Amai vaLenin: kutarisira mutumbi. Kushumira Lenin Mausoleum

Iyo mausoleum, yakamiswa pamakona marefu eRussia capital, inogara mumadziro ayo mummai uyo akapona kwenguva yakareba hurumende yakagadzwa nemunhu ane nyama neropa zvaimbova. Pasinei nekukurukurirana kushingaira pamusoro pekudikanwa kwekutengesa muviri waLenin, sezvo kudzika kwemukati hakuwirirani neyechiKristu chezvino kana tsika yechihedheni yekare, uye yakarasikirwa nemafungiro ayo, chiratidzo ichi chemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika chinoramba chiripo chaakaiswa muna 1924.

Kusabvumirana kwakabatana nekuvigwa kwomutungamiri

Zvinyorwa zvakabudiswa mumakore e perestroika zvinotibvumira kuti tivezvezve mufananidzo wemazuva iwo apo nyika yakataura kuti ichitsvaga murume akakwanisa kuchinja mararamiro ayo. Inova pachena kusavimbika kwehuwandu hwemashoko, iyo yakataura kuti chisarudzo chekuchengetedza muviri waLenin chakaitwa semugumisiro wekukumbira kwakawanda kuCentral Committee yeChipatimendi chebasa rekushandira pamwe nevamwe vagari vemo. Vaive vasina. Mukuwedzera, kurwisana nekudzikiswa kwemu mutungamiri kwaive, sevatungamiriri vehurumende, vachitungamirirwa naLeonid Trotsky, avo vakabva vatora chikamu chechipiri chehurumende, uye chirikadzi yaLenin, NK Krupskaya.

Mutevedzeri wekukudza, kunyanya kune vaharahara kupfuura mutungamiri wenyika yezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, aiva JV Stalin, uyo aida kuita kune waimbova muvengi mukati memapikisano emukatikati mukati mechikamu chechimwe chechitendero chitsva, uye nzvimbo yekuzorodza kwake mumhando yemakominisi yeMecca. Izvi akakwanisa kuzadza zvizere, uye mausoleum muMoscow kwemakumi emakore akawanda ave nzvimbo yekufambira kune mamiriyoni evanhu.

Kurumidza kumariro

Zvisinei, munguva iyoyo yechando muna 1924, remangwana "baba vevanhu" vaifanira kuvimbisa chirikadzi yemutungamiriri akafa kuti akanga asiri kutaura pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwenguva refu kwemasara. Maererano naye, zvaive zvichidikanwa chete kuchengetedza muviri waLenin kubva mukuora kwechinhu chakakosha kuti urege kufambidzana naye. Izvi zvinogona kutora mwedzi inoverengeka, uye nekuda kwechikonzero ichi zvaive zvakakosha kuvaka chando chenguva chiduku.

Mariro, kana kuti, kuiswa kwemuviri mune mausoleum yenguva pfupi, yakagadzirirwa musi waJanuary 27, uye yakaitika nekukurumidzira kukuru, sezvo zvaidiwa kupedzisa zvinhu zvose kusati kwadzoka muvengi mukuru wekudzikisa, Lev Trotsky, weCaucasus. Paakaonekwa muMoscow, akatarisana nechit accomp accomp.

Dambudziko raida nguva yekugadzirisa

Pamusoro pokumisa muviri, boka revasayendisiti rakabatanidzwa, vachishandisa mubasa ravo nzira yakagadzirwa naProfesa Abrikosov. Pakutanga kwekutanga, vakayirisa kuburikidza ne aorta musanganiswa waiva nematanhatu matanhatu ewaini, glycerol uye formaldehyde. Izvi zvakabatsira kwenguva yakawanda kuvanza zviratidzo zvekunze kwekunze. Asi munguva pfupi muviri waLenin wakatanga kuvharwa nekuputsika. Izvo zvinyorwa, izvo maererano nehuwandu hwavo zvaifungidzirwa kuti hazvina kuora, zvakaparadzana pamberi pevanhu vose. Nhanho dzinokurumidza dzaidiwa.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chakaratidzwa panguva ino nemukuru weboka guru Krasin. Zvakaitika kwaari kuti asvike muviri wevatungamiri sekuti wakanga waitwa nemitumbi yemammoth yainge yasara kusvikira nhasi. Chirevo chacho chakagamuchirwa, uye kushandiswa kwacho hakuna kuwanikwa kuburikidza nemhosva yekambani yeGermany, iyo yakanonoka kuendeswa kwemidziyo yakasvibira yakarayirwa.

