Akinfiy Demidov (1678-1745): Biography, upenyu pachake, vadyi venhaka

Industrialist Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov (1678-1745) akanga ari mwanakomana Nikity Demidova - muvambi imba youmambo yacho vashandirwi kupfuura Russian Empire. Akava basa yababa vake, uye akavhura yakawanda mafekitari, vasina chinhu chinokosha wechipfuwo upfumi.

mutambi

Akinfiy Nikitich akaberekerwa Tula muna 1678 (musi chaiwo waakaberekwa raakazvarwa harizivikanwi). Demidov kwakaita nzvimbo yechizvarirwo vagara inozivikanwa mhizha dzayo uye nevapfuri. In Tula mhuri Akinfy aiva fekitari dare simbi, uyewo imwe fekitari kuti pagadzirwe nepfuti. Panguva kwezana XVII uye XVIII emakore. Bhizimisi Demidov kwakaita akakwira mugomo. Nikita akasangana Peter uye ndakava ayo vakuru maoko nokutengesa munguva Great Northern War.

Muna 1702, Demidov akagamuchira nyika yokutanga muna Urals, apo ivo vakava mapiyona ari mumhuri indasitiri. Akinfiy akatamira pedyo "Stone Belt" pashure baba vake. Industrialist mugari wenhaka anobatanidzwa pakuvaka yokusimbisa zvinomera matsva. Kubva baba vake nhaka kwete chete zvavakanga vachida kuita, asi kukwanisa kudzivirira zvavanoda pamberi mukuru hurumende nemakurukota. Somuenzaniso, Demidov Akinfiy Nikitich akagamuchira chinzvimbo State Patson uye aiva anorichengeta anonzi ari munhu kufarira pakati Empress Anna Biron.

Mune Nhaurirano zviremera Akinfiy akavimba rutsigiro uye nevamwe vakuru zvinokosha. Pakati shamwari dzake aiva purezidhendi Commerce College Petr Shafirov uye Ivan Cherkasov - Office munyori Queen Elizabeth. vanhu ava vakabatsira Akinfiy Nikitich Demidov makore makumi maviri chinyararire kunzwa mwene nyaya chokuita basa rake.

Panotangira mubhizimisi remhuri

Nikita Demidov akafa muna 1725. Dangwe ndangotanga pachidiwa umambo hwababa vake. Akakurukura fekitari kwezvivako, Migwagwa, kuvaka mabhizimusi itsva. Makumi maviri apfuura, pfuma yavo Akinfiy Demidov, katatu. Kana tanga akazviratidza Urals mafekitari pamusoro dzokubudisa uye kubudiswa asbestos, malachite nezvimwe matombo anokosha uye zvicherwa.

Total Akinfiy Demidov akavaka 17 emakambani simbi simbi uye mhangura. The chikuru chirongwa hwake akava fekitari Nizhny Tagil. On unhu kuti chinhu hachina muduku vakwikwidzi Western Europe. The kambani akave nokugamuchira ichangobva midziyo panguva iyoyo. Yokufananidzira, ichiri kushanda nhasi. Panguva Nizhniy Tagil chirimwa kwebhosvo chamatare yakavhurwa, iro rakava pakukura munyika. Danho nedanho Demidov Akinfiy Nikitich kwakawedzera Production nesimbi kashanu. Pakazopera hwake aiva muridzi 25 mafekitari, apo 23,000 vanhu vaishanda.

Pashure Nizhny Tagil chirimwa, iyo yakatanga kushanda muna 1725, vakanga vakaisa Shaitansky (muna 1727-M Shaytanka - a mutero of Chusovaya) Chernoistochensky (muna 1728-M kurwizi Black Source - a rechibharo Tagil) uye Utkinsky (nenguva 1729 M kurwizi Duck - mumwe mutero of Chusovaya).

makambani matsva

Kunyange Nikita Demidov akagamuchira kodzero kuva nyore nzvimbo pamusoro Revda rwizi kubva Wolf Mountain. Kuita chirongwa muvaki imba youmambo haana nguva. Construction akatora Akinfiy. First ikoko dzakavakwa ancillary Nizhnechugunsky, Verhnechugunsky uye Korelskiy zvirimwa (vakabvumira muna 1730). Uye chete pashure kuti vakatanga kuvakwa mukuru chirimwa. Revdinsky chirimwa nokuti kubudiswa simbi yakavakwa muna 1734.

