Cave guta Calais: mapikicha, wongororo, nzvimbo

Cave guta Calais hwagara Akakwezva vashanyi. Chii zvinofadza? Where zviri? Ndezvipi ngano chokuita nayo? On ichi uye vazhinji nevamwe tichava kutsanangura munyaya ino.

Where zviri?

Where Calais iri? Cave guta iri riri Crimean Peninsula Bakhchisaray mudunhu. The pedyo muguta (Bakhchisarai) anenge 2.5-3 makiromita. Rakavakirirwa guta rakamiswa pamusoro pegomo refu pamawere Plateau atevere wechipfuwo Mountains Crimean, izvo akapoteredzwa mumipata matatu zvakadzama.

Calais - mubako guta, vane kero hauwanikwi pamepu chero. Location ari anofungidzirwa vatungamiriri: Bakhchisaray dunhu, Crimean Peninsula.

Kuti varege kutsauka panzira, kuenda mubako muguta Calais, pedyo Coordonatele pamusoro GPS navigators: N 44 ° 44'27 "E 33 ° 55'28".

Sei ikoko?

Mumwe mibvunzo yakamutswa vanoda kushanyira kubako guta Calais - sei kuti ikoko? Kune miviri zvokusarudza: kuzvidzora nemotokari kubudikidza mabhazi kuenda kwokupedzisira chemabhazi "Staroselie" (Bakhchisarai) kuramba kutevera tsoka zviratidzo kuti nhare, kana kuti Calais sezvo chikamu revashanyi boka (nezvechisarudzo ichi anosarudza zvikuru vashanyi, holidaymakers ari plesieroorde ari pamhenderekedzo yokumaodzanyemba Crimea Peninsula).

Options nokuti mumapako mazita

Cave guta nokuda kwayo kare rave yakachinja zita rayo.

Maererano neimwe shanduro, zita reguta pakutanga raiva Fulla. Settlement zita akadaro kakawanda dzinotaurwa nemabhuku emabasa 1-2 emakore AD, asi vatsvakurudzi kugona kuziva chaizvo kwaaiva.

Kubvira muzana remakore rechi13 panonyuka, guta rino rakanga kare anonzi Kirk-Kana (imwe nevakawanda shanduro Kirk-gododd), iro chaizvoizvo anoshandura se "mana masvingo." Uyewo paitonga ari Crimean Khan vanogona kuwana zita Gevher-Kermen (mushanduro - "Anokoshesa Fortress"), zita inogona kutsanangurwa nenzira yokuti wechiTatar ulema zvishongo yakashongedzwa ose masuwo, masvingo uye magedhi wenhare.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi17 wenhare nayo hwakatamisirwa Karaites ndokunzwisisa zita idzva - Calais. Translated kubva Crimean vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira bazi remutauro mutauro "kale" ( "Kala") rinoreva "mumwe wall, rusvingo nhare."

Mushure annexation pamusoro Crimea kuna Russian Empire guta Calais tinoshandurirwa mubako kuguta Calais, rinoshandurwa kubva mumutauro Crimean Tatar rinoreva "wechiJudha" kana "wechiJudha" nhare (çufut - muJudha, ari muJudha; qale - nhare). Zita iri riri nhare akapa vatengesi uyo akamira pedyo pano zvakasiyana-siyana zvavanoda, zvishoma nezvishoma zita Calais anova mukuru, rinoshandiswa mumabasa kwesayenzi masayendisiti Soviet uye mabhuku vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira vanyori kubvira pezana remakore rechi19 kusvikira 1991.

Kubvira muna 1991, vatungamiri Crimean Karaites zita bako nhare guta Calais muna Dzhuft-Calais (mushanduro - Paarismängud kana simba kaviri), asi kuti renaming kwakanga zvisina hunhu.

Pamwe mazita uye Chufut- Dzhuft-Calais, muna vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira mabhuku pane mamwe mazita emaguta bako kusvikira pakati pezana remakore rechi19 rainzi "Village Yuhudim", uye ipapo - "Village Ha Kara".