Zvisikwa zveboka rezvesayenzi reZbarsky

Mhinduro yechinetso ichi chaiva pasi pekutonga kwaFe E. Dzerzhinsky, panzvimbo yaStalin, uyo akatungamirira mhemberero. Zvaiva pachena kuti kana zvikasakundikana, masayendisiti aigona kubhadhara izvi nehupenyu. Mamiriro avo ainge akaomeswa nechokuita kuti teknolojia yekumisa chigadziko yakanga isina kukodzera munyaya iyi, uye hapana imwe yenzira dzaizivikanwa dzakanga dzakanaka. Ndaifanira kuvimba chete pandaifunga.

Pasinei nengozi dzose, mutungamiri weboka Purofesa Boris Zbarsky akavimbisa hurumende kuti, nekuda kwezvakaitika shamwari yake - mukuru weDhipatimendi reMishonga yeKharkov Institute Purofesa Vorobyov, iye nevamwe vake vachakwanisa kumisa kushanda kwekuora. Sezvo muviri waLenin wakanga uri mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma panguva iyoyo, asi pakanga pasina chakanaka, Stalin akabvuma. Izvi zvakabatanidzwa, kubva pane zvinangwa zvemaonero, zvakanzi Zbarsky neboka revaranda vake, iro raisanganisira Kharkov purofesa Vorobiev.

Gare gare, mumwe mudzidzi wechikoro chechiremba, mwanakomana waBeris Zbarsky, Ilya akabatana navo semubatsiri. Pakutanga kweperestroika, iye, ane makore makumi masere nemasere ane makore makumi maviri nemasere anodzidza, akagara ari oga muzvikamu zvezviitiko izvi, uye nokuda kwake nhasi zvizhinji zvezviitiko izvi zvinozivikanwa, zvichibva pamusana pekuti amai vaLenin vave nemakore makumi emakore vachinamatwa mamiriyoni evanhu vakange vakadhakwa nemafungiro evamwe.

Kutanga kwegadziriro yekudzikisa

Kunyanya basa racho rakanga rakagadzirwa nechepasi, riri pasi pemausoleum yenguva pfupi. Kutumbuka kunotanga nekukura kwemapapu, chiropa uye spleen. Ipapo vanachiremba vakageza chose bhokisi revakafa. Chikamu chinotevera chaive kushandiswa kwekacheka mumuviri wose, zvakakosha kuti bharisamu inopinda mukati memaviri. Zvakaitika kuti kuvhiyiwa uku kunoda mvumo yakasiyana kubva kuCentral Committee yeChechi.

Mushure mokunge vagamuchira uye vachiita zvose zvinodiwa, mamai waLenin akaiswa mune imwe sarudzo inosanganisira glycerin, mvura uye potassium acetate pamwe nekuwedzera kweklorini quinine. Maitiro ake, kunyange zvazvo aifungidzirwa chakavanzika panguva iyoyo, akawanikwa pamagumo ezana remakore rechi19 nemusayendisiti weRussia Melnikov-Razvedenkov. Izvi zvakashandiswa naiye mukugadzirira kwemaatomical.

Muchikoro chitsva

Granite mausoleum muMoscow yakavakwa muna 1929. Yakatora nzvimbo yaimbova yehuni, yakavakwa makore mana zvisati zvaitika. Panguva yekuvakwa kwayo, chido chekuchengetedzwa kwebhakato chaiyo chakatorwawo, iyo Boris Zbarsky nevamwe vake vakashanda kubva ikozvino zvichienda mberi. Sezvo mabasa avo aive ehukuru hwezvematongerwe enyika, masayendisiti akapiwa simba rakasimba, rakagadzirwa nevanonyanya kusarudzwa nevanoshandisa NKVD. Nzira yekushanda kwemausoleum yakasimbiswa ichifungisisa matanho ose anodiwa ekugadzirwa kwezvinhu. Vakanga vangova mumatunhu ekufambira mberi.

Scientific Search

Kuchengetedzwa kwemuviri waLenin kwaida kutsvakurudza kwakapfuurira, sezvo mumasayendisiti emakore iwayo teknolojia yakanga isipo. Kuti agadzirise kugadzikana kwemuviri maviri kune avo kana mamwe mimwe mishonga, kuongororwa kusingaverengeki kwakaitwa pamatumbi asina zita anounzwa ku laboratori.

