Ancient Russia: guta. Chii guta raiva guta guru reRussia yekare?

Ancient Russia, raiva guta guru guta rakanaka chaizvo, aiva mukuru nomukurumbira munyika. Kutanga wokutanga mamiriro Eastern Slavs vakafunga Kievan Rus, uye saka anonzi guru mbiri guta Kiev rokutanga. Zvisinei, guta guru Prince Kyi akanga asiri oga vaipfeka rokuremekedza. Paiva zvakawanda wavo uye zvikonzero chokuvapo kwavo ichakurukurwa munyaya yedu.

A zvishoma pamusoro mamiriro

Asati kutaura misoro necheSalvic Ages mamiriro, achichipa zvishoma nguva uye nzvimbo papeji. Ancient Russia - dzidzo pachena madzinza kumabvazuva aine centralized simba kwomuchinda kuti aripo kubvira 862 kusvika 1240 (Mongol nechisimba). It kunoratidzwa yakakwirira kukura tsika, kunyanya kuzvitendero Byzantium. Architects, knigopistsy, vashanduri, nyanzvi, steklovary akasvika achibva Constantinople uye nenyika ndezvake. Asi Crafts vazhinji vakanga vanoziva Slavs (zvishongo kugadzira, nokuchengetedza, kuumba, uri uchiita huni, etc.), vaikwanisa unyanzvi hwavo nokudzidza kubva pane zvakaitika munyika, asi wakachengetedza kuzivikanwa kwavo. MuRussia chakanyorwa, vakaisa dzemamongi, iyo yakava muzinda mumudzimu ehurumende, yakagadzirwa mari, aiva pachake yakatarwa kwayo mitemo. Uyewo, machinda makuru vaiita michato dynastic, kunobatsira kusimbisa mukurumbira Russia, uye yakanaka vavatorwa ukama nevamwe zvikuru dzakabudirira.

Nei vamwe misoro?

Kana ukatevera yebasa shanduro kare, guta guru rokutanga Russia yekare - Ichokwadi, Kiev. Mai maguta Russian rava huru mugore 882, kana ari Dnieper pamahombekombe, yagara Wouprofita Oleg pamwe Igor uye akauraya Askold uye DIR, vakabata simba. Ndiye, maererano Chronicle, guta yakafanotaura ramangwana kukuru. Nei simba Hurumende yaidiwa mumwe musoro? Ancient Russia, sezvo tichiziva, wakati ruzivo kuwedzera pasi Vladimir mubhabhatidzi uye Yaroslav Takachenjera, akapinda kuderera. Zvikurukuru nemhaka mukurwisana uye kukakavadzana. vanakomana vazhinji uye vazukuru, hama nanasekuru machinda makuru vakagamuchira nhaka yavo - guta pamwe pedyo nemisha, umo mitemo neimwe. Munguva pfupi pakanga zvakawanda vatongi pane nyika, uye vamwe vavo vakanga vasingagutsikani nezvaakanga akapiwa nhaka. Ndizvo pakati pavo uye vanotanga kurwira zvakanaka nzvimbo zuva, nokuti chigaro Kiev, akapa mari yakawanda uye simba. Asi vamwe kwavabati (nhaka) aiva nesimba kupfuura vamwe simba, Machinda akagumisa pakati kutengeserana uye kazhinji kundorwa nomumwe.

The musiyano pakati ukuru vakakura Kiev zvishoma nezvishoma vakarasikirwa rayo ukoshi guru. Asi munhandare wakabuda, uye dzimwe nemisha, vaiva muguta chikuru simba umambo yekare. This Veliky Novgorod, uye Chernigov, uye Vladimir uye Suzdal, uye Galich, uye gare gare Moscow. Saka, muna mamiriro of Eastern Slavs akanga asiri mumwe guta guru Ancient Rus vakanga vakawanda, pasina anonzi "Gardarika", kureva maguta.

Guta guru rokutanga

Saka chii anonzi huru muguta Ancient Rus? Capital pane nhamba imwe - iri Kiev, guta guru riri Dnieper River, mumaguta dzokugara kubvira muzana remakore rechigumi. Umbwa nokuda kunozivikanwa Prince Kiem (kana chete kunowedzerwa navo), akava guta chikuru Veschego Olega, uye mutsivi wake, Igor vazukuru vake Vladimir Monomakh. Pashure paizvozvo, aionekwa huru uye chete pamutemo vaitaura Grand Duke hama zviduku chete. Asi pashure nechisimba Tatars akava dunhu, iyo zvino vakatapa wokutanga Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania, achiteverwa Rzeczpospolita, Muscovy.

