Ancient zvakanyorwa munhoroondo kunobva. Mhando zvenhoroondo dzekare

Munyori wenhau dzakaitika kakawanda kukurira mananara kare, zvichiguma zvinobvira zvakananga pakuongorora wavo kosi haana. Zvisinei, tsvakurudzo yaifanira chinangwa uye asingasaruri, pasina mikana yokutaura kuti mutengo wavo. Kuti uite izvi chete rinobvumira nokungwarira basa zvenhoroondo dzekare.

tsananguro

Vachiri kuchikoro vadzidzi kutora mamwe zvenhoroondo dzekare (Grade 5). Pasi pechirongwa, vana vanopiwa vamwe kutanga mashoko panyaya. Kudzidza nhoroondo manyuko, hakungosanganisiri chete pakuziva navo. Munguva nokudzidziswa muitiro, vadzidzi vanoongorora, enzanisa mashoko awanika kubva kuvanyori vakasiyana.

mazwi

Maererano Klyuchevskoy zvenhoroondo dzekare vanomiririra muboka chaiwo sezvivako. Vanoratidza yakatotsakatika upenyu uye rose nzanga, uye vanhu. Nokuda ichi kana kuti mashoko vaisanganisa ne kare. Historical mabhuku ringaratidza sei chirongwa inotungamirwa uye kusimudzira vanhu. Maererano nerondedzero, iyo inopa Tikhomirov, tinogona kutaura kuti akapukunyuka chimiro mumwe kana mumwe ruzivo ndivo zvasara upenyu kare. Maererano nomumwe mhirikiro esayenzi chenhau mabhuku ane mashoko pamusoro chaicho zviitiko muupenyu paruzhinji uye basa nevanhu yakaitika yapfuura remakore. Kusanganisa tsanangudzo izvi, unogona kuwana neimwewo pfungwa. Russian zvenhoroondo dzekare dziri nemagariro zvinhu uye magwaro nokufungisisa zvakananga kwemasayendisiti kare. Ivo akanyora zvakaitika chiitiko uye zvimwe zvinhu. Next, funga ndezvipi zvenhoroondo dzekare.

mhando

Kudzidza zvenhoroondo dzekare rinoitwa mu yechinangwa imwe sainzi chaiyo. Discipline zvakare kuferefeta nzira Detective pavo, rinopa anoona. sainzi uyu anonzi "Chronology". Mukati chirango anomira panze Mapato wandei akatsvakurudza mashoko. Zvinotevera mhando zvenhoroondo dzekare:

• Ethnographic.
• Phonons nemapikicha.
• Real.
• Kunyora.

Ndivo zvinokosha munhoroondo zvinyorwa. Dzinomirira zvikuru kuwana zviitiko zvekare. Kutaura ndezvipi zvenhoroondo dzekare, zvinofanira kutaurwa pamusoro yakanaka uye maitiro zvakasiyana.

chaiyo zvinhu

Kumusoro kwakanga kupatsanura chenhau zvinyorwa. Zvichienderana iyo muchikwata chimwe chinhu anosarudzwa uye nzira kutsvakurudza kwayo. Somuenzaniso, basa pamwe nhoroondo manyuko chaidzo mhando rinoitwa mu kuumbwa munhu Sayenzi mumatongo. To muchikwata ichi vari chero zvinhu zvekare, midziyo, zvemumba, rwokugadzira, maturusi zvipfeko, zvishongo, pfuma, vakavigwa, mari uye zvichingodaro. Zvinofanira akatiwo kuti rinoongorora akiyoroji uye nedzimwe mhando zvenhoroondo dzekare. Izvi zvinosanganisira, zvikurukuru, vanosanganisira mapikicha uye inoda magwaro. Analysis chenhau zvinyorwa unokubvumira kudzorera munhu kana mumwe nguva vanhu. Kutsvakurudzwa ruzivo, nyanzvi vakiridza ari socio-zvoupfumi munzanga.

Ancient zvakanyorwa munhoroondo mabviro

chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira mabhuku Zvivako zvikuru panguva. Somuenzaniso, birch kuhukura. Pakati magwaro inowanikwa Smolensk, Nizhny Novgorod, muPskov nemamwe maguta kune tsamba kubva administrative zvakaita feudal nemadzishe kuna nemataundi vanhu, mafomu kubva kuvarimi, mishumo rakanyorwa mumusha musoro, chimbadzo uye zvinyorwa kwoupfumi, drafts pakati nezvido. Also kuwanikwa pakati mapepa pane dzepamakona vemauto uye enyika kugutsikana, pamutemo, kurovedza mudzidzi.

Chimwe chikuru zvinyorwa zvekare

The pamusoro kupatsanura chenhau zvinyorwa runoonekwa kuti zvachose. Woga woga ane subgroups ayo. Saka, mabhuku kuti zvakanyorwa zvinosanganisira kwete chete Birch omuti, asi nhoroondo. The yokupedzisira ichaongororwa mumwe chikuru zviridzwa kare. Tichitarisa kare zvakanyorwa munhoroondo bhuku, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti yakaramba dzechokwadi pamusoro poupenyu vanhu dzokutambura emakore. Works vane chinyorwa mamiriro anomirirwa muchimiro mharidzo zvinhu kwemakore.

Achinyora Russia yakanga pakurukurwa kwetsika dzinogamuchidzanwa. Yakanga zvirambe zviripo vanhu zvakananga. The venhoroondo okutanga, yakabuda Russia, vakakwanisa kuunganidza mashoko pamusoro mazana emakore akapfuura. Somugumisiro, havana kunge anosikwa zvapfuura Muronga zviitiko. Old Russian zvenhoroondo bhuku rine mashoko pamusoro mushandirapamwe, yakavakirwa maguta zvibvumirano. Nemabasa hunhu chaiwo machinda, aitaura kugariswa patsva madzinza. Knowledge akanga apfuura pasi kubva kumarudzi namarudzi. Kuburikidza Kuongororwa chenhau zvinyorwa, vatsvakurudzi vakagumisa kuti zvose mashoko hachishandi vakachera kubva ngano. Uye ichi zvinonzwisisika. Legends, nziyo, ngano, rengano muri nhoroondo huru sanyorwa weRussia yekare.

Old yenhau Russian sezvo kare rine

The magwaro hwakawanda huripo, akachengetedzwa dzakawanda zvasara nyaya, nziyo uye ngano. Nokushandisa kwavari, vanyori yeRussia yekare inoumbwa nokuda kwokushayiwa nhoroondo yake panyika zvinhu. Ndizvo ngano rava muzinda yavaipora nhoroondo zvekare zviitiko. Munzvimbo zvokuudzwa mabasa kwaisanganisira kuziva vanhu, akabvumira kuti akure yaMakoronike. Century, riri pedyo nebasa vanyori IX uye X emakore okutanga zvakananga, ndikazvipa zvakawanda zvokunyama, yaainge ngano, pane yapfuura.

Knowledgebase

Zviri nyore kusiyanisa huru mhando zvigadzirwa, iyo inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa ane ekunze tsananguro. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha vaiva ngano dzakawanda. mabasa awa vakasonganira maguta, nemisha, makuva, maturakiti, vakapararira mhiri mumapani Russian. Zvinokosha kuti kuyeuka chaizvo chaizvo nechokuita chiKristu chisati chavapo, wechihedheni chitendero madzitateguru. Zvisinei, pedyo panguva upenyu hachishandi pachavo, zvikuru zvakajeka kurondwa nhoroondo ruzivo uye zvakajeka anomira panze kufarira kare munyika. Hana vanhu panguva iyoyo anova zvikuru uye hunosumwa kupinda nenguva kuumbwa.