Somugumisiro, zvakagadzirwa zvakagadziridzwa zvakaputirwa kanoverengeka pavhiki nechiso uye maoko emukadzi. Asi kutarisira muviri waLenin hakuna kumira ipapo. Gore negore zvakange zvakafanira kuvhara mausoleum kwemwedzi nehafu, kuitira kuti, mushure mekudira muviri mubhage, ugozviisa pachena nekugadzirisa kwakasvibiswa. Nokudaro, zvaive zvichikwanisa kuchengetedza kunyengera kwekusakwana kwemu mutungamiri wenyika yose.

Kururamiswa kwechitarisiko chemufi

Kuti amai vaLenin vari mumaziso evashanyi vave nechitarisiko chinotaridzika, basa rakawanda rakaitwa, mitsva iyo yakashamisa vose avo vakatanga kupinda muimba yomukati yemausoleum uye vasingabatsiri vakaenzanisa zvavakaona nemufananidzo wevatungamiri pamifananidzo yake yekupedzisira yeupenyu.

Nguva pfupi asati afa, Ilya Borisovich Zbarsky akataura kuti kurwara kworufu rwechiso chaLenin chakanga chakavanzika nekubatsirwa kwezvimwe zvizere zvakakwana zvakaiswa pasi peganda, uye "mararamiro" aipiwa kwaari nemafuta matsvuku akaiswa pazvinhu zvitsva. Mukuwedzera, mumakona maziso akaiswa girasi mabhora, achizadza kusava nehanya uye kupa mai vacho zvakafanana nekunaka kwemu mutungamiriri. Miromo yaiva pasi pemamashanga yakasimbiswa, uye kazhinji Lenin ari mausoleum, mufananidzo waro unowanikwa munyaya yacho, wakaita somunhu akarara.

Kubva kuTyumen

Nguva inokosha mubasa rokuchengetedza muviri weLeninist waiva makore ehondo. Apo maGermany ainge ava kusvika kuMoscow, Stalin akarayira kuti vabve pane zvakasara zvemu mutungamiriri kuTyumen. Panguva ino, boka duku reasayendisiti rakabatanidzwa mukuchengetedza kwemukadzi rakatambura kurasikirwa kusingaenzaniswi - muna 1939, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu asingazivikanwi, Purofesa Vorobiev akafa. Somugumisiro, Zbarsky, baba nemwanakomana, vaifanira kuenda nebhokisi kumuviri wevatungamiri kuenda kuSiberia.

Ilya Borisovich akayeuka kuti kuburikidza nekukosha kose kwebasa raakapiwa, matambudziko anokonzerwa nenguva yehondo nguva dzose yakaoma basa racho. MuTyumen zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kutora chete mararamiro anodiwa, asi kunyange emvura yakawanda yakasvibiswa yakanga yakakodzera kutumira ndege chaiyo kuOmsk. Sezvo kuitika kwechimiro chaLenin muSiberia chakanga chakanyatsorongedzerwa, laboratori yezvokugadzirira yakaiswa mune imwe chikoro chekune imwe nzvimbo iri kugadzirira vashandi vekurima. Ikoko amai vakagara kusvikira pakuguma kwehondo, vakachengetedzwa neuto remauto makumi mana akatungamirirwa nemukuru weMausoleum.

Mibvunzo ine chokuita nouropi hwaLenin

Mukukurukurirana pamusoro pemukadzi wemutungamiri, kuchengetwa kwemakumi emakumi emakore, nzvimbo inokosha inobatwa nemibvunzo yakabatana neuropi yeLeninist. Vanhu vezera rekare, hongu, rangarirai nheyo dzave dzambofamba dzakasiyana. Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti havana chikonzero chaivo chavo. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti muna 1928 uropi hwomutungamiri, hwakabviswa kubva muhenya, hwakakamurwa kuva zvikamu zvakachengetwa munzvimbo yakachengeteka yeUnited brain Institute, yakange yakafukidzwa neganda reparafini ndokuiswa mune imwe sarudzo yekudhakwa ne formaldehyde.

Kubvumirwa kwavari kwakange kwavharwa, asi hurumende yakasarudzira musayendisiti anozivikanwa wechiGerman Oskar Focht. Basa rake raiva yekugadzirisa izvozvi zvehutano hwehuroto hwaLenin, iyo yakashanda sechinhu chinodiwa kuti afunge zvikuru. Musayendisiti akashanda kuMoscow Institute kwemakore mashanu, uye panguva ino yakaita tsvakurudzo yakawanda. Zvisinei, haana kuwana chero maitiro akasiyana kubva muuropi evanhuwo zvavo.

Yaiva iyo gyrus yenhema here?