History nheyo

Pane shanduro dzakawanda pamusoro penheyo webako guta. On mumwe wavo, wokutanga kugarwa yakatangwa pano Sarmatians uye Alans muna 4th remakore AD. Maererano wechipiri shanduro, iyo ruchigona masayendisiti akawanda, mumakore 550 (paitonga Byzantine Emperor Justinian) kuitira kudzivirira nzira kuna Chersonesos matatu kubako nhare guta rakaumbwa: Calais, Calais uye Mangul Eski-Kermen. Zvisinei, mashoko ari nemisha aya haana kuiswawo pakati bhuku "On zvivako 'mashoko pamusoro pavo vava kuwanika somugumisiro matongo Zvakafukunurwa.

Haripindiki mawere uye chirefu mawere kuumbwa pachisikigo, dzakanyatsoumbwa murume namasvingo marefu uye masvingo. Nhare rava yakachengeteka pokugara uye kwazvo nhare.

The nhare panguva Crimean Khanate

Muhafu yechipiri yezana remakore rechi11, nhare yawana kutonga pamusoro Kipchak (nani sevatsigiri Cumans), renaming muna Kirk-Ep.

Muna 1299 ishe Nogai mauto vakatora achisimbisa dutu iri pashure refu uye shungu yokukomba, vakabirwa uye akadzinga Sarmatian-lancers uyo rinogarwa munhare. Akakunda bako Tatars guta ainzi Kirk-Or.

Muna 13-14 emakore (yaitonga Khan Jani achipemha) Hechino chimwe mapoka avarwi ari Crimean ulus, kuti breakaway kubva Golden Horde.

Active uye nokukurumidza kwemashoko mubako guta Calais rakanga muzana remakore rechi15. Chikonzero nokukurumidza kukura wenhare yakadaro yakanga kuti Kirk-Kana akava guta guru Crimean Khanate wokutanga. Khan Haji Giray akaronga yaaigara pano pashure kukunda mubati Kirk-Orsk Khanate Eminek Bey. Haji Giray akava muvambi yose youmambo yacho Crimean vatongi. Panguva yokutonga kwake nhare yakavakwa ne Khan yamambo, izvozvo akavamba madrasas, akawedzera chakavakwa pasi Jani achipemha Mosque. Pane kubvuma kuti mumakore rekutonga Khan Haji Giray mangwanani yakavakwa uye mindi, izvo akadhindwa mari yesirivha akanyorwa "Kirk-Kana" (dzasara chivako vaakawana nhare vematongo).

Nhoroondo nhare mushure yezve mamiriro guru

Pakati pezana remakore rechi17 Khan Giray Mengli akarayira kuvakwa itsva palace munyu marshes uye wakaita Khan kuti dzokugara. The nhare hwakapiwa Karaites uye zita Calais uye gare gare akawana zita rayo yokupedzisira - Calais. Karaites kwakawedzera nharaunda Calais ndiye anenge 2 nguva yakafanira adjoined kurutivi rwamabvazuva mupomerwi ino, iyo yakaumbwa kuti wokutengesera kota.

rusvingo Ancient, rinoumbwa ibwe guru namatombo rectangular chimiro uye waakaita sungano dope, yakanga yava svikiro Kuparadzanisa rwenze kumabvazuva nokumavirira zvikamu, chimwe nechimwe aigona kuchengeta yakazvimirira kudzivirira. Saka pakanga rimwe zita wakakombwa - Dzhuft-Calais (hwemvura mukamuri kana simba kaviri). masvingo wenhare Asati akachera yakafara mugomba, risingadzivisiki nokuti zvokugumurisa, mushure vayambuka ne footbridges.

