Chii chinonzi chirevo? Tsanangudzo uye pfungwa

Zvakaoma kutsanangura kuti chirevo chei, nokuti izwi iri rinoshandiswa mumasangano akasiyana-siyana ezivo-kubva pamathematics kusvika kune manzwiro uye linguistics. Izwi rinotorwa kubva muchiLatini praedicatum uye rinoshandurwa se "rinotaurwa," kureva, zvinoreva kuti nyaya yacho pane imwe nguva inonzi yakataurirwa - hazvina mhosva, nechakaipa kana kugutsikana. Icho chirevo chinoshandiswa zvakanyanya sezwi mumitauro, kunyanya mumashandisirwