uye muzana remakore rokutanga AD. e. Afghanistan akahwina Parthian Empire.

Middle Ages

Muzana 6th remakore, munyika nharaunda yakava chikamu Sassanid Empire, uye gare gare - the Samanids. Afghanistan Saka nhoroondo izvo anenge vasingazivi yakareba rugare, vakapona Arab nechisimba, uko kwakaguma mukupera rechi8 remakore.

Mumakore akatevera 9 emakore, nyika iri kazhinji vakapfuura paruoko kuisa kusvikira remakore rechi14 yakanga haana kuiswawo pakati Timurid Empire. Munguva iyi Herat akava muzinda wechipiri mamiriro. Pashure 2 emakore okupedzisira Timurid youmambo - Babur - akavaka umambo icharwirwa Kabul uye vakatanga kuita nzendo kuti India. Nokukurumidza akatamira India, Afghanistan, uye nharaunda yakava chikamu Safavid nyika.

Kwokuderera mamiriro muzana remakore rechi18 kwakaita kuti paumbwe feudal khans uye kupandukira Iran. Panguva iyoyowo aumba Gilzeyskoe kwavabati rayo guru iri muguta Kandahar, akakundwa 1737 Persian nehondo Nadir Shah.

Durrani mamiriro

Sezvineiwo, Afghanistan (munyika kare kare aunotoziva) awana yakazvimirira ezvinhu chete muna 1747 apo Ahmad Shah Durrani nheyo umambo rayo guru pa Kandahar. Under mwanakomana wake, Vaeriy Shah, chikuru guta rehurumende akaparidza Kabul uye pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, nyika yakava mutongi Shah Mahmud.

YeBritain yaitonga kuwedzera

Nhoroondo Afghanistan kubva kare kusvika mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi19, akabata zvakavanzika zvizhinji, saka vazhinji mapeji aro vari kudzidza vanganzi havaratidzi. The chete hazvigoni pamusoro nguva pashure nechisimba nharaunda yayo yose Anglo-Indian mauto. "New varidzi" Afghanistan aida kuitira uye nokungwarira rakanyorwawo zviitiko zvose. Kunyanya, zvinyorwa kupona uye tsamba kubva varwi British navatariri dzavo aiziva mashoko, kwete chete hondo uye yokumukira vemo, asiwo nzira yaro muupenyu uye tsika.

Saka, nhoroondo hondo Afghanistan, rakanga achiitiswa uto Anglo-Indian akatanga muna 1838. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare 12000th muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano vokuBritain mauto yaaigara Kandahar uye Kabul uye gare gare. Ishe akadzivisa kudhumhana ane nani anokumhan'arira, ndokupinda kumakomo. Zvisinei, vamiririri vavo kuramba akashanyira guru, uye muna 1841 muna Kabul vakatanga kufara pakati vomunzvimbo. murayiro British vakasarudza mumusiye kuIndia, asi munzira mauto vakaurayiwa guerrillas Afghan. Vakapindura kuti noutsinye kuri vachirwisa.

Britain-Afghan War First

Chikonzero yatanga ruvengo pamusoro chikamu British Empire kwaiva kutumira nehurumende yeRussia muna 1837 refutenendi Witkiewicz muna Kabul. Ikoko aifanira kugara ave mugari panguva kupambwa simba guru Afghan pamusoro Ko Muhammad. Last panguva iyoyo kare Bole makore 10 akarwa aine ake chinotevera hama, Shuja Shah, vachitsigirwa ne London. The British vaiona basa sezvo chinangwa iri Witkiewicz reRussia kuwana midzi Afghanistan, mune ramangwana kupinda India.

Muna January 1839 hondo British ravarwi 38,000 vashandi 30 000 makamera 12,000, akayambuka Bolan Pass. Musi waApril 25, akakwanisa kutora pasina kurwa Kandahar uye kurwisa musi Kabul.

Zvisinei kurwisa Strong yokuBritain vakanga chete nhare Ghazni,, uye iye akamanikidzwa yokuupa. Nzira Kabul wakashamira, uye guta 7 akawira August 1839. Pachigaro choushe achitsigirwa rokutonga British ishe Shuja Shah uye Amir Ko Mohammad akatizira makomo boka duku nemasoja.

