Bacon kwakaita uzivi. Uzivi ano Francis Bacon

anofunga wokutanga ane nyanzvi zivo hwaro zivo - Frensis Bekon. Iye, pamwe René Descartes vakazivisa dzinokosha kuti dzazvino. uzivi Bacon kwakaita kuti pave chinokosha pechirevo kuWestern akafunga: ruzivo - isimba. Zviri zvesayenzi, akaona simba chishandiswa mberi zvemagariro. Asi ndiani uyu muzivi wakakurumbira, ndiwo dzidziso yake?

Uduku uye kuyaruka

Muvambi ano uzivi Bacon akaberekwa pazuva maviri yechipiri January 1561 muLondon. baba vake aiva mukuru mukuru padare Elizabeth. The pamba, dzidzo vabereki ', hapana mubvunzo kukanganiswa wechiduku Francis. At gumi akatumirwa Trinity College kuCambridge University. Makore matatu gare gare akatumirwa Paris sevamwe youmambo basa, asi nokukurumidza mukomana vakadzoka nokuda rufu rwababa vake. MuEngland, atanga kuita jurisprudence, uye zvikuru kubudirira. Zvisinei, aiona ake kubudirira nomutemo zvinhu chete sechinhu springboard enyika uye voruzhinji basa. Pasina mubvunzo, zvose mberi muuzivi Francis Bacon rwakaona manzwire iyoyo. Nechekare muna 1584 akanga kutanga kusarudzwa kuti Imba Commons. Mudare James Stewart Wokutanga kwaiva nokukurumidza richisimuka rejaya enyika. King akanyunyuta kwaari kuhondo zhinji, mibayiro uye zvinzvimbo.

basa rekuita

uzivi Bacon chiri zvakabatana chaizvo kwaMambo James Vokutanga. Muna 1614 Mambo ichiputswa muparamende zvakazara uye nemirayiro chaizvoizvo nomumwe. Zvisinei, kuti vaida varairiri, Jakove vakakomberedzwa achizvicheka Sir Francis. Nechekare ne 1621, Bacon akagadzwa Ishe High Chancellery, Baron Verulam, Viscount Saint Albanian, muchengeti chisimbiso rwamambo, uye ane honorary nhengo inonzi achizivawo Council. Apo mambo achiri zvakakodzera kuzodzosera kokerai Paramende, dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende musingakanganwiri kwakadzikira dzakadaro kazhinji gweta vokutanga, uye akatumirwa kupinda pamudyandigere. Akafa muzivi inozvikudza uye wezvematongerwo enyika repfumbamwe April 1626.

nziyo

Mumakore basa roruvanze kutinetsa empirical muuzivi Francis Bacon kumhuka kuonga kwake kufarira zvesayenzi, mutemo, tsika, chitendero, uye magariro. Zvinyorwa ake kudzai munyori wayo sechinhu anofunga guru uye chaiwo muvambi yose muuzivi dzazvino. Muna 1597 akabudisa pepa yokutanga yaiti "Zviitiko nokurairirwa", iro raiva ipapo kaviri rapera uye ikazobudiswazve nguva zhinji. Muna 1605 ndakaona kusunungurwa rondedzero "On zvinorehwa uye kubudirira zivo, Mwari uye munhu." Rokubuda ake kubva mutemo Frensis Bekon, akatorwa chinogona kuoneka mumabasa mazhinji ano pauzivi, muzvinhu zvavo tsvakurudzo mupfungwa. Muna 1629 zvakanzi rakabudiswa "Organon New", uye muna 1623 - "On zvemashoko uye enhancement sayenzi." Uzivi Bacon, uye tezisno zvishoma ataurwa ndeyokufananidzira chimiro unzwisise zvavo, zvinoratidzwa utopian yokufungidzira "New Atlantis." Other mabasa makuru. "On Kumatenga", "On hwaro uye zvikonzero", "History of Mambo Henry nemanomwe," "History rufu uye upenyu"

The huru chinyorwa

Vose yesayenzi uye zvetsika zvine kufunga dzazvino akatangira muuzivi Bacon. Muchidimbu yose zvayo gobvu zvakaoma chaizvo, asi tinogona kutaura kuti huru chinangwa mabasa Munyori uyu kutungamirira pakukurukurirana nani pakati mupfungwa uye pfungwa zvinhu. Ndiyo pfungwa - pakupedzisira mwero ukoshi. Uzivi New Age uye Kujekerwa, yakataurwa Bacon, anoisa Kunyanya Kumikidzo rakasungwa harina zvibereko uye kujeka pfungwa, izvo kushandiswa sayenzi. Nokudaro kudiwa "Ngatitarise itsva kugadzirisa zvinhu uye vanopedza nokudzorerwa of Arts uye Sciences uye yose ruzivo kwevanhu."

