Baghdad bateri: tsanangudzo, chinangwa, kushanda uye chokwadi chinonakidza

Kana guta remazuva ano rakabviswa kweawa imwe kubva pamagetsi, saka hazvina mubvunzo kuti pachava nemamiriro ezvinhu, ezvo shoko rakapfava richava kuwa. Uye izvi hazvidziviriki, kusvikira zvakadaro magetsi ave chikamu chehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kungoita mubvunzo mubvunzo unomuka: madzitateguru edu kwemakumi emakore sei asina simba iri? Zvakanga zvakanyatsorambidzwa here? Ndiyo mubvunzo avo vatsvakurudzi vasina mhinduro isina kufanira.

Tsvaka munharaunda yeBaghdad

Zvinowanzofungidzirwa kuti vanhu vakazoziva magetsi chete muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi18, asi izvi zvaive nekuda kwevanhu vaviri vasina kuregererwa veItaly vakatsaurira upenyu hwavo mukudzidza kwezvinhu zvakasikwa - Luigi Galvani uye mutungamiri wake Alexander Volta. Ndiko kune vanhu ava kuti nhasi vanomhanya munzira dzechitima chemagetsi, chiedza chiri mudzimba dzedu chinobhururuka, muchechi anotanga kutamba paawa yekupedzisira.

Zvisinei, chokwadi ichi chisinganzwisisiki chakazununguswa nekuwanikwa kwakaitwa muna 1936 nechekuchera matongo weAustria Wilhelm Koening kunze kweBaghdad uye akadana bheteri yeBaghdad. Nhoroondo haina kunyarara pamusoro pekunge muongorori iye pachake aive achichera muvhu, kana achingozvitenga zvigadzirwa kubva kune "vasi vekuchera matongo". Izvozvo zvinoratidzika sezviri nyore, sezvo zvimwe zvimwe zvinhu zvisinganzwisisiki zvaigona kuwanikwa, asi nyika yakangodzidza nezveimwe chete inowanikwa.

Ndeipi bheteri yeBaghdad?

Kuvonga kuna Wilhelm Koening, vanhu vakawana chimiro chinoshamisa chakaita sechinyakare chekamamiki yejecha, iyo yakakwirira haina kudarika masendimita gumi nemashanu, uye makore, sezviri pachena, akanga akaenzana nemamiriyoni maviri. Mutsipa wekuwana wakaiswa chisimbiso neine resin stopper, pamusoro payo yaive ichionekwa masara emutsvimbo wesimbi achibuda kubva mairi, ayo kwenguva yakareba akanga ava kuda kuparadzwa zvachose nekuora.

Kubvisa ipurasitiki uye kutarisa mukati, vatsvakurudzi vakawana imomo tsvuku shoma yemhangura, yakakonzerwa neipi. Kureba kwayo kwaiva mapfumbamwe mapfumbamwe, uye upamhi hwaiva mamita makumi maviri nemashanu. Iko kwaiva kuburikidza naye iyo tsvimbo yesimbi yakashaikwa, mugumo wepasi usina kusvika kusvika pasi, asi kumusoro kwacho kwakabuda. Asi chinhu chinoshamisa ndechekuti iyo yose yakagadzirirwa mumhepo, yakachengetedzwa yakachengetedzwa neine resin, iyo yakafukidza pasi pemudziyo ndokuvhara mutsipa.

Chinhu ichi chingaita sei?

Iye zvino mubvunzo ndewevose avo vakapinda zvakatendeka zvidzidzo zvefizikiki: zvinoita sei? Wilhelm Koenning akawana mhinduro kune iyo, nokuti akanga asiri kubva pakati pematruti - iyo galvaniki yekutenga magetsi, kana, zviri nyore, bateri yeBaghdad!

Hazvina mhosva kuti pfungwa iyi inogona kunge yakanganisa sei, zvakanga zvakaoma kupikisa. Zvakakwana kuita mufambiro wakaoma. Izvo zvakakosha kuzadza mudziyo ne electrolyte, iyo inogona kufanana nemadhiro kana juisi, pamwe nevhiniga, inonyatsozivikanwa munguva yekare.