Board protege British haana kugara kwenguva refu, sezvo vepo feudal madzishe akaronga yokusagadzikana mumativi ose enyika akatanga kurwisa vanopinda nechisimba.

Pakutanga 1842 Britain maIndia vakabvumirana navo nokuvhura mukoridho kuburikidza munhu aigona shure kuIndia. Zvisinei, Jalalabad veAfghan vakarwisa vokuBritain, uye kubva 16,000 varume vakapukunyuka, chete munhu mumwe.

Mukupindura, ichiteverwa kuri nzendo, uye mushure kudzvinyirira pamusoro yemuna weBritish akapinda akurukure Ko Mohammed, akavakumbirisa iye kusiya rapprochement pamwe Russia. Gare gare, mumwe runyararo chibvumirano chakanga yakasainwa.

Second Anglo-Afghan War

Mamiriro munyika akaramba pfupi kugadzikana kusvikira 1877 asingadi kutanga Russian-Turkish hondo. Afghanistan, ane nhoroondo - ndiwo mazita refu kurwisana nezvombo, akanga zvakare rwakabatwa crossfire. Chokwadi ndechokuti kana London akaratidza kusagutsikana pamwe kubudirira eRussia kutamira nokukurumidza kuna Istanbul, St. Petersburg akasarudza kuridza Indian mepu. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, basa akatumirwa Kabul, yakanga nomufaro inokudza ishe Sher Ali Khan. On zano vamiriri Russian, yokupedzisira akaramba kutendera nyika yacho British Embassy. Izvi zvakatungamirira kundopinda British mauto Afghanistan. Ivo vakatora guru uye akamanikidzira ishe itsva vaJakobho Khan akasaina chibvumirano, maererano iyo hurumende yake vakanga vasina kodzero kuitisa yokumwe mutemo pasina Mediation yacho Government British.

Muna 1880, ishe akava Abdurrahman Khan. Akaita kuedza kupinda kurwisana nezvombo pamwe eRussia muna Turkestan, asi yakakundwa muna March 1885 munharaunda yokutanga Kushka. Somugumisiro, London uye St. Petersburg pamwe havatsananguri miganhu mukati iro Afghanistan (nhoroondo muzana remakore rechi20 rinotaurwa pazasi) kuchiripo nhasi.

Rusununguko kubva British Empire

Muna 1919, zvichikonzerwa kupondwa ishe Habibullah Khan uye kubvuta masimba d'pokupidigura hurumende nechisimba pachigaro choushe akaratidza Amanullah Khan, iye wakadeya kuparidza munyika rusununguko kubva Britain uye nokuzivisa jihad naro. Akaitwa chekuunganidza uye India vakatamira 12000th hondo dzose masoja, vachitsigirwa nomumwe zana neuto kuzviuru pamusoro partisans muArabhu.

History of hondo Afghanistan, raparurwa nesangano yeBritain kuti tirambe ayo simba, uyewo chine nezvokunyoresa kwokutanga munhoroondo yacho hombe airstrike. Akatsoropodzwa RAF akanga pasi Kabul. Somugumisiro Nokutya yakaitika pakati vagari guru, uye pashure vaviri vakarasika hondo Amanullah Khan akabvunza pamusoro nyika.

Rugare chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa August 1919. Maererano gwaro rino, nyika vakagamuchira kodzero nechitarisiko ukama, asi akanga kunyimwa pagore British subsidy pakati 60,000 makirogiramu hwakakwirira, iyo kusvikira 1919 oda hafu Afghanistan kuti bhajeti kwemari.

umambo

Muna 1929, Amanullah Khan, uyo, shure rwendo kuEurope uye Soviet Union yakanga kuda kutanga okunyanyisa kuchinja, akanga vakazodzingwa mune kupandukira Habibullah Kalakani zita romusere rokuti Bacha Saqao (Mwanakomana inotakura mvura). Kuedza vavezve chigaro aimbova ishe, achitsigirwa nemauto eSoviet, akanga asiri munhu abudirire. Hatina kubiridzira weBritish, uyo akaparadza Bacha Saqao akamuisa pachigaro choushe Nadir Khan. With kugadza ake akatanga nhoroondo ichangobva kuitwa Afghanistan. Umambo muna Afghanistan yainzi rwamambo, uye emirate yakaguma.

