Chemical uye zvivako zviri choko chaiko

Mel chinhu chena emadhaka. Hazvina insoluble nemvura ndiye makemikari mavambo. Kubva nyaya tinodzidza, apo choko rinoshandiswa, muviri uye zvemakemikari maitiro erudzi urwu.

inotungamirwa

Makore mamiriyoni 90 apfuura kuchamhembe kweEurope, munzvimbo yakaderera egungwa guru pamusaka silt. majemusi (foraminifers) mhenyu iri zvomumvura ungwandangwanda. nezvimedu dzavo zvinosanganisira karusiyamu akapora kubva mvura. Cretaceous stratigraphic boka European weboka iroro zita akazviratidza panguva. Pazviri akaumba White Cliffs Kent nemitenusirwa iri mhiri Strait of Dover. Zviri zvisaririra izvi uye vava hwaro nesuko. Zvisinei, kunyanya inoitwa padombo idzodzo uye nomucheka algae yeimwe. Saka, vatsvakurudzi vanogumisa kuti chitarisiko choko - kukosha zvinomera.

Nemamiriro padombo

Zvakasaririra dzemugungwa uchingounganidza ari sediments kukava nesuko. The dombo rine:

1. About 10% kubva skeletal nemarara. Pakati pavo kwete nyore, asi mhuka zvipuka zvine masero akawanda.
2. About 10% foraminifer.
3. 40% nezvimedu zvezvingwa calcareous algae idzodzo
4. Kusvikira 50% youpfu crystalline calcite. saizi yayo diki zvokuti zvipenyu gadza chishongedzo zvinhu vanoumba nayo kwakaoma zvisingaiti.
5. Kusvikira 3% kubva insoluble zvicherwa. Kumboda vari akapa silicates. Insoluble zvicherwa - kubva Geological dongo imwe mhando (zvimedu zvakasiyana matombo uye jecha), izvo dziri mune Cretaceous sediments kubudikidza dzenzvimbo uye mhepo.

Anoshongwa pamusoro mollusks, concretions nezvimwe zvicherwa, coelenterates marangwanda zvinowanikwa rudzi hadziwanzowaniki.

Description of zvivako zviri choko panyama - simba

Awatsvakurudza yakaitwa nemasayendisiti akawanda. Munguva geotechnical mabasa wakazvizivisa kuti zvakaoma poluskalnyh erudzi. simba rake dzinongoita pakutsvaga mwando. Mhepo-yakaoma tensile simba compression zvichisiyana 1000 kusvika 45000 kN / m ^2. The kwakavharwa nenyama modulus nedombo yakaoma - 3 zviuru MPa (nokuti nzenza ezvinhu) zviuru 10 MPa (nokuti batana) ... Kwakakura dzomunyika kukweshera angled - 24-30 madhigirii, kana batira zvasvika zvizere compression 700-800 kN / m ^2.

unyoro

Pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu zvivako mvura choko mumuviri vanotanga kuchinja. Zvikurukuru, ayo simba shoma. Changes kuitika kare panguva 12% unyoro. Nenguva 25-35% muna 2-3 nguva kwakawedzera simba compressive. Panguva iyoyo vari kuratidza zvimwe zvivako zviri choko chaiko. Rock anova epurasitiki. kuratidzwa ichi zvinoomesa zvikuru nedanho nokunatswa nevamiririri. Panguva choko ichi anotanga kuomerera muchina nhengo (iri Excavator bhakiti, conveyor bhanhire feeder, motokari muviri). Kazhinji, ehupfumi zvokunyama choko (simba uye ductility) hahubvumiri pagadzirwe apasi zvese, kunyange pano riri kuonekwa high quality.

chando-musimbwa

Pashure nechando-thawing choko unoora kupinda nezvimedu kukura 1-2 mm. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zviri kunobatsira dombo ehupfumi. Somuenzaniso, kana kushandiswa senzira ivhu ameliorant kana deoxidation haumanikidzwi ukuye zvinhu kusvika 0.25 mm. Ivhu anogona kuita yakapwanyika dombo anosvika 10 mm. The Ndinoda-nyungudika pamwe tilling ivhu nezvidimbu vakaparadzwa pachavo. Saka, kubata neutralization anodzokororwa kwenguva refu.

Choko ehupfumi: kemisitiri

Rora zvinganaka Kunosanganisira asiri carbonate uye carbonate mugove. First insoluble mune acetic uye hydrochloric acids. The chipo uncarbonate chikamu simbi oxides, silica jecha, marl, nevhu uye nezvimwewo. Vamwe vavo vane insoluble mune acids izvi. Muna 98-99% of carbonate chikamu calcium carbonate. Crystalline tudonhwe magnesia calcite, dolomite uye siderite kuumbwa magnesium carbonates izvo zvinosanganisirwa zvishoma mari mu nesuko. Murwiyo uye zvivako wamatombo kushanda dzekuziva kuti kupatsanura.