Ancient Rus, guta guru rinozikamwa Kiev, mufudzikadzi pokumuka mumaguta. In huru muguta machechi ibwe dzakavakwa (pashure kuitwa chiKristu), akakombwa namasvingo, akavaka idzva pasuwo, kuita zvikoro uye muzvikochikari. zvinokwezva Vakawanda yendarama makore ehurumende uye zvinogona kuoneka nhasi ari wokuUkraine guru. Izvi chikuru paSuo Golden, St. Sophia Cathedral, kubvuma uye St. Mikayeri Golden-Domed Cathedral, Trinity Church, Vydubychi wemamongi.

Staraya Ladoga

Pane rimwe guta kuti anokodzerwa pfungwa dzekare - Staraya Ladoga. Guta guru rekare Russia nhamba mbiri akazviratidza pezana remakore rechisere, uye muna 862 - 864 makore raiva chigaro Rurik. Maererano yaMakoronike, pashure muchinda kunozivikanwa vakashanda Novgorod, rimwe guta kuti mune ramangwana anopiwa zita rokuremekedza rokuti "Mukuru". Nhasi unogona kuona Cathedral of kubvuma uye St. George Church, yakavakwa yechipiri yezana regumi namaviri remakore.

Staraya Ladoga nhasi - ndiwo musha muduku, riri pamusoro makore gumi emakore. Recent matongo ongororo kuti tikwanise kufunga kuti yokugara yakavambwa vatama kubva Nordic kunyika. Zvakanga yokupakira mujenya, uko pakugadzira midziyo uye kuvaka ngarava itsva,

Rurik ugari muna Novgorod

Guta guru rekare Russia Ladoga vakarasika kwayo musoro sezvo Rurik aenda New Castle, yaiva anenge maviri chete kubva pakati peguta ano. Zvino anoswedera rakasiyana nemamwe mapurani Monuments of machinda nguva nekuti harina asiririswa Mongol vazhinji, uye, naizvozvo, akanga asina vakapamba uye kuparadzwa. It Nicholas Dvorischenskogo, Sofia, Cathedral St. George, St. Anthony wemamonk, chechi yedu Muponesi, Dzokuberekwa Musikana, the Annunciation, Petro naPauro, St. Paraskeva-Chishanu.

Ichatonga zvine mbiri wenhare kwakaitika nguva Novgorod zvokuvhoterwa, apo zvose zvinokosha kusarudza pamusoro poupenyu ehurumende haisi Chamber akabvuma. Pane 1136 ne 1478, uye ayo nharaunda prostilalas mazana makiromita - kubva Urals kuBaltic (kana Viking) gungwa. It yakatanga Crafts, aidzidza ndakawedzera hwekutengeserana, akavaka dzimba ibwe, mabhuku akanyorwa uye yaMakoronike.

Nhasi, Novgorod (guta guru Ancient Rus uye Novgorod Republic) anogona kunzi Mecca kuti vashanyi Russia, kuti aponese chiso kubudikidza chemakore.

Vladimir-on-Klyazma

Chimwe muzinda worudzi rwekare Russian wehurumende runoonekwa kuna Vladimir, yaiva kunyanya munguva 1243 - 1389 makore. Grad Vladimir Monomakh nheyo muna 1108, uye hafu yezana remakore gare gare akatamisa yaaigara Andrew Bogolyubskii. Ichatonga zvine mbiri kugarwa kwakaitika yaitonga Vsevolod Huru Nest, uyo akateerera zvose pasi kunze Polotsk uye Chernigov. On kuti mbiri panguva Vladimir akafanana paSuo Golden, Uspensky uye Dmitrievsky machechi.

mhedziso

Under nokurohwa nokors Batu Khan, zvinosuwisa, I vakaguma kuvapo Ancient Rus. The guru nayo hachisisina simba uye kwemakore akawanda aiva matongo, kukanganwa rwokugadzira kuti dzave hazvina kutorwa nehama dzazvo muna Golden Horde. Asi nyika iri zvishoma nezvishoma kupora kubva rinorema ichivhuvhuta, chizvarwa chitsva vanhu vakakura vokutanga kuzviisa pasi Mongol joko, uye ipapo akadonha nayo. Saka, Russia rakandiponesa zvakare uye vakapinda enguva itsva ine chiso itsva.