Muna 1933, Nadir Khan, uyo akaurayiwa ari kadheti panguva achimisa muna Kabul, akatsiviwa pachigaro choushe mwanakomana wake, Zahir Shah. Aiva muvandudzi uye yainzi imwe yenzvimbo chinoziva uye mberi Asian madzimambo nguva yake.

Muna 1964, Zahir Shah akasarudza remitemo idzva, rakanga nechinangwa panguva democratization pamusoro Afghanistan uye kubviswa kusarurwa kwevanhukadzi. Somugumisiro, vafundisi zvikuru customized akatanga kuratidza kusagutsikana uye kushingaira mubasa destabilization zvinhu munyika.

Udzvinyiriri pakati Daud

Sezvo nhoroondo Afghanistan, remakore rechi20 (pakati 1933 uye 1973) yaiva hurumende zvechokwadi yendarama, sezvo nyika akazviratidza indasitiri, migwagwa yakanaka, modernize dzidzo hurongwa, yakavambwa University, akavaka zvipatara uye zvichingodaro. Zvisinei, mune rechi40 gore pashure accession chake cheushe, Zahir Shah Akabviswa nokuda hama yake - Prince Mohammed Daoud, vakatara Afghanistan ane zvokuvhoterwa. Pashure paizvozvo, nyika yava yemitambo yokurwisana pakati mapoka akasiyana-siyana kuti akaratidza zvinodiwa Pashtuns, Uzbeks, Tajiks uye Hazaras, uye mamwe madzinza munharaunda. Mukuwedzera, pavanotaurirana kutora kukuru Islamic mauto. Muna 1975, ivo akasimuka nezvokumukira kuti takurirwa Paktia dunhu, Badakhshan uye Nangarhar. Zvisinei, hurumende mudzvinyiriri Daud yakaoma, asi vakakwanisa kudzvinyirira.

Panguva iyoyo vakatsvaka yacho mamiriro, uye vamiririri vanhu Democratic Party nyika (PDPA). Zvisinei, iye aitsigirwa zvikuru muna Afghanistan Sun

BSN

History of Afghanistan (zana remakore rechi20) akamborara mumwe yakachinja 1978. April 27 paiva chimurenga. Pashure kuuya simba, on Mohammad Taraki Mohammed Daoud uye nhengo dzose dzemhuri yake vakaurayiwa. Senior utariri nzvimbo dzaiva Hafizullah Amin uye Babrak Karmal.

Background akapinda Afghanistan shoma contingent wamapoka Soviet

Mutemo zviremera zvitsva kubvisa backlog munyika akasangana yacho nemishonga yose Islamists, izvo kwakaguma hondo. Atadza kutsungirira mamiriro acho ezvinhu, hurumende Afghan rave nyaya Soviet Politburo aine chikumbiro kupa rubatsiro zvechiuto. Zvisinei, zviremera zveSoviet vasingaiti, sezvo taitarisira nemigumisiro yakaipa danho rakadaro. Panguva iyoyowo, ivo yakatowedzera kuchengeteka pamuganhu nzvimbo Afghan ikawanda uwandu zvechiuto mazano ari pedyo nyika. Panguva iyoyowo nguva akasvika KGB ungwaru kuti US nokushingaira mari mauto Anti-hurumende.

Kupondwa Taraki

History of Afghanistan (zana remakore rechi20) rine mashoko pamusoro wandei kuponda enyika kuti vatore simba. Mumwe chiitiko chakadai chakaitika muna September 1979, apo zvarayirwa Hafizullah Amin akasungwa ndokuurayiwa mutungamiri PDPA, Taraki. Under itsva mutongi munyika vakatendeuka kutyisa kuti akabata uye nehondo, izvo zvave kujairika kupandukira uye kusiya. Sezvo VC vaiva vatsigiri pamusoro PDPA, hurumende yeSoviet akaona mumamiriro ezvinhu ane ngozi ayo pakaparadzwa uye kuuya nesimba masimba utsinye kune USSR. Uyezve, akanga adzidza kuti Amin ane chakavanzika nevanhu nhume American.