Kuziva miedzo yepamusoro deposits

Pakutanga zvakanga vaidavira kuti zvemaziso uye namakemikari zvivako zvakafanana choko zvose pamusoro mumunda. Zvisinei, mune tsika, refu uchishandisa nharaunda, kunyanya pashure yezwi nechokumusoro kwerwizi uye nomurwizi emakambani kubudisa zvigadzirwa nani, rinotaura kusiyana maitiro aya. Saka, mune dzimwe minda rinoitwa Geological uye kwesayenzi Mapping. Vatsvakurudzi kudzidza zvemakemikari zvivako zviri choko yaro zvemaziso unhu muzvikamu zvakasiyana pamusoro okubhengi, anoratidza zvinhu sumbu yepamusoro erudzi.

rokutengesa budiriro

deposits makuru choko chipo muna Belgorod uye Voronezh kumatunhu. Kuderera unhu kuripo muna Znamenskaia, Zaslonovskoy, Valuiskaya nezvimwe deposits. minda iyi aonekwa vade kwevari CaCO ₃ (kwete kupfuura 87%). Uyezve, dombo rine marara siyana. Saka, minda izvi hazvigoni kuva pasina zvikuru vapfume kuwana unhu zvigadzirwa. The ehupfumi kuti choko pamusoro deposits dzakadaro mumuviri kubvumira kushandiswa kwayo kugadzirwa kwesuko, uyewo munyika reclamation mabasa ivhu deoxidation. Voronezh deposits raireva Turonian-zera Coniacian. It kunobereka yepamusoro nesuko. Properties uye kushandisa dombo anobudiswa kubva muminda izvi zviri vadzidza kwenguva refu. The chigadzirwa akanga zvikaramba kupinda Voronezh obl., Ane yakakwirira CaCO ₃ kugutsikana (kuti 98,5%). Kana nhamba isiri carbonate tsvina idukusa 2%. Zvisinei, Production panguva munda, kuomesa Zvivako zviri choko chaiko. Zvikurukuru, ayo akakwirira mvura saturation. Kubva mwando padombo - vanenge 32%.

vaizotibata deposits

Pakati zvikuru minda kucherechedza Rossosh, Krupnennikovskoe, Buturlino uye Kopanischenskoe. Choko ndicho stratum 16,5-85 m. Overburden kuti pamusoro ivhu. Ukobvu Its vanenge 1.8-2 m. The wehunyambiri mutsetse choko rukoko rakakamurwa omumasherufu maviri. Nechepasi pane kusvika 98% karusiyamu carbonate, rokumusoro riri chekutaura chiduku - kusvika 96-97,5%.

In Buturlino omusango zvikuru homogeneous chena choko turunskogo weDanho. Rukoko ukobvu -. 19,5-41 mamita overburden ukobvu rinosvika 9,5 mamita It varatidza MARGELOV, topsoil, ivhu, jecha uye sandstone idzodzo .. Huwandu calcium magnesium carbonates rinosvika 99,3%. Muchiitiko chino, asiri carbonate zvinoriumba varipo vari zviduku zvakawanda.

Zvikuru kuti bhizimisi uye vanomiririra Stoilenskoye Lebedinskoye munda. Munzvimbo idzi, kuti choko iri mined sezvo overburden uye kuendeswa nenzvimbo dzokurasira. Pamunhu yaizoshanda panguva pagore kugadzirwa ari matani anopfuura mamiriyoni 15. Procedure vashanu vavo vari kushandiswa zvoupfumi sectors. Zvikurukuru choko anouya vanha fekitari kuti kugadzirwa ejecha dzimwe madiki. A hombe Vhoriyamu mined zvinhu inorasika ari nenzvimbo dzokurasira.

Mel, vari simbi mhangura deposits munzvimbo dzine silica uye carbonate zviri muwisira muchikwata yemhando yepamusoro. Rinogona kushandiswa zvebhizimisi zvinangwa pasina kufumura zvakadzama vapfume. Zvinofanira akati kuti pamasikiro mugodhi uye kubudiswa emakambani kushandisa simbi mhangura, pakuraramisa kwesayenzi mitsetse kuti kupfuura anobviswa choko kana nzvimbo yacho okuchengetera nomumwe.