sainzi kuringa

Frensis Bekon, vane akatorwa vakashandisa inozvikudza vazivi anenge ose dzazvino, vaidavira kuti sayenzi kubva panguva chekare zvikuru shoma mberi mukunzwisisa uye kudzidza hunhu. Vanhu vava zvishoma kuti kunetseka pamusoro zvinotaurwa yepakutanga uye pfungwa. Saka, muuzivi Bacon anodana vana kuteerera kukura sayenzi uye kuita kuti upenyu hwavo. Vaisada kwaiita nezvesayenzi, kutsvaka kuziva yokutsvakurudza uye nevaongorori. Hwakatanga ake chimbichimbi vachinje European tsika, imhaka pfungwa dzake vakakura nzvimbo zhinji uzivi ano. Science makirasi kunyumwa pamberi vanhu Europe iri kuva repamusoro uye kukosha ruzivo. Panyaya iyi, vazhinji vazivi, masayendisiti nevafungi vari "mumakwara" pamusoro Bacon. Munzvimbo scholasticism, iyo vakarambana zvachose kubva hwokugadzira nemiitiro uye ruzivo zvakasikwa, unouya sayenzi kuti hunonyatsobatana uzivi uye hunobva dzakananga kuedza uye zvakaitika.

paumbwe pfungwa

Mubhuku rake "Great kudzorerwa Sciences" Bacon zvakanaka vakafunga panze uye hwakadzama toronga kuchinja maitiro yose dzidzo: yayo mari, kufarirwa nemirau nemitemo, uye zvakafanana. Aiva mumwe wokutanga enyika uye vazivi, uyo rinotarisa kukosha matanho kupa mari kuti dzidzo uye kwacho. Bacon hwakataurawo kudiwa kuti adzokorore zvirongwa vachidzidzisa kumayunivhesiti. Kunyange iye zvino, ava kuziva pfungwa Bacon, anogona mushamiswe kudzama kunzwisisa kwake somunhu yokutungamirira, musayendisiti uye anofunga: chirongwa "dzokudzorerwa Mukuru Sciences" kwakafanira kuhupenyu nhasi. Zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti echimurenga yakanga nemanomwe remakore. Yakanga "remakore guru masayendisiti uye zvinowanikwa nesayenzi," Sir Francis kuburikidza nemanomwe remakore muEngland. Ndizvo muuzivi Bacon akava akatangira ano anoranga akadai evanhu, zvoupfumi zvesayenzi uye sayenzi sayenzi. Mupiro chikuru muzivi iri tsika uye dzidziso nesayenzi kuti akaona kudiwa kuunza ruzivo rwesayenzi pasi methodological nouzivi hwaro. uzivi Francis Bacon kuti rinonyatsotarira kwetunhu ose sayenzi mugomba chete hurongwa.

Kusiyanisa sayenzi

Sir Francis akanyora kuti yakanyanyofanira weboka ruzivo kwevanhu - nokupesana ichi munzvimbo nhatu nemano kuti ndaisagona mweya. History mu dhayagiramu ichi unoenderana ndangariro, uzivi - ndiyo pfungwa, uye nhetembo ndiko zvokufungidzira. History rakakamurwa vehurumende uye zvakasikwa. Poetry rakakamurwa parabolic, zvinoshamisa uye yakakura. Chinonyanya anokurukurwa zvakadzama kupatsanura wouzivi, iyo rakakamurwa kukuru subspecies zhinji uye mhuka. Bacon uyewo Anopatsanura kubva "dzidziso Mwari-akafuridzirwa," izvo anopa chete veshoko uye veshoko. Philosophy rakakamurwa dzinongoitika uye kusava. Chokutanga misa chinosanganisira yezvakaita muviri: wefizikisi uye metaphysics, hurongwa, masvomhu. Pavanondirwisa zvinoumba nomuzongoza ari Chiitiko, sezvo muuzivi dzazvino. Bacon chikero uye zvikuru uye anofunga nezvomunhu. Ndiyo dzidziso pfungwa pamusoro muviri (ichi zvinosanganisira mushonga, mitambo, unyanzvi, mumhanzi, zvizoro), uye dzidziso pamusoro mweya, iro rine subsections zhinji. Zvinosanganisira nyaya dzakadai nezvetsika, pfungwa (nomusoro dzidziso, zvakawanikwa, kutongwa) uye "sayenzi ehurumende" (izvo zvinosanganisira dzidziso dzebhizimisi ukama, mamiriro bhodhi). Complete kupatsanura Bacon haasiyi pasina pfungwa chero aivapo minda ruzivo apo.