Somugumisiro, kwakasarudzwa kutanga kushanda kuna pakaparadzwa ake uye yaitsiva mutungamiriri, akavimbika zvikuru kune Soviet Union. Mukuru masango kuti basa iri vakava Babrak Karmal.

History of hondo Afghanistan (1979-1989): kurovedzwa

Achigadzirira kubvuta masimba ari pedyo nyika yakatanga muna December 1979, apo zvikuru akarigadzirira "rechiuto Muslim" akanga muAtlantic kuna Afghanistan. Nhoroondo weboka iri kure vazhinji chinoramba imwe chakavanzika. We chete kuziva kuti iye vashandi ari GRU of Central chinoda Asian, izvo zvainyatsozivikanwa tsika dzavanhu vaigara Afghanistan, mutauro wavo uye nzira youpenyu.

Chisarudzo dzikambouya akaitwa mid-December 1979 pamusangano of Politburo. Akanga asiri chete akatsigira Kosygin nokuda yaakange zvakakomba zvaipesana Brezhnev.

The oparesheni yakatanga musi waDecember 25, 1979, apo nharaunda kuDemocratic Republic of Afghanistan akatora 781-fung yoga njere rechiuto 108 MSD. Zvino kuchinjwa nezvimwe Soviet muzvikamu zvechiuto. By mid-musi zvinodzorwa zvachose Kabul musi December 27 manheru vakatanga taramba kumuzinda Amin. Iye rwakatora maminitsi 40 chete, uye zvakazivikanwa pashure okuguma vazhinji vaivapo, kusanganisira mutungamiri munyika, vakaurayiwa.

A pfupi Muronga zviitiko munguva kubvira 1980 kusvika 1989

nyaya Real pamusoro hondo Afghanistan - nyaya heroism ravarwi navatariri, vasiri nguva dzose kunzwisisa, nokuti ani uye chii vanomanikidzwa upenyu hwavo pangozi. Brief nguva iri sezvinotevera:

• March 1980 - April 1985. Mufambiro ruvengo, kusanganisira pamwero mukuru, uyewo basa pamusoro nokubatanidzwazve ari Armed Forces of BSN.
• April 1985 - January 1987. Kutsigira Afghan Air Force mauto ndege, demining anokwana zviyero uye atirari, uyewo chinoshingaira kurwa kumisa nerubatsiro zvombo kubva kunze kwenyika.
• January 1987 - February 1989. Kubatanidzwa zviitiko kuti mutemo National rokuyananisa.

By pakutanga 1988 zvakava pachena kuti kuvapo nezvombo mauto eSoviet musi mundima BSN hakuna kunaka. Tinogona kufunga kuti nhoroondo caffeine kubva Afghanistan akatanga February 8, 1988, apo pane musangano Political Bureau akamutsa mubvunzo pamusoro kusarudza musi kuvhiyiwa.

Yakanga May 15th. Zvisinei, wokupedzisira chikwata akasiya Kabul CA February 4, 1989, uye hwakaguma kushaya cheHurumende kuyambuka muganhu February 15, refutenendi-General Boris Gromov.

Munguva 90s

Afghanistan, nhoroondo uye tarisiro murugare kukura ndiko ramangwana asi hadzirondedzeri gumi okupedzisira ezana remakore rechi20, akasvetukira mugomba rakadzikadzika imwe hondo yevagari utsinye.

Pakapera February 1989 muna Peshawar kupikiswa Afghan kusarudzwa musoro "Transitional Hurumende Mujahideen" mutungamiriri "Alliance of Zvinomwe" C Mojaddedi uye kutanga vachirwa Soviet wakakombama hwechiKomonisiti.