Nikita Akinfiy Demidovy haana kumbokanganwa pamusoro kare kwavo zvinhu. Mwanakomana zvakazara achiudza Vyisky chirimwa akazviratidza nababa vake. Kuwanda kilns zvakawanda zvikava gumi. Muna 1729 pakava moto iri chirimwa, nokuda pazviri simbe kwenguva yakati. Pane imwe dambudziko. mhangura yaro aine zvakare simbi zvikuru uye chenhando. Maererano nokubatanidzwazve ichi Akinfiy akapedza. Chokutanga, chirimwa vakava Kuzvigadzira Patsva mhangura Semi-rapera chigadzirwa anobudiswa dzimwe zvimbambaira. Zvino kwakaonekwa Nokufema romoto.

Muna 1729, kubudikidza nomurayiro Mining College yakavakwa nomumwe chirimwa Akinfy Demidova - Copper Suksunsky. Riri 45 kure netaundi Kungur. Location mupudzi pamahombekombe erwizi akasarudza Sukusun - chiduku rechibharo pamusoro Sylva. ibwe rake dhamu rine kureba mamita 120. Yaiva chivakwa guru. The mhangura runopiwa muti kubva bym Basin. Attachment akanga asiri anobudirira zvikuru. Sezvo mhangura kwakanga dendere, hapana aigona chaizvo kufungidzira kutambudzwa mumatanda ose mbishi zvinhu. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti akanga chete zvakakwana kwemakore mashoma. Kubvira pakati 1730 wacho. Suksunsky fekitari tichiita kuchenesa yemhangura Semi-rakapera zvigadzirwa.

Under kumanikidzwa kuferefeta

Yakaomesesa nguva muupenyu vaiva Akinfiya Nikiticha 1733-1735 gg. Makore mashoma Demidov rinobatanidzwa mukuru-Profile nyaya, akatanga nzira "mugumisiro particularistic zvirimwa." Muna 1733, Empress Anna basa kupedza ongororo kutaura zvemari yose metallopromyshlennikov nyika. The muitiro chaiitirwa Commerce bhodhi. Musi Demidov zvirimwa vakasvika Vaongorori. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare vakaunganidza magwaro uye vakabvunzurudzwa tsvimbo.

Pashure pokutarira muSt Petersburg akauya anopfuura 500 kemabhuku mashoko. Zvakaziviswa kuitika kusabhadhara mitero uye kushungurudzwa. mashoko akawanda dzaiva dzenhema. Demidov shanje uye Akinfiy sezvo musoro wemhuri, akava chinhu kutsiura. Zvakatora ngarava dzakawanda. Akinfi aifanira kubhadhara yakakura fines uye mitero shure. Kwekanguva akanga arambidzwa kusiya guru, apo rongeka zvekufamba. Pakupedzisira, Demidov akakwanisa kudzorera. Chinonyanya kukosha pfungwa yaiva marwadzo Altay mafekitari. Zvisinei, avo Akinfiy zvabatwa.

Muna Altai

Akinfiy industrialist Demidov, uyo Biography anotaura nezvake somunhu mukuru vavariro, rokutanga youmambo wake akatanga kuwedzera yaro muna Western Siberia. Kubva pauduku hwake aifarira upfumi Altai Territory, kwaakanga neapo akatuma pakundopambara kutsvaga esimbi. Chokutanga, mhangura makawanikwa.

Zvisinei, vakawanda Akinfiy aida kuwana sirivha. Kutanga kugadzirwa ichi simbi inokosha yakavimbiswa kuna Peter Ndichiri Nikita Demidov. mambo Great akamirira Altai kufara nhau, asi haana kumirira. The sirivha wokutanga Akinfiy ivhu akagamuchira muna 1726. Zvisinei, ongororo anoitwa nyanzvi yakaratidza kuti mhangura iri murombo nokuda maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Asi pashure paizvozvo Demidov haana kukanda mapfumo.

