Basic ruzivo nemamiriro atomu: zvainyanya uye peculiarities of fomura

Atomu - iduku PARTICIPLE ane kemikari, rinogona kuramba ehupfumi ayo. Shoko "atomu" rinobva pashoko rechiGiriki «atomos», zvinoreva "batana". . Zvichienderana sei zvikuru uye worudzii inoramba iri atomu, tingaziva makemikari maatomu akafanana.

Dzokororai nemamiriro atomu

Ungaita sei zvishoma kunyora anokosha ruzivo nemamiriro atomu? Atomu ane PARTICIPLE ane neerekitironi vari chokwadi mhosva. Around ichi Musimboti unongoda nhingi mhosva gore maerekitironi. atomu rimwe nerimwe zvarakanga ezvinhu ari kwazvakarerekera. Ukuru nezvimedu anogona zvachose tsunga kubudikidza kukura Erekitironi gore kuti runopoteredza core.

The tsanga pacharo, akavapindurawo, uyewo ine nezvimedu maduku - protons uye neutrons. Protons vari chokwadi mhosva. Neutrons musatakura chero mutariri. Zvisinei, protons uye neutrons pamwe ikashandiswa kupinda muchikwata chimwe chete uye vanozivikanwa se nucleons. . Kana uchida mashoko anokosha pamusoro mabhomba mamiriro zvishoma, mashoko aya anogona kuva shoma kune dziri mashoko.

mashoko okutanga nezveatomu

About chete, kuti nyaya inogona rinoumbwa nezvimedu zviduku, vakafungira nevaGiriki vekare. Vaidavira kuti zvose aripo rinoumbwa nemaatomu. Zvisinei, maonero akadaro zvainyatsokonzerwa uzivi zvakasikwa uye haagoni zvichishandurwa nesayenzi.

mashoko anokosha yokutanga nemamiriro atomu aiva musayendisiti Chirungu Dzhon Dalton. Rinotarisira mutsvakurudzi kuwana kuti mbiri zvine maatomu akafanana anogona kuita ratios siyana, uye sezvamakaropafadzwa mumwe mubatanidzwa akadaro uchava nefuma itsva. Somuenzaniso, sere zvikamu okisijeni zvinhu vaunze mumwe carbonic asidhi gasi. The zvikamu zvina okisijeni - carbon monoxide.

Muna 1803, Dalton akaziva anonzi mutemo vakawanda zvikuru vari kemisitiri. . Achishandisa zvisina kunanga kuyerwa (sezvo pasina atomu ipapo kugona kuonekwa pasi ipapo nemaikorosikopu) Daltons akapedzisa kuti hama uremu kwemaatomu.

tsvakurudza Rutherford

Papera anenge zana, anokosha ruzivo nemamiriro maatomu vakanga kupupurirwa mumwe Chirungu kemisiti - Ernest Rutherford. The musayendisiti zvinganaka muenzaniso Erekitironi goko worudzi ruduku inoramba.

Panguva iyoyo, Rutherford inonzi "muenzaniso yemapuraneti pamusoro atomu" raiva rimwe rematanho kukosha kuti aigona kuita kemisitiri. Basic ruzivo pamusoro mabhomba mamiriro akaratidza kuti rakafanana zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri; kumativi musimboti iri kutenderera yakajeka dzitendererane maerekitironi nezvimedu, sezvinoita mapuraneti.

Electronic casing maatomu uye maatomu kwemakemikari zvenyaya fomura

Erekitironi goko nechimwe atomu rine chaizvo maerekitironi zvizhinji vari protons paro. Saka chinhu kwazvakarerekera atomu. Muna 1913, mumwe musayendisiti akagamuchira anokosha ruzivo nemamiriro atomu. Niels Bohr kwakaita nzira zvakafanana kune waiva Rutherford. Maererano pfungwa, sezvo maerekitironi akapoteredza musimboti, riri pakati. Bohr dzakachinja Rutherford pfungwa, akaita maererano mu zvainotaura.

Kunyange ipapo, nzira mamwe makemikoro zvakaitwa. Somuenzaniso, mashoko schematic nemamiriro senitrogen atomu runotaurwa sezvo 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^3, chivakwa yakaratidzwa nzira yacho yavaibvisa atomu ² 2s 1s ² 2p ⁶ 3s ^1. Kuburikidza Masvomhu izvi zvinogona kuonekwa, nhamba yemabhuku maerekitironi kufamba orbitals neimwe imwe namakemikari.

Schrödinger mhando

Asi zvino, ichi muenzaniso mabhomba ari yechinyakare. Basic ruzivo nemamiriro atomu, nesayenzi nhasi, muzvinhu zvakawanda vava kuwanika nemhaka kutsvakurudza ari yeAustria yefizikisi Schroedinger.

Iye zvinganaka muenzaniso itsva ayo mamiriro - chinozunguzirwa. Panguva iyoyo, masayendisiti zvakaratidza kuti Erekitironi hwakapiwa simba kwete chete yezvakaita PARTICIPLE, asi ane ehupfumi nemafungu.

