Api zivo

Knowledge anomiririra mugumisiro zvatinokanganisa, ane yakananga marongerwo uye matanho chokuita nzendo inotungamirwa uye kukura kwenzanga. ruzivo hwomunhu pamwe kuwedzera kunzwisisa tsika.

Pane akasiyana siyana ruzivo kwevanhu. Mumwe mukuru siyana zvechitendero uye dzouzivi. Muvambi positivism, Auguste Comte pakati pezana remakore rechi19, zvinganaka pfungwa, zvinoratidza mhando ruzivo. In ake pfungwa, aiona matatu nezvimiro successively kutsiva mumwe.

Wokutanga chimiro akafunga ruzivo dzechitendero. Zvinonzi pakutenda pachavo uye tsika.

The chimiro chechipiri - ruzivo kwouzivi. Zvichienderana yemunyori kunzwisisa kana zvimwe Pfungwa uye ari aifungisisa uye musoro zvakasikwa.

ruzivo Scientific - ichi ndicho chimiro rechitatu. Inobva kutara chokwadi pamusoro pakanyorwa munhu kwawakananga yetsvakurudzo kana akataura.

Nhasi pachena kuti siyana zvose izvi yezivo mune zvakafanana, uye hapana zvakuine ari miti dzomusango uye mhuka.

Panewo imwe kupatsanura. Maererano pfungwa M. Polanyi (Chirungu muzivi), mhando ruzivo dzinoiswa maererano pahunhu hwake. Chirungu muzivi akatanga kubva chokwadi kuti zivo chinoshingaira Kunzwisiswa zvinhu - chiito kuti zvinoda anokosha maturusi uye chinokosha nounyanzvi. The "unhu", maererano Polanyi, rinoburitsa kwete chete chokwadi asiwo ndivanaani ayo kufarira cognition. Muchiitiko chino, pane mamwe chero mashoko kwete chete, asiwo munhu chiitiko. Saka, Polanyi akasarudza marudzi anotevera zivo;

1. A zvakajeka, articulated, kwakunoitwa dzidziso, kutonga, pfungwa.
2. Zvizere, zvizere, kwete kupa munhu azere kuratidzwa ruzivo kwevanhu.

Zvakakwana ruzivo mudzidziso unyanzvi mumuviri, unyanzvi hunoshanda, maonero zvirongwa. Hakusi chose zvinoratidzwa mabhuku okuchikoro, asi ari kuparadzirwa kubatana uye kukurukurirana.

Sezvo chikuru chezvinonhuwira mukuru dzidzo maumbirwo ruzivo ndiwo mugumisiro nokuziva mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa, mafungiro, nzanga uye chokwadi. mugumisiro ichi zvinoratidza generalized ruzivo kwevanhu kuti kwave aunganidza mukufamba mumagariro zvenhoroondo tsika.

Educational kugutsikana zvinosanganisira marudzi akadaro zivo, akadai:

1. Huru mashoko uye pfungwa dzinoratidza chokwadi. Kuwedzera hwezuva nezuva chokwadi, vakaratidza uye zivo yesayenzi.
2. Daily chokwadi chokwadi uye nesayenzi. Ivo zvinoshandiswa pamusoro imire uye uchapupu pfungwa dzavo.
3. mitemo Basic nesayenzi. Anoratidza ukama pakati siyana mananara uye zvinhu.
4. Dzidziso, ane boka zivo yesayenzi pamusoro chaiyo hurongwa zvinhu, zvinhu, ukama pakati pavo, uyewo nzira kufanotaura uye tsanangura mananara neimwe nyaya nzvimbo.
5. Maonero zivo. Vanoratidza mitemo yakasiyana-siyana muupenyu zviitiko.
6. Knowledge nzira kuitisa mabasa kwesayenzi, nzira yokuziva, uye kuritenga nhoroondo ruzivo.

Yose iyi ichikwanisa kuva zvinhu chokuita mabasa uye kushandisa ruzivo kudzidza.

Knowledge rinogona kuva:

1. Emotional uye kodzera.
2. Essentsianalisticheskimi (inobva kushandisa quantitative pachisara maturusi) uye fenomenolisticheskimi (kunobva pakushandisa "Unhu" pfungwa).
3. Yokungotaura uye empirical (experimental).
4. Chastnonauchnogo nouzivi.
5. Humanities sayenzi zvakasikwa.

Kubva pedagogical uye mupfungwa nemaonero, kupfuura kunakidza ndivo kusiyana (sayenzi zvakasikwa) ari ouchenjeri uye nyama (ruyamuro) ruzivo.