"Organon New"

Uzivi Bacon, uye tezisno zvishoma pamusoro apa, vachiita mubhuku "The New Organon". Kuchitanga chiratidzo nezvokuti munhu - mududziri hunhu uye muranda, anonzwisisa uye anoita, anonzwisisa hunhu kufunga kuti kana chiito. Uzivi Bacon uye Descartes, ayo chaiyo panguva, uri mberi itsva iri kukura pfungwa munyika, sezvo rinoreva update sayenzi, kubviswa kwakakwana pfungwa dzenhema uye "zvipoko", izvo, maererano nevafungi izvi, zvikuru vakagamuchira pfungwa dzevanhu uye vakaisimbisa. Mu "New Organon" rinotaura maonero kuti Ages chechi mutana uye yepamusoro mafungiro iri rakadzika dambudziko, uye ichi yezivo mhando (uyewo akakodzera tsvakurudzo nzira) kukwana. uzivi Bacon kuti amire pamusoro ndechokuti nzira kwezivo ndiko zvakaoma, sezvo zivo zvakasikwa, sezvinoita maze umo unofanira kushanda nzira yako, uye migwagwa zviri siyana uye kakawanda zvinotsausa. Uye avo kazhinji kunotungamirira vanhu kuti nzira idzi pachavo kazhinji kutsauka kwavari uye kuwedzera uwandu rakarasika uye mbeya. Ndokusaka pane rikwanise tinofanira kuongorora zvinotaurwa kuwana ruzivo rutsva yesayenzi uye ruzivo. Uzivi Bacon uye Descartes, uye ipapo kuvagadza Spinoza akavaka chinokosha marongerwo uye kudzidza methodologies. Basa rokutanga pano kuti kunatsa pfungwa, ake kusunungurwa uye kugadzirira rokusika basa.

"Mweya" - chii?

uzivi Bacon raMwari rinotaura pamusoro kucheneswa pfungwa kuti akasvika chokwadi, chiri kuti afumure matatu: kufumurwa kunotangira mupfungwa dzevanhu, uzivi uye uchapupu. Saizvozvowo, musiyano yakaitwa pakati ina uye "mweya". Chii? chipingaidzo ichi kuti kuchidzivisa wechokwadi, kuziva chokwadi:

1) The "zvipoko" mhando, vane hwaro kwevanhu, mune hunhu vanhu, "dzinza";

2) "zvipoko" mumapako, i.e. zvinovadadira chaiyo munhu kana boka revanhu, izvo zvinokonzerwa "bako" vanhu kana mapoka (i.e., "nyika duku");

3) The "zvipoko" mumusika, izvo kunokonzerwa kutaurirana pakati vanhu;

4) The "zvipoko" yacho yemitambo, iri ukaiswa mweya mitemo rwakatsauka uye nevanhu.

Zvose izvi zvinhu zvinofanira kuraswa uye disproved yakunda chikonzero pamusoro rusaruro. Ndiyo evanhu uye rokudzidzisa basa ndiyo hwaro dzidziso pamusoro kukanganiswa mhando iyi.

"Mweya" mhando

uzivi Bacon raMwari anoramba kuti kukanganiswa kuri mupfungwa dzevanhu kuti vachida kupona zvikuru zvakafanana uye kuti zvinhu pane zvinogona chaizvoizvo kuwanikwa zvakasikwa. The pfungwa ruchigona artificially kuchinja mashoko matsva uye zvinhu kuti aenderane nezvavanotenda. Man anopa uye musingaitirani nharo zvinonyanya zvakasimba ikapenya. Limited ruzivo uye ukama hwenyika pfungwa rokufunga - chinetso muuzivi Itsva Age kuti guru nevafungi uye vakaedza kugadzirisa pamwe zvaakanyora.

"Mweya" bako

Simukai kubva musiyano pakati vanhu: vamwe vanhu vakaita imwe sainzi, vamwe havatani Uzivi uye mukuru pfungwa, vamwe vanotya zivo yekare. kusiyana izvi, izvo muka kubva mumwe maitiro, kudzikatidza zvikuru zivo uye kukanganisa.

"Mweya" musika

Ichi rakavapo kushandisa mazita uye mashoko. Maererano Bacon, saka kutanga zvinhu ano uzivi, izvo nechinangwa chinorwisa sophistic dzakasiyiwa, kutukana sparring uye spores. Titles uye mazita anogona kupiwa vasiri aripo zvinhu, uye pachiitiko ichi kuti pave dzidziso, nhema uye chinhu. Panguva ingano zvinova zvechokwadi, uye izvi chaunombotya kunzwisisa matambudziko. More kunzwisisa "zvipoko" kukura kubva vasingazivi uye nezvakaipa ndivanamwari, dzakanga ndokuiswa musayenzi uye inoshanda kushandiswa.