Muna April 1992, mauto aipikisa akakunda Kabul, uye zuva rakatevera, musoro wake pamberi dzimwe vamiriri rakaparidzirwa President of Islamic State of Afghanistan. Munyika kare pashure "wokutsaurira" akaita unopinza dzoro kune radicalism. Mumwe wokutanga mitemo chasainwa S. Mojaddedi, akataura sezvo null dzose mitemo dzinopesana Islam.

Mugore iroro akanga mumaoko simba kuti muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano pamusoro Burhanuddin Rabbani. Chisarudzo ichi akaita kwemadzinza umo kwavatungamiriri vakuru vehondo akaparadza mumwe. Nokukurumidza simba Rabbani simba kuna zvokuti hurumende yake akarega kuita chero basa munyika.

Pakapera September 1996, Taliban akakunda Kabul, akabata Anobviswa Pachinzvimbo President Najibullah uye mukoma wake, vakanga akavanda pakuvaka UN basa, uye vakaurayiwa pachena akarembera pane imwe nzvimbo guru Afghan.

The Islamic Emirate pamusoro Afghanistan akaziviswa mazuva mashoma, akazivisa kusikwa dikidiki Achitonga Council, zvinosanganisira 6 nhengo, rinotungamirirwa Mullah Omar. Pashure kuuya simba, "asi Taliban" kusvika pamwero akagadzikana mamiriro ezvinhu munyika. Zvisinei, vaiva vazhinji vavengi.

October 9, 1996 musangano rimwe nokupikisa chikuru - Dostum - Rabbani uye kumativi muguta Mazar-i-Sharif. Vakanga yabatana Ahmad Shah Massoud uye Karim Khalili. Zvakaguma kwairatidzwa Mukuru Council uye nokuedza zvabatanidzwa kuti zvakafanana hondo kuzorwa "Taliban". The muzvikwata zvisina tsarukano unonzi "Northern Alliance". Iye akakwanisa mukudenga kuchamhembe Afghanistan kuti rusununguko panguva 1996-2001 ,. mamiriro.

Pashure nechisimba masimba dzakawanda

Nhoroondo Afghanistan ano akanga vainzi pashure akakurumbira nemagandanga September 11, 2001. The United States akarishandisa vanonyepedzera kuti nechisimba munyika nokuzivisa huru chinangwa chayo sapakuparadzwa yacho Taliban hurumende urwise Osama remarara Laden. October 7 Afghan nharaunda yakanga pasi muhombe mhepo rinopamura kupedza Taliban mauto. Muna December, iye akaunganidza Council Revakuru amarudzi Afghan, dzinotungamirirwa ramangwana (kubvira 2004) President Hamid Karzai.

Panguva iyoyowo, NATO apedza basa pamusoro Afghanistan, uye Taliban vakatamira kune remagandanga hondo. Kubvira ipapo, uye kusvikira nhasi regai kurega kwemagandanga munyika. Uyezve, zviri ose zuva ichichinja chihombe rabha yaikura chinodhaka poppies. Zvakakwana kutaura kuti, maererano kuchinja nokufungidzira, vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 1 munyika ino vari zvinodhaka kuzvimiririra.

Panguva iyoyowo, asingazivikanwi nhoroondo Afghanistan, akapa kuna pasina retouching, vaiva vokuEurope kana vokuAmerica nehana, kusanganisira tubhokisi yaiparadza kunoratidzwa nemasoja NATO pamusoro zvavo. Zvichida ichi ndicho nokuti kuti hondo zvose nechekare akanaka kufinhikana. Simbiso mashoko aya, uye Baraka Obamy ndasarudza kurega mauto. Zvisinei, izvozvo zvisati chinozoiswa, uye ikozvino veAfghan vari kutarisira kuti US mutungamiri mutsva hakuzochinji urongwa, uye kuti pakupedzisira kusiya dzimwe muchiuto.

Zvino imi munoziva yekare uye ichangobva nhoroondo Afghanistan. Nhasi, nyika ino iri kuitika kuburikidza dzakaoma, uye tinogona chete tariro kuti nyika yaro iri pakupedzisira nyika kuuya.