Silver Rush

Kuedza kugadzirisa dambudziko, Akinfiy Nikitich akateterera dzimwe nyanzvi mabasa. Chokutanga izvi raiva Philip Treyger. Saxon Izvi akanga atova noruzivo yokushanda nesirivha. Muna 1733 akanga achiparidza ubanguranyika musi Bear Island muGungwa White. Panguva ino, kubudirira German hakuna kubudirira.

Kukundikana chete tsamwisa industrialist. Akinfiy Demidov, ane Biography ndiyo testamende kuti simba hunhu wemunhu, refu wajaira nemiedzo uye ngozi. Mushure yapfuura chesungano Treygera Akabhadharawo dzimwe dzimwe nyanzvi: Yunggansa Johann uye Ioganna Hristiani. VokuEurope akamuka insanely yakakwirira mari ine 600 uye 400 rubles. Demidov haana skimp, vachikumbira chete mugumisiro, uye pakupedzisira kuiona.

An vateereri pamwe Empress

Muna 1744 Akinfiy akagamuchira Altai sirivha. Akabva kuMoscow, apo panguva iyoyo yaiva pfupi kwemba Elizabeth. Panguva vateereri mugadziri kuna Empress Altaian sirivha Gráfica. Gift rakava nguva. Treasury chete vasina anokosha simbi. Kuratidza kufara kuwanikwa ake, entrepreneur pakarepo akahwina kodzero kuvaka mafekitari of Altai. Uyezve, iye akanyengetedza Empress kuti omurume mabhizimisi avo zvakananga Imperial Cabinet (kureva musoro wehurumende), kwete mazhinji vaaishanda navo uye vakuru.

Njodzi Tula chirimwa

Pakazopera hwake Akinfiy Nikitich nomukombiyuta Altai uye Ural zvimbambaira akapa mhuri ramangwana vasingakendengi. Zvisinei, paiva ari mafuta nhunzi iri mafuta. Zvishoma nezvishoma agonized Tula fekitari - the asingashumbi of Demidov rokutanga. rufu rwake anononoka kwave kusonganirana dhefisiti kuti marasha, nokuda iyo inova maturo kushandisa soumambo. Mukuwedzera, muna Tula industrialist ane zvakakomba makwikwi chiso pamutemo hurumende zvombo kugadzirwa.

Over makumi maviri makore yakazvimirira kurapa mubhizimisi remhuri Akinfiy asina akavaka fekitari chete muna Central chikamu Russia. Zvinonzi kuwedzera kuzvifarira kumabvazuva - kusvikira Urals uye Altai. In ezvinhu izvi, kuti tirambe maturo kugadzirwa Tula haana musoro. Muna 1744, Demidov yamira rimwe Nokufema chamatare chirimwa Flughafen, yakaitwa nababa vake.

kuvakwa machechi

Zvinozivikanwa kuti mwoyo baba Akinfy anozivikanwa Bhaibheri. Mwanakomana aiva akazvipira murume. The chizvarwa Tula izvozvo achizvibhadharira zvaanoda vakavaka chechi mbiri. Nicholas-Zaretsky aiva chidhinha chenhurikidzwa mbiri uye. Riri rinda Demidov guva pacharo Akinfy Demidov. Temberi yakanga vagadzwe 1735, zita raro mapurani nhoroondo haana vakachengetedzwa. Imwe chechi (uyewo muzita Nikolaya Chudotvortsa) yakavakwa Akinfiy Chulkova kugarwa, munharaunda Tula. Pano akavigwa wokutanga mudzimai Evdokia Tarasovna industrialist.