"Mweya" Theatre

Havazivi pinda pakavanda pfungwa, uye inoparadzirwa kubva mitemo rwakatsauka uye dzidziso vemungano uye panoonekwa nevamwe. uzivi Bacon kuti classifies kuti "zvipoko" pakati yemitambo siyana yakakanganiswa nepfungwa uye mafungiro (empiricism, sophistry uye mashura). Nokuti tsika nesayenzi, izvo anokonzerwa hwokunyanyisa vasaomerere kuomerera pragmatic empiricism kana dzisiri yokufungidzira, pane nguva dzose migumisiro yakaipa.

Dzidziso nzira: mutemo wekutanga

Frensis Bekon rinoreva vanhu vane pfungwa wakafukidza mune tsika uye Ugare naye, uyo asina kuona kudiwa zviri dismemberment munhu RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA mufananidzo yezvakaita uye nzira zvinhu kufungisisa zita rimwe rose. Zviri kuburikidza "kusabatana", "kuparadzana", "voga" chinoumba hunhu kwemasayendisiti uye miviri kunogona kumisa pacharo zvose kuperera.

Dzidziso nzira: mutemo wechipiri

ndima iyi kutaura mashoko chaizvo kuti "dismemberment". Bacon aidavira kuti weboka - hazvina chinangwa asi huchashandiswa kupfuura nyore uye nyore zvinoriumba vangazivikanwa. Nyaya iri kukurukurwa pano inofanira kuva chaizvo uye nyore muviri, sokunge "yakazarukira hunhu ravo vanhuwo nzira kwayo."

Dzidziso nzira: mutemo wechitatu

Search nyore hunhu, mavambo nyore, sezvo akatsanangura Frensis Bekon, hazvirevi kuti chinhu kongiri zvinhu miviri, inoramba kana zvakavapo. Zvinangwa nezvinotarisirwa sayenzi zvikuru kuoma: zvakafanira kuzodzosera kutarisa mamiriro, vanoona wawo, kuti vatsvake kunobva generating muzvarirwo. Tiri kutaura kuvhurika mutemo kwakadaro, uko aigona kuva hwaro basa uye ruzivo.

Dzidziso nzira: mutemo wechina

uzivi Bacon inoti kuti chokutanga unofanira kuzvigadzirira "experimental uye dzinongoitika" nhoroondo. Mune mamwe manzwi, zvinokosha kunyora nokupfupisa chii chikonzero chaiye anoti. Kuziva, izvo vasara inozviitira, uye ndiye chinjwa. Zvino izvi zvinokosha kusarudza methodological mitemo uye nenheyo achakwanisa kuita chinhu empirical kudzidza kuva kunzwisisa hunhu kwechokwadi.

Social uye anoshanda pfungwa

Hapana nyaya zvitadzise zvemashoko Sir Francis Bacon sezvo wezvematongerwe enyika uye yokutungamirira. The zvezvinotaurwa ake kutandadzana rakanga rakakura, kuti kwaizova pakuva vazivi vakawanda nemanomwe uye namasere emakore muEngland. Anokoshesa hurongwa uye zvemaziso zvigadzirwa, iyo, kwake maonero, havasi akafanana zvomudzimu zvinhu uye zvakawanda qualitatively kukanganisa nhau dzevanhu. Sezvo upfumi kuti anova ruzhinji kukosha, mukusiyana kune yakanaka yepamusoro kunakidzwa. Technical uye kugadzira nezvaanogona munzanga mirawo mvumo Bacon, uyewo zvemafoni kukura. Ane mafungiro akanaka kuti ano ezvinhu uye zvoupfumi, iyo kuchavawo yo vazivi vakawanda Zvakazoitwa nguva. Frensis Bekon inotsigira kuwedzera nyuchi nechivimbo, rinopa mazano udzamu nyarara uye "zvakanaka" Colonisation. Somunhu yakananga ubatanidzwe British zvematongerwo enyika, iye rinorumbidza mabasa maindasitiri uye zvokutengeserana makambani. Unhu nyore akatendeseka muzvinabhizimisi, enterprising entrepreneur anoita Bacon kuti tsitsi. Anopa yakawanda mazano kupfuura kuda uye vaifarira nzira uye pachishandiswa pachake vapfume. Mushonga vakawanda bongozozo nenyonganyonga, uyewo urombo, Bacon anoona kuchinja mutemo, vaduku ruzhinji ngwariro kuruzhinji zvinodiwa uye kuwedzera fuma vemo. Yemaitiro iye Anokurudzira - mutero kuchinja, kuvhurika itsva dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana, kuvandudzika rwokugadzira uye zvokurima, incentives nokuda manufactures.