Form mabasa

The mhando uye hunhu namaberere, izvo zvinofanira kuratidza yekare yakanyorwa bhuku, aiva pachake zvachiri. Form namaberere, zvikurukuru, kwave chokuita nokuziva hachishandi. Medieval mabasa akange akanyorwa zvikurukuru kuti achengetedze epakutanga ari mujinga ari gwaro idzva. Vaverengi kuziva nguva idzodzo haana mufananidzo realism, uye chokwadi pacharo. Vakanga nokukwezvwa chiitiko zita uye vhidhiyo yaMakoronike. Panguva iyo muverengi kazhinji kururama kuti chokwadi nyaya zvishamiso, zviitiko, zviratidzo uye nezvimwe mananara.

mharidzo zvinhu

Old dzekare Russian akapa ndima yepakutanga idzva iri panguva zviitiko kwavari. Nhoroondo akapfuurira mananara izvo munyori aiva chapupu. Zvekufamba vanogara vaisanganisa, rugwaro vakabatana zvitsva vakanyoresa. Kutozosvikira XVI remakore, nyaya haana zvine kwakakwana nguva - akazosvika kusvikira nguva yaairarama sahwira. akaita mumwe munyori akaedza kuendesa chigadzirwa kune "muchinda uyu." The yokupedzisira dzakarekodwa yaisanganisira zvinhu zvikuru zvinokosha. In pavo munyori haana kunyora zvikamu zvemashoko dzokutambura mabasa uye kupa pfungwa dzavo. Ndokusaka kare zvakanyorwa munhoroondo bhuku chaizvoizvo asina yapera. Mugumo chigadzirwa kwagara pamusoro saonekwa vamwe mhando, ndokusanganisa zvakanaka kupinda chipo. Kuenderera nyaya, "mugumisiro vapenyu" rinogona sokuva mhando maonero kuti chakabata chimiro pamaberere. Uku kubva kare kusvika aripo kongiri kare, zvinokosha vhidhiyo zvokunyama uye zvawanyora zvitsva zvakaitika panguva vanyori.

Drafting rondedzero

Vanyori, asika mabasa nehanya kunyanya kuita mabasa avo vamutangira vakawira mumaoko avo. Zvinokoshawo ndezvokuti kwavari, uye aiva dzakasiyanasiyana zvinyorwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira, kunyanya zvinosanganisira tsamba, makondirakiti, achida machinda, vasande 'upenyu, nyaya uye zvakawanda. Mushure zvose iripo zvinhu zviri kwave aunganidzwa, mune zvimwe zviitiko, siyana chaizvo uye vakawanda, uye dzimwe nguva vaviri kana vatatu zvidimbu, munyori akanga tsanangudzo ekunze. YaMakoronike chokuita gore negore. The munyori akatsvaka kudzivisa repetitions. Aiva mharidzo pagore dzokugara hwavo, upenyu musande - panguva musi waakafa. Zvinhu aigona kuva nhoroondo yokufungidzira, zvinofadza zvishomanana makore. Panyaya iyi, munyori rinokamukana kuva yakareba, kuisa munhu wose pasi mumwe gore. kuvaka Izvi zvaiita kuti kuchinja sahwira anorondedzerwa rimwe gore.

basa iri harigoni kunzi zvokuimba. Munyori, mune zvimwe zviitiko, vaifanira kuitika kubvisa kuzvipokanidza, kuita zvikuru kunzwisisa anotevedzana tsvakurudzo pamusoro chaiwo placement mashoko zera. Sahwira aigona skip chero chiitiko, kwakavakirwa Somuenzaniso, avo ezvematongerwe enyika maonero, kana kuita kusarudzwa nhau. Mune mamwe mabasa unogona kuwana pfupi tsanangudzo yacho Muvambi. Asi panguva munyori asingadi wekuvamba chinhu chitsva. Panopera svodchika sahwira akatumira kutsanangura zviitiko zuva rake.

Class kupenda mabasa

Ancient zvakanyorwa zvenhoroondo bhuku - iri yakarongwa kare nyaya kwete chete. Nemabasa uye zvakasiyana-siyana dzidziso dzakanga akaratidza. Kubva pakutanga ivepo, renhoroondo dzamadzimambo kirasi yakagamuchira coloring womumwe hunhu. Basa rakanga mhando shongwe. Gwaro ndokukweverwazve kumusoro ari rokumusoro strata munzanga yekare, kunyanya pedyo nepedyo kumuchinda. Panyaya iyi, musimboti mukufambisira mabasa ave feudal madzishe mabhishopi namachinda. Sahwira ose nguva wekushanduka yayo kufunga kune rokumusoro muvanhu.