Sezvo mhinduro yacho ichinyatsogadzikana kwete kugunzisana, tsvimbo yesimbi uye tube yemhangura, kukanganisa kunogona kusimuka pakati pavo uye ikozvino magetsi hazvizovi pachena. Vose vasina chokwadi vanoendeswa kune bhuku refizikiki yevhikiti rechisere.

Ikozvino zviriko chaizvoizvo, zvakanaka, zvino?

Mushure meizvi, magetsi ekare aifanira kungova nechokwadi chekuti bheteri yeBaghdad yakanga yakabatanidzwa nematare kune mumwe mutengi akakodzera wemasimba - ichiti, chigadziko chevhu chakaitwa nemashizha epapyrus. Zvisinei, iyo inogona kunge iri mwenje iri nyore.

Kufungidzira avo vanokakavadzana kuti zvinopesana kuti bhanhire rimwe chete rinoshandiswa kune chero chigadziko chemwenje, tichaisa pfungwa dzevatsigiri veyi pfungwa inoita seinoyevedza uye tinoona kana vanhu vakararama nguva refu tisati tava nenguva yedu ingagadzira tafura inopisa kunze kweiyo yekare Ko bateri yeBaghdad yakarasikirwa nechinangwa chose here?

Kobvu yegetsi yaiitwa muAkare yeEgipita yaiita sei?

Icho chinoitika kuti izvi hazviitiki, zvichida nematambudziko egirazi vangave vasina kuve, nekuti, maererano nesayenzi, yakagadzirwa zviuru zvishanu zvemakore apfuura neVaEgipita vekare. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kare kare kusati kwaonekwa piramidhi, pamhenderekedzo yeNairi, kupisa musanganiswa wejecha, soda ash uye lime kune yakakwirira, yakatanga kuwana vitreous mass. Pasinei nokuti pakutanga pakutanga kuve pachena kwakasiya zvakanyanya kudiwa, nenguva, uye BC yaive yakakwana, nzira yacho yakagadziriswa, uye somugumisiro, girazi rakawanikwa rakanga riri pedyo nehuwandu hwemazuva ano.

Mamiriro acho nemafuta akaoma kunzwisisa, asi kunyange pano vane tariro havazvipi. Sekukakavadzana kukuru, vanopa chimiro chisinganzwisisiki, chinowanikwa pamadziro eguva reEgipita (chinyorwa kubva pazviri chinopiwa munyaya yedu). Pamusoro payo mifananidzo yekare yakaveza chinhu chakangofanana nechiedza chemazuva ano, mukati mazvo chiri pachena zvakajeka chimwe chinhu chakafanana neshinda iyi. Kunyange kutendeseka kukuru kunopiwa nechimiro chetambo, kutungamirirwa kumwenje.

Kana isiri mwenje, zvino chii?

Vane tariro vanopindura zvinopesana nevasina chokwadi: "Tinobvumirana kuti mufananidzo wacho haugoni kuratidza bhuruu, asi chibereko chinokurudzirwa nevaMichurinians vekare, asi sei, kuti, sei, kutsanangura kuti sei pakanga pasina matanho ezvigadziko zvemwenje pamafuta emakamuri umo masters akaisa mapuranga Torche? Nokuti kwakanga kusina mahwindo mumipiramidi, uye chiedza chezuva chakanga chisina kupinda mukati mavo, uye hazvigone kushanda murima rose. "

Nokudaro, pakanga pane imwe nzvimbo yechiedza chisingazikamwi kwatiri. Zvisinei, kunyange kana vekare vasina chero mabhuruku, izvi hazvirevi kuti bateri reBaghdad rinorondedzerwa pamusoro apa haringashandisi chero chimwe chinangwa.

Chimwe chiitiko chinonakidza

Munyika yekare yeIran, iyo munharaunda yake inowanikwa kunzwisisika yakaitwa, mhangura yemhangura, yakafukidzwa nechepete yakasara yesirivha kana yegoridhe, yaiwanzoshandiswa. Kubva pane izvi, zvakakunda kubva kune imwe nzvimbo yekuongorora maonero uye yakave yakashamwaridzana nehupenyu, sezvo zvigadzirwa zvakanaka zvine nzvimbo yekuuraya microbes. Asi zvinokwanisika kushandiswa kwakadaro sekupfeka chete electrolytically. Chero chete inopa chigadzirwa kutarisa kwakakwana.