Production uye kunwa

Useful ehupfumi kuti choko vanozivikanwa kwenguva yakareba. Pakutanga, dombo inoshandiswa kuvaka. Lime anobudiswa kwazviri. Choko upfu vakashumira sehwaro putty, putty, pendi uye zvichingodaro. Pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 mumunda "White Mountain" akatanga kuronga voga mafekitari. In mugodhi yamavira anobudiswa kubva mukanyiwa madota uye dombo upfu. Muna 1935 iye akaonekwa Shebekinsky chirimwa mubasa kugadzirwa zvinhu kuti maindasitiri zvinangwa. Useful ehupfumi kuti choko vakanga achibvunzwa mune magetsi, pendi, polymer, rabha uye mamwe maindasitiri.

Pamwe chete kuwedzera mukurima zvinodiwa ikawanda yaanoti unhu wayo. Huripo emakambani kubudikidza 1990, indasitiri vasingagoni kupa zvakafanira mbishi zvinhu. Muna Belgorod nharaunda akatanga kuonekwa voga mabhizimisi. A vazhinji kwakakonzerwa hombe vhoriyamu nedombo deposits uye pachena nyore kugadzira michina. Zvisinei, mashoko chinyakare nzira kugadzirwa uye post-kubudiswa, kushandiswa toga mabhizimisi, vasingagoni kupa inodiwa uwandu yepamusoro zvigadzirwa. Saizvozvowo, vakawanda zvirimwa izvi akavharwa. Panguva iyoyowo emakambani makuru akaita mazuvaano uye gadziridzo kwayo michina. Kugadzirwa yepamusoro zvigadzirwa anopiwa mumakore 90 Belgorod, Petropavlovsk, Shebekinskaya zvirimwa.

Kugadzirwa yepamusoro pezvitsiga

Chinokosha zvinodiwa kuti kugadzirwa nesuko, kuwedzera nhamba carbonates zvinosanganisira coarseness - fineness. It runoratidzwa vakasara pamusoro nomusero imwe ukuru kana chikamu akafanorongerwa PARTICIPLE saizi (semuenzaniso, 90% PARTICIPLE kukura 2 MD).

The chidzoke itsva inogadzirwa mitsetse nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi pendi, rabha, nebwe nezvimwe zvigadzirwa, nokuti sezvo mbishi zvinhu akashandisa nesuko, kwakamutsa unopinza kusaenzana pakati ayo zvinodyiwa uye kugadzirwa. Izvi akaratidza zvakajeka kupfuura pachayo mupepa indasitiri. Enterprises zviri indasitiri chaiwo zvinodiwa choko upfu, iyo yakatsiva kaolin iri kugadzirwa.

Nyaya unhu pezvitsiga nezvezvaiitwawo painocheneserwa iri Belgorod mudunhu. Kunze Shebekinsky Enterprise, iyo inobereka kumwedzi nesuko, miti itsva zvakasikwa. Saka, muna 1995 panguva Lebedinsky GOK akazviratidza emhodzi - JSC "Ruslime". It rakavakwa maererano Spanish chirongwa "Reverte" kufambidzana vanofungidzirwa vachikwanisa 120 thous. Matani / gore. Chirimwa unobereka 10 pezvitsiga siyana pamusoro nesuko. By unhu hwavo hapana nzira muduku kune dzimwe analogues zvinoenderana dzakawanda nemitemo. The kambani iri vakagadzirira pamwe zvikuru ano hwokugadzira zvinhu zvokushandisa, kushanda pamusoro mitsetse michini uye zvoga.

Maererano chirongwa kambani "Mabetex" musi Stoilensky chirimwa yakavakwa inokwana choko yepamusoro zvibereko matani 300 zviuru. Panguva iyo kambani anoronga kupa haizopereri kuwedzera chinzvimbo.

rora Raspuskaemost

Mumwe kiyi nzira iri kuongorora zvivako wamatombo panguva itsva munda kana nharaunda munyaya huripo muzvigadzirwa mutsetse kubudiswa mumuviri, ndiye mufambiro choko panguva kukuya. Sezvakataurwa apa, panguva dzakasiyana akaturikidzana pamusoro deposits zvinhu ane akasiyana zvemaziso maitiro. Nemaziso kuona Kusiyana izvi hazvibviri kakawanda. Kutsunga kwemaitiro choko mubishi akaoma nokugeda kwacho rinoitwa nokuzvisarudzira kuti chinoratidza raspuskaemosti panzvimbo nyorovera ezvinhu panguva zvokuimba simba. Izvi zvinoitwa kushandisa chinokosha michina.