Zvisinei, Schrödinger muenzaniso uye Rutherford pane mukuru zvokudya. Ndivo zvakafanana dzidziso kuti maerekitironi kuripo pane dzimwe nhanho.

Kwakadaro pamwero vanonziwo zvemagetsi akaturikidzana. Tichibatsirwa padanho nhamba inogona dzinoratidzwa kubudikidza Erekitironi simba. The yepamusoro zvakaturikidzaniswa, zvikuru simba nayo ane. Zvese zviri kuonekwa kubva pasi kumusoro, saka nhamba pamwero unoenderana ayo simba. Imwe neimwe akaturikidzana iri Erekitironi goko iri atomu ine yayo Sub-siyana. Saka pakutanga pamwero ringava sublayer, wechipiri - vaviri, wechitatu - (., Onai pamusoro payakavakirwa yemagetsi senitrogen uye yavaibvisa) matatu uye zvichingodaro.

Kunyange nezvimedu duku

Panguva iyi, Chokwadi, ichionekwawo duku nezvimedu kupfuura Erekitironi, Purotoni Nyuturoni. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Purotoni rinoumbwa quarks. Pane nezvimedu kunyange chiduku zvakasikwa - akadai neutrinos, izvo kukura ane nguva zana duku kupfuura quark uye duku bhiriyoni nguva pane hwepurotoni.

Neutrino - a PARTICIPLE chiduku kuti septillionov 10 nguva shoma pane Somuenzaniso, Tyrannosaurus. Tyrannosaurus pacharo nguva sezvo zhinji maduku pane yose muchadenga chinooneka.

Basic ruzivo nemamiriro atomu: yacho radioactivity

Waigara kuzivikanwa kuti hapana kwemakemikari zvinogona kutendeukira mumwe chinhu chimwe. Asi muitiro nemwaranzi zvinoitika nomuzvarirwo.

Radioactivity ndiwo mano maatomu nuclei kuchinja kupinda dzimwe nuclei - yakatsiga zvikuru. Kana vanhu vanogamuchira mashoko anokosha nemamiriro maatomu, isotopes, kusvika pamwero kunogona kuva musimboti hope Ages masayendisiti.

Mukuita yokushata pamusoro isotopes chaibwinya nokuda radioactive nemwaranzi. Kokutanga kutanga wakadaro wakawanikwa ne Becquerel. The chikuru mhando nemwaranzi - ndiwo Arifa kuora. Kana pane akabuda Alpha inoramba. Panewo Beta kuora, umo chinoumba iri vabudiswa atomu ukuwo, Beta PARTICIPLE.

Natural uye chakagadzirwa isotopes

Parizvino tinoziva dzinenge 40 rwokuzvarwa isotopes. Vazhinji vavo iri mumapoka matatu: uranium exchange-Radium, thorium uye actinium. Vose isotopes izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa zvakasikwa - mu pamatombo, ivhu, mhepo. Asi kunze kwavari, zviri inozivikanwawo anenge zviuru farmed isotopes anobudiswa mu zvenyukireya reactors. . Vakawanda isotopes izvi inoshandiswa mukurapa, kunyanya mune chirwere.

Zvikuru mukati atomu

Kana isu kufungidzira imwe atomu, kukura ichazovapo anoenzanirana ukuru yemitambo dzakawanda nhandare, zvino unogona nemaziso kuwana zvinotevera kukura. Maerekitironi ane atomu pamusoro "nhandare" vakadaro vachaparadzwa riri pamusoro pacho. Mumwe nomumwe wavo achava saizi duku kupfuura pinhead. Ipapo tsanga vachange iri nechepakati munda, uye kukura kwayo haachazovipo yakakura kupfuura kukura pizi.

Dzimwe nguva vanhu bvunza mubvunzo, chaizvoizvo anotarira atomu. Kutaura zvazviri, iye chaizvoizvo haruzvitsvakiri chero nzira - kwete nekuda zvikonzero kuti sayenzi underutilized nemaikorosikopu zvakanaka. The kukura atomu vari munzvimbo idzi apo pfungwa "maonero" kunongoreva haako.

Maatomu vane miganhu chaizvo duku. Asi miganhu izvi duku sei chokwadi? Chokwadi ndechokuti vakawanda diki, kwangopera zvinoonekwa kuti ziso dzevanhu tsanga yomunyu rine nezvemumwe quintillion maatomu.

Kana isu kufungidzira Atomu rimwe saizi kuti zvaizoita kukodzera paruoko rwomunhu, ipapo pedyo kuti rione nemavhairasi 300-mita pakureba. Mabhakitiriya aizova kureba 3 km, uye pakukora sebvudzi romunhu kuva akaenzana 150? Km. Munguva supine chinzvimbo, akakwanisa kuenda mhiri pasi muchadenga. Uye kana chikamu kwakadaro zvaishanda, bvudzi dzevanhu pakureba aigona kusvika mwedzi. zvakaoma uye zvinofadza atomu pano vakadaro, izvo inodzidza masayendisiti kuramba kuita nhasi.