Akinfiy uye schismatics

In 1730. Zviremera yeRussian Empire vakatanga mumwe chirongwa pamusoro Old Vatendi. Ural iri nharaunda umo nhamba yakanga zvikuru yakakwirira. Old Vatendi vakatiza ikoko XVII remakore, mushure zvaparadzanisa iri chechi yeRussian Orthodox, anokonzerwa nokuchinja kwakaita Patriarch Nikon. Nikita Demidov Kerzhakov nokushingaira kukwezvwa kushanda mafekitari ayo. Zvakafanana zvinoitwa uye Akinfiy.

Panyaya Demidov vaipikisa akanga kudhakwa kukarukureta. Zvimwe chipa basa mari kunoita kuti vawane yakakura uye kuderedza mari. Hurumende akatsvaka kuziva vaipikisa kuitira kuti navo chaiyo mazita, maererano mitemo, kumanikidza chimwezve mutero. Demidov akafukidza Vatendi. Ichingori mubvunzo nharo kana iye aiva schismatic. Chokwadi chokuti mhuri yake ine maindasitiri Tula ari XVII remakore kwainzi muzinda kukwezvana vanhu vachitiza kutambudzwa kereke. Zvisinei, hapana zvachose hwokuti Akinfiy Demidov, upenyu pachake zvakasara muchivande, aiva Old Vakatendeka, vanyori venhau havana kuwanikwa.

rufu

Most upenyu Akinfiya Nikiticha akaenda mumugwagwa. Kazhinji, akanga ari Urals, Tula, kana muSt Petersburg. Kokupedzisira musoro wemhuri vakadzokera kumusha muna 1745. Kubva ipapo akaenda Urals. On munzira akaregera ari Nizhny Novgorod Akinfiy patrimony. Awedzere nzira yake akatungamirira achishandisa Kama bheseni. Pano Akinfiy Nikitich vakanetseka. Akafa musi waAugust 5, 1745, haana kusvika mafekitari dzavo.

Biographers tenda nzvimbo rufu industrialist musha Yatskoe Mouth. Chapter chigaro akavigwa Tula. Akinfi gore seventieth upenyu. Raiva simba kwake uye enterprising murume, akabereka hapana ngano shoma uye zvakavanzika pane baba vake yakakurumbira.

upenyu Personal

Industrialist muchato wakapata kaviri (nguva yokutanga musi Evdokia Korobkova, kechipiri muna 1723 - musi Efmi Paltseva). Akinfiya Demidova mukadzi akamuberekera vana vaviri. Kubva muchato pamwe Evdokia vaiva vanakomana Procopius uye Gregory, kubva kumuchato hwake Efim - mwanakomana Nikita uye mwanasikana Euphemia.

Kufanana nababa vake, Akinfiy Demidov aiva oga muridzi bhizimisi remhuri. In Achiedza kuchengetedza kuvimbika yesangano, nguva pfupi asati afa akaita kuda umo anenge ose pfuma yaiva kuenda mwanakomana muduku Nikita. Vamwe vaviri venhaka - Prokofiev uye Gregory - akasimuka nomwero pfuma mumigodhi iri European enyika. Ichi kuda ndokukweverwazve kumusoro Akinfiev pasi pokudzora mudzimai wake wechipiri Efimov.

venhaka

Prokofiev Gregory kusagutsikana pachavo migove yavo, pashure pokufa kwababa vake nyaya chikumbiro muzita Elizabeth. Empress akapa munhu akanaka kunyunyuta. Simba revalued pfuma uye kuiganhura vachiita zvitatu zvakaenzana zvikamu. Prokofy akagamuchira Nevyansky uye Nizhny Novgorod chirimwa, Gregory - emakambani ane Tula uye Urals, Nikita - Nizhnetagilskye indasitiri.

Saka vana Akinfy Demidova akagoverana pamberi chete kunzwisisa zvaiva sekuru vavo uye baba. Uyezve, chikamu chepfuma zvaitambidzwa hurumende. State-vaiva simbi Altai zvimbambaira. Asi nhaka Akinfy anochengeta uye kuwedzera chii akasiiwa mumaoko avo. Demidov chigaro vakasara imwe vakapfuma kuRussia ane kwemakore akawanda.