yavaibvisa bicarbonate

Kwakashandiswa micheka, kusanganisira reraimu kana choko anoshandiswa ayo kugadzirwa. Useful ehupfumi nokuti muviri, ane yavaibvisa rehydrogen carbonate, anozivikanwa nevakawanda. Kazhinji rinoshandiswa zvirwere matadza nepahuro, chirungurira, kuti liquefy kuti phlegm kubudikidza vangakosora. In indasitiri, Zvivako zviri pasoda uye choko mumuviri dzakakurumbira chaizvo. Zvose izvi zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kuvaka, kushongedzwa, kugadzira zvinhu, pendi nezvimwe zvigadzirwa. Maererano kugadzirwa calcium carbonate, kushandiswa choko imwe chete vaiona uneconomical. Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, mhando iyi zvakanaka rishandise mwando, nokudaro kuchinja ayo zvemaziso maitiro. Izviwo, isakarurama zvarinoita nzira kwacho.

Ndinogona vane CaCO _3?

Wakakwanisa chichiri vaidavira kuti vanachiremba vanoti kushandisa choko Medical. The ehupfumi izvi zvinhu zviri vakatenda kuti pave replenishment calcium kukanganisika. Chekutanga zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti vanachiremba inonanga kuratidzwa pachiitiko ichi. Kazhinji vanachiremba kurapa varwere vanoda kudya choko (chikafu). Useful ehupfumi emashoko, zvisinei, zviri chaizvo negakava. Link wayo kudya kunogona kubva kusava calcium. Zvisinei, ziva kuti zvinoitwa nefuma inozviisa zvaikosha kuchinja kana anopinda mudumbu. Vagura wandei oxidation pezvakaitwa, izvozvo anorasikirwa yaro yepakutanga enyika uye tinoshandurirwa reagent. By kwayo chiito zvakafanana nefuma yose slaked madota. Somugumisiro, mudumbu anotanga sei oxidized nesuko. Semushonga panguva hakuiti unooneka. Kwete. Zvinokosha kuyeuka kuti karusiyamu wevasungwa ari acho chaizvo. Somugumisiro nokunyanyisa kushandisa choko kunogona kukonzera vascular calcification. Naizvozvo, vanachiremba vanoti kuritsiva nemazita karusiyamu gluconate kana zvinodhaka zvakafanana. Kana kuwana kubvisa chirungurira, Saka, maererano vanhu vakawanda vakaedza kuchigadzira nesuko, hazvina kubatsira ichi.

Industrial mudzimba kushandiswa

Mel anoshumira zvakakodzera chezvinonhuwira bepa, iyo inoshandiswa rokudhinda. High vakapararira calcium carbonate mu particulate muchimiro kunokanganisa Manyiminya uye zvokudhinda unhu, porosity, kumeso zvigadzirwa. Nokuda kuvapo choko zvinoderedza hasha nyaya. Rora nyundo unoshandiswa zvikuru nokuda jena masvingo, curbs, kudzivirirwa miti. Choko rinoshandiswa wokunatswa bhiti muto, izvo zvinozoita rinoshandiswa mutambo indasitiri. Zvinangwa izvi, ave mutemo, saka anonzi kunokurumidziswa rakakodzera erudzi. Kwakadaro mishonga takagadzirira choko calcium zvicherwa. Pamwe nemamwe carbonate matombo fuma inoshandiswa kubika girazi somumwe musanganiswa zvinoriumba. Nokuda choko kunowedzera chafariz kutsiga chigadzirwa, simba raro zvemaziso uye kutsiga kana vachibatwa weathering uye nemakemikari. Zvinowanzoshandiswa anogadzira zvinhu fetiraiza erudzi. Uyewo, choko inowedzerwa mhuka chikafu kune mhuka purazi.

zvokuimba rabha indasitiri

Mel iri panzvimbo yokutanga pakati ose fillers inoshandiswa indasitiri. Izvi imhaka zvikurukuru kuti kushandiswa yakatsvuka zvinhu izvi zvemari kunobatsira. Mel ane duku mari. Panguva imwe chete yebhuku kwayo kupinda rabha zvigadzirwa haikuvadzi. Wechipiri chikonzero vakawanda yakatsvuka zvinhu ari indasitiri anotaura muzvigadzirwa feasibility. Mel nyore zvikuru muitiro kuti pagadzirwe michina rabha zvigadzirwa. Zvikurukuru, zvinonzi nokukurumidza nokuda vulcanization, pamusoro anova mvere zvigadzirwa. Zvinowanzoshandiswa kugadzirwa dombo uye chirambe chakapfava uye porous rabha, mapurasitiki zvigadzirwa, dehwe uye zvichingodaro.