Zvinotendwa kuti chikonzero chekuonekwa kwezvinyorwa zvinotevera ndizvo zvakataurwa zvinenge zvaitwa naye pane imwe yemakambani ayo ainge awana imwe meander kupfuura yepamusoro. Zvisinei, mumwe musayendisiti weGermany, Purofesa Jordi Servos-Navarro, mukuru weDhipatimendi reNeuropathology paYunivhesiti yeBerlin, akapiwa mukana wekudzidza masayeri europi hwaLenin muna 1974, akati mune imwe hurukuro iyo shamwari yake, kana akaita mazwi ake anofadza, kungofadza vaBolshevik, Iyo yakaratidza tsitsi.

Zvisinei, musayendisiti iyeye akadzinga uye imwe nhoroondo yakafanana iyo Lenin aitaura kuti akatambura nechirwere, icho chakanga chinyatsovanzwa nevaKomonisiti. Mushure mekudzidza kwakanyanya, akazosvika pakugumisa kuti mazwi aya haana kunyatsogadziriswa, achicherechedza kuti muuropi mumiviri yakangoita ruvara rusingakoshi, rwakasimuka semugumisiro wevanga rakawanikwa panguva yekuuraya kuedza kwakaitwa kuna Lenin muna 1918 neSocialist-Revolutionary Fanny Kaplan, inonzwisisika.

Kuedza kumudzimai

Zvinonakidza kucherechedza kuti amai vaLenin munguva yakatevera yakadzokororwa chinhu chekuedza. Semuenzaniso, muna 1934 mumwe muvakidzani Mitrofan Nikitin, asvika mausoleum, akabudisa zvimiti zvakawanda kubva kumukiradzi mumuviri wevatungamiriri, mushure mokunge akazviuraya. Nenguva dzakawanda kuedza kwakaitwawo kuti iparadze girazi sarcophagus, mushure mekunge yaifanira kugadzirwa nemashoko akachengetedzeka.

Kusingafi maererano nemutengo-urongwa

Nekutanga kweperestroika, apo ara yehutsvene yakadzingwa nemurume akazova nyanzvi yakaipa yenguva yose, zvakavanzika zvemausoleum zvakabatanidzwa nekumisa teknolojia yakava chiitiko chebhizimisi chekambani Ritual, yakagadzirwa nevasayendisiti vakashanda naLenin mumuviri wake. Ichi chakasimba chakanga chave chichitsvaga kugumisa nekudzorera kwechimiro chezvitunha zvakavezwa. Mutengo wamatengo wakanga wakakwirira kwazvo (12 000 euro nevhiki yebasa), iyo yakabvumira kushandisa masangano ayo zvikurukuru kune hama neshamwari dzezviremera zvemhosva dzakapera panguva yekudengenyeka ropa.

Muna 1995, kambani yekambani yekambani yakadzokidzwa nehurumende yeNorth Korea, ichibhadhara mari inodarika mamiriyoni ekumisa muviri wemutungamiri wavo wakafa Kim Il Sung. Vakagadzirirawo kunamata kusingaperi mutumbi weCommunist Party yeBulgaria Georgy Dimitrov uye shamwari yake yehupenyu Choibalsan, mutungamiriri weSocialist Mongolia. Muviri wega wega pamba wakanga wakafanana nenyaya yekunamatira saLenin mu mausoleum, uyo mufananidzo wake unoshanda sechimiro chekuzivisa.

Dzorera muRed Square

Nhasi, kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pamusoro pokuvigwa kwemukadzi uyu anozivikanwa zvikuru munyika. Mari yegore negore yekushandira Lenin Mausoleum inofungidzirwa pamamiriyoni emadhora uye inoremedza bhajeti. Ichitendero chemutungamiri wehurumende, iyo yakambosvika kumakona makuru, iko zvino inotsigirwa chete nemapoka maduku evashanyi avo vasiri nostalgic yekare yemakomunisti. Zvakavanzika zvemausoleum, saka zvakashingaira kuchengetedza kwemaminitsi masere makumi masere, zvakave zviripo kune avo vose vanofarira kune rumwe rutivi rwenhoroondo yedu. Nhoroondo yakaisa zvinhu zvose munzvimbo yayo.

Zvisinei, pasinei nezvose, mutsetse uri kuvakwa paRed Square. Nzira yebasa remausoleum ishoma mazuva ano, vashanyi vanobvumirwa chete musi weChishanu, Chitatu, China, Mugovera uye Svondo kubva 10:00 kusvika 13:00. Chii chichava chiitiko chemukadzi, nguva ichareva.