Nhoroondo kubvira panguva kubatana Russian Empire

Paitonga Peter I kwakaita muzukuru Anna Ivanovna mauto Russian vakatapa uye akaparadza Bakhchisaray Calais. Mushure annexation pakati Crimea kuna Russian Empire kubudikidza nomurayiro Empress kurambidzwa ndokubhururuka kuti pekugara Krymchaks uye Karaites, vazhinji vakasiya madziro wenhare, kwakasara kurarama chete chiduku chikamu Armenian munharaunda uye Karaites, vakanga vasingadi kusiya nzira hwakagadzwa youpenyu.

Pakazopera remakore rechi19 vose vagere akasiya Calais kurarama kwakange chete mhuri womutariri. The wokupedzisira ugere wenhare, yakakurumbira vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira nyanzvi uye munyori zvakawanda mabasa yesayenzi A. Firkovich, akasiya masvingo aro 1874.

Zvekudzivira ukoshi nhare

Pokutanga kuna Calais - kuzvidzivirira. Kuwedzera yakakwirira akavakirirwa masvingo uye yakafara nomugero, pane chaishandiswa zvishoma zvisarudzo zvakawanda tactically zvinokosha. Mugwagwa kuti nhare uchipfuura kubvuma chechechi, sezvamakaropafadzwa pane tsime remvura yokunwa, danda Mariyam Dere mberi rinobuda steeply - kuburikidza kumakuva - kumaodzanyemba (diki) chinangwa. magedhi izvi dzakavakwa sezvo musungo; vasingagoni kuonekwa chero paunosangana navo kunyatsotevera. Ungangove, asati paiva pasuwo, t. To. On pamasvingo rwesuwo zvakanga pomuouki shizha.

Dzakarasika kubako kuguta Calais rakanga riri mawere yakatenuka pomupata kuitira kuti vavengi vaimanikidzwa achikwira wenhare, akatendeukira kwaari rworudyi, kuti pangozi zvikuru, padivi (nhoo akatakurwa muruoko rwake rworuboshwe uye zvombo - kurudyi). Panguva pamukwidza pasi kurwisa vavengi nemiseve, izvo kugeza kubva zvikuru vakagadzirira pokunzvenga napo pamadziro wakakombwa nevanozvitsigira. Nokurova gondohwe muchigogodza pasuo aitenge: pamberi pavo akanga pamawere Nemikwidza, kutevera yakati sandara uye zvakananga pamberi wicket akaita unopinza jana. Asi kunyange kana muvengi zvinopfuura gedhi, kumutarisira pane imwe ngozi: Storming masoja munhare vaifanira inosvika kuburikidza rakamanikana mukoridho, zvikuru padombo. With emapuranga flooring, akaronga pamusoro mukoridho, pamisoro vanokunda akanayisa mabwe, akadurura mvura ichibikwa, uye vapfuri, dzokuvanda mumapako, vapfurwa pasina Miss.

Kumabvazuva eguta vakarwira rurefu uye nomugero pamberi payo, uye kumaodzanyemba, kuchamhembe uye vokumadokero masvingo havasi vanoda kudzivirirwa, kureva. A. Plateau pamwe mapato aya ari akadonha ikarurama, kuti pano anogona chete ruzivo makomo.

Architecture Calais

Calais - mubako guta, pikicha iro, zvinosuruvarisa haigoni kubudisa zvekare simba rayo. Nanhasi akapona chete shomanana mumapako dzimba Karaites, zvivako dziri matongo.

Kurutivi rwezasi wetsime vakachengetedzwa zvakaoma pamusoro mukuru mumapako, chinangwa chikuru iyo - achizvidzivirira kana kurwa. vazhinji mumapako dzakaparara ari mutana cheguta, asi purazi maviri zvichengeteke. Ichi chikuru hurongwa murume-akaita kuti interconnected mudombo akavezwa manera. Anofungidzirwa, nomumapako izvi dzaishandiswa senzvimbo vakasungirwa, izvo zvinogona kuramba pano kwemakore (nokufungidzira anobva zvisaririra mizariro pasi webako uye mahwindo Sheremetiev manotsi, uyo akapedza anenge 6 makore mutirongo Calais). Above mumapako izvi muzana remakore rechi17 yakanga yakavakwa chivako chokugara.