tsananguro Laurentian

nhoroondo iyi kunongova dating 1377 gore. In rokunyora mumongi vaipinda Lawrence nedzimwe vanyori. Basa anoratidzwa muchimiro yematehwe zvinyorwa. Rine kopi Code pakati 1305. Vachitungamirirwa boka mamongi Vaikopa muna 1377 raiva basa iri riri mirayiridzo Prince Dmitry (Suzdal-Nizhny Novgorod). Kunotanga rugwaro "The zvakaedza yakapfuura Years" uye rinopera 1305 gore. In chigadzirwa hapana zviitiko makore. Set of 1305 yaiva mashoko pamusoro zvakaitika panguva apo muchinda mukuru Vladimir akanga Michael Yaroslavovich. Zvinonzi inobva nyaya muna 1281, rakawedzerwa 1282-m. Laurentian Chronicle akanga rakanyorwa ari Annunciation Monastery iri Nizhny Novgorod kana iri Vladimir Christmas kuuya. Muna 1792 zvakanzi akawana AI Musin-Pushkin uye zvadaro pamberi Alexander Mukuru. Gare gare, zvinyorwa mumaoko Public Library (zvino Saltykov-Shchedrin). Ikoko akaramba kusvikira nhasi.

Ipatyevsky rakatenderera

chinyorwa ichi anonzi mukuru Monument, mumwe mangwanani mabasa Chronicle. Zita penzvimbo waiva nzvimbo mazita ari Kostroma muna Ipatiev wemamongi. Sezvo chikamu zvinyorwa zvikamu zvitatu. First ndiye "zvakaedza zvekare Makore", wechipiri - Kiev enhoroondo kuguma XII remakore, uye wechitatu rine kunyanya Galician-Volyn rondedzero. Ipatyevsky Arch ichaongororwa mabasa chinokosha umo rondedzero zviitiko unganidzwa kumaodzanyemba-dzokumadokero chikamu pakuguma XIII remakore munyika. A pachena chepfungwa Chronicle chinhu okunyika werudzii dzimwe nyaya. Nokuti vazhinji Galician-Volyn Nhoroondo hwokuratidza mutauro wakajeka, wokufananidzira, nemhaka iyo kwedenga vanogona kumutsirwa pachiyero enhetembo basa.

Novgorod I ngano

nhoroondo iyi anonzi kuva anokosha tsime, inotiudza vomunzanga enyika nhoroondo wokuRussia uye, zvikurukuru pamusoro Novgorod 11-17 fung emakore. muviri ichi chakabata zvose-Russian Tales rechipiri hafu XV uye XVI emakore. Kazhinji, nemabasa nayo airatidza dzidziso mukirasi kutonga nzanga. Zvisinei Novgorod vanyori kazhinji vakamira parutivi kushanda vanhu. A anonakidza kurekodha nguva wezvamatongerwe chete Russian mamiriro. Vanobvumira here kutsivira uye kujekesa ruzivo, Tver, Moscow nevamwe vanyori. Novgorodskie Chronicle mumabhuku conventionally varehwa nhamba shanu. Mukuru chikamu kuonekwa wokutanga yakatarwa. It anorondedzera zviitiko vakauya thirties pakati remakore rechi14. Senzira kwedenga aripo "Russian Chokwadi" iri pfupi shanduro, uye zviri pamutemo muunganidzwa, izvo zvinosanganisira zvemitemo sezvivako akawanda. The Chronicle runonyanya vakawana zvinyorwa kubva rechipiri gumi XII remakore. Novgorod ukoshi ndakaisa kutaurwa Shakhmatova anoshanda. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti nemabasa vekare akanga zvinoratidzwa kutaridza kutanga kuguma XI remakore. Akanga asati ne "ngano zvekare Years".

zvichireva hwakavigwa mumakamuri

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti panguva ino haasi chisanyanya rondedzero kwete chete nhoroondo uye anodzidzisa, asi chinhu rokudzidzisa pfungwa. Hwakavigwa mumakamuri kuramba kudzidzisa kuremekedza mbiri kare vanhu. Yenhau nhasi unokurudzira dzokutsigira nyika dzidzo vanokudzwa pfungwa.