Iyi pfungwa yakagadzirwa nemudzidzi weEgyptologist muEgyptian Arne Eggebrecht. Kuita midziyo gumi, yakangofanana nebheteri yeBaghdad, uye ichizadza neine munyu yekugadzirisa yegoridhe, akakwanisa kuvhara kwemaawa akawanda kubwinya kwakanyatsonaka kwesimbi yakakosha yakagadzirwa nokuda kwechiitiko chehutu chemhangura yeOsiris.

Nharo dzevanopokana

Zvisinei, nokuda kwekururamisira, zvakakosha kuteerera zvinopesana uye rutivi rwakatarisana - avo vanofunga kushandiswa kweNyika Yekare sekusikwa kwevatariri vasina ruzivo. Munhare yavo pane, kunyanya, nhatu nharo huru.

Chokutanga, vanonyatsocherechedza kuti kana bheteri yeBaghdad yakanga iri gerenic cell, saka zvakange zvichidikanwa kuwedzera nguva yakawanda electrolyte, uye yakagadzirirwa, iyo iyo mutsipa wakazadzwa newaini, haina kubvumira. Nokudaro, bhati yakazova chigadziriswa chinogona kushandiswa, icho pachacho chisingaiti.

Mukuwedzera, vanokakavara vanotaura kuti kana bheteri yeBaghdad ichiri chigadziro chekuwana magetsi, saka pakati pezviwanikwa zvechechi dzekuchera matongo, kusingagoneki kunofanira kunge kwakasangana nemhando dzose dzemhando dzinobatana, dzakadai sematare, vanofambisa nezvimwewo zvakadaro. Muzvokwadi, hapana chimwe chechimiro chingawanikwa.

Uye, pakupedzisira, nharo yakasimba zvikuru inogona kuonekwa sechiratidza kuti ikozvino muzviyeuchidzo zvekunyora kwekare kwakanga kusina kutaurwa kwekushandiswa kwemidziyo yemagetsi, iyo inenge isingadzivisiki kana ishandiswa zvikuru. Mifananidzo yavo iripo zvakare. Izvo chete ndeyechimiro chekare cheEgipita, chakatsanangurwa pamusoro apa, asi hachina dudziro isinganzwisisiki.

Saka chii ichocho?

Saka nechinangwa chei bateri yeBaghdad yakagadzirwa? Vapikisi veshoko remagetsi vanotsanangura chinangwa chechigadzirwa ichi chinonakidza nenzira inonyanya kuitika. Mune maonero avo, yakashanda sekuchengetera nzvimbo yepyyrori yekare kana mipumburu.

Mumashoko avo, vanovimba nekuti, munguva dzekare, mipumburu yakanyatsochengetwa kuti ichengeterwe muvhu kana kuti midziyo yekramiki yakafanana neizvi, kunyange zvisingaisi chisimbiso muromo ne resin uye kwete kuvasimudza pamatanda endarira. Kusarudzwa kwehumwechete yendarira, havakwanisi kutsanangura. Mugumo wemupumburu wacho pachawo, unonzi wakachengetwa mukati, haunawo pachena. Akange asingagoni kuora zvakanyanya zvokuti haana kusiya mitezo shure kwake.

Chigadzirwa chakanga chisingadi kuzarura chakavanzika chayo

Maiwe, zvakavanzika zvebheteri reBaghdad zvichiri kuramba zvisingagoneki. Somugumisiro wezviongorori, zvaive zvichigoneka kujekesa kuti chigadzirwa chekugadzirwa uku chaiko kukwanisa kubudisa ikozvino kwehafu nehafu, asi izvi hazvirevi zvachose kuti zvakawanikwa naWilhelm Koening nenzira iyi. Kune vashomanana vashomanana veshoko remagetsi, nokuti rinopesana nedzimwe nhepfenyuro yezve sayenzi, uye ani naani anovarova pamusoro pengozi anowira kumativi ose sekusaziva uye charlatan.