Kwete kure mubako akachengetedzwa muenzaniso wakanaka mavakirwo rechi15 - the mausoleum Janicke Khanum, zita iro ngano zhinji. On mumwe wavo, Janicke akararama mumuzinda inotevera mumabharaki varwi 1000, pasi murayiro varwi heroically akadzivirira Calais, asi Hanim akafa panguva yokukomba. baba vake Tokhtamysh Khan akarayira kuzomisa pa nzvimbo rufu kwake octagonal mausoleum, yakashongedzwa yakakwirira portal uye wakavezwa mbiru. In dzakadzikira mausoleum achiri tombstone guva yakakurumbira Empress.

Well vakachengetedzwa uye vechiKaraite vanoziva panotangira kenassas iri pedyo mausoleum. Izvi chivakwa rectangular, yakapoteredzwa akazaruka tenuka nembiru uye Maberere zvaishandiswa zvayo misangano, vakabata pano basa uye kutarisira kumatare nevakuru. Mukupera kwezana remakore rechi19 muchivako duku kenassas vakaramba chaizvo raibhurari pamusoro ekare, yaunganidzwa nemasayendisiti A. S. Firkovichem.

On yakamanikana mukuru mumugwagwa akachengetedzwa Nzira dzaifamba kubva mavhiri, udzamu dzavo mune dzimwe nzvimbo inosvika 0.5 metres, ivo dzinopupurira emakore-refu uye kushingaira upenyu rinobhadhara kamwe pano.

Zvinofadza kushanyira imba anorembera pamusoro pamawere yokupedzisira mugari Calais (A. S. Firkovicha). Unogona vachidzungaira kuburikidza kuzvidzivirira hurongwa nechokumabvazuva wakakombwa.

Cave guta Calais: wongororo

Vashanyi vakanga akashanyira nhare guta, I zvakasimba zano kupinda pano aine ruzivo mutungamiriri ndiani achataura nyaya yakasiyana nzvimbo ino, zvichaita ndiratidze dzose mbiri bako guta Calais. Panguva kukwira pamusoro pfuurei 550 metres kubva zvakakwana vakachengetedzwa zvivako yekare, achitarisa kuti, uye havatendi kuti kamwe vanhu vaigara pano. Kazhinji, kutarisa mumapako izvi, vanhu havatendi kuti vakanga dongo; zvose "vapenyu" zvivako pamusoro pevhu, uye mumapako vaiva chikamu-nguva, kana mhuri zvinangwa.

Chii kuona inotevera?

Kuenda Calais - kubako guta, mapikicha ichazovapo kwemakore akawanda kuvayeuchidza iri rwendo chinoshamisa - munzira shure ndewe rokuenda Mutsvene Dormition wemamonk, yakavambwa muna rechi8 remakore. Unogona kuisa icon of Dormition Mutsvene Mhandara, hurongwa basa, kunyengetera kana kuti ikwidzwe kucherechedza. At wemamongi pane tsime nemvura yokunwa inonaka.

Kuva nechokwadi kushanyira mumuzinda wakanaka Khan muna Bakhchisarai, yakavambwa muzana remakore rechi16. Ichi chakanaka yamambo rakafanana girl yakaisvonaka okumabvazuva rungano. Mumuzinda unogona kuona sei Khan akararama, kunoshanyira unyanzvi Museum uye kwemasimba zvombo, mifananidzo pamusoro dzinoimbwa Pushkin tsime remisodzi.

Calais - mumwe mashoma yokupona bako maguta muCrimea uye chinonyanya akashanya pakati pavo. Caves namasvingo wakakombwa, kenassas, kuti mausoleum uye yakamanikana mumigwagwa yeguta kufema nhoroondo uye kare, kumanikidza funga nezvezvinoreva uye tinongorarama kwemakore mashoma upenyu.