Other zvinyorwa

Kufunga Russian zvenhoroondo dzekare, haagoni pamusoro ndangariro navatorwa vakanga kuenda paivhu yenyika. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kutanga uye makuru basa vezvesayenzi Kliuchevskoi akava miteva chinyorwa pamusoro nengano vatorwa Muscovy. basa iri rakabudiswa somunhu monograph. zvakanyorwa zvenhoroondo dzekare By kunofanira kureva mitemo, zvinyorwa hurumende, forensic kuongorora uye Statistical zvokuvakisa, dzakawanda zvibvumirano. Chinonyanya kukosha mashoko pamusoro zvekare zviitiko, vaongorori vakadzidza kubva private na, diaries. Munguva dzinouya boka zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa vakatanga kupinda manotsi zasedaniyay mukuru machinda ezvematongerwo enyika uye magariro kufamba, mabhurocha, zvirongwa, netsamba, mapepa, periodicals (mumapepanhau nemagazini) nemamwe magwaro.

Chinangwa kudzidza mashoko

Ungano huru Vhoriyamu zvinyorwa pamusoro mabasa matunhu neminisiparati uye ehurumende nemasangano nemasangano evanhu siyana uye vanhu kusimbiswa zvakachengetedzwa. Vaigovera kutora, okuchengetera uye zvakare kushandisa mashoko. Complex kushanda zvenhoroondo dzekare achibvumira vatsvakurudzi kuti vakiridza zviitiko zvekare sezvo chinangwa sezvinobvira.

The Zvivako zvokunamata uye zvinhu netsika

Ethnographic mabhuku anosanganisira zvinhu zvetsika, muupenyu uye Magariro vevanhu. chikamu ichi zvinosanganisira, zvikurukuru, maturusi zviridzwa, maturusi kuti kurima, kuumba, midziyo, pekugara, fenicha uye midziyo mairi, zvokudya, zvavo matoyi. Ivowo zvinosanganisira outbuildings, zvipfeko uye Textiles, kusanganisira nyika inoita, kushongedzwa, nomusoni uye zvichingodaro. Vari muchikwata che ethnographic zvinyorwa kusanganisirawo Chiitiko vanhu upenyu hwomudzimu. Izvi zvinosanganisira mhuri uye karenda netsika, tsika uye chevarwere zvitendero, ngano, Genres uye marudzi enyika nziyo vachitamba, zvirevo, Ngano, ngano, zvakavanzika, conspiracies uye ngano.

Zvimwe Zvivako zvekare

Nokuti uprofita hwezvaizoitika mabhuku anosanganisira avo kana mamwe mabasa ounyanzvi, kusanganisira petroglyphs, nomumwe zvinhu uye muunganidzwa mifananidzo, chivezwa, Graphics. The boka rinosanganisira manyuko maitiro tsika (nemauto, basa, mazororo, etc.), fashoni, tsika, mukurumbira zvinhu.

Nzira Itsva zvemakore

Nzira idzi wokuunganidza uye kuchengeta mashoko vakagamuchira zvakanaka kwose kwose. New nzira kunge yakabuda somugumisiro yakawanikwa dzesayenzi, kwezvinhu kukura, zvigadzirwa zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana. Izvi muvhidhiyo mabhuku anosanganisira Somuenzaniso, firimu, maCD uye Photographic zvokuvakisa. Kwakadaro Data muunganidzwa nzira dzinonzi audiovisual. Ivo ane ruzivo rwuri anodiwa rinozvibereka yakakodzera michina. Kazhinji, mabhuku aya vanonzi comprehensively. Izvi imhaka yokuti vari chaizvo zvakafanana unyanzvi uye kutamba zvisikwa, hunhu mashoko yeEncoding nzira uye sangano okuchengetera yavo. Pari, vazhinji firimu, photo, mavhidhiyo uye ruzha dzakarekodhwa yaiva pamusoro digitaalinen vezvenhau. Izvi zvinoita kuchengeteka nemashoko uye kukwanisa kushandisa navo tsvakurudzo kazhinji nokuda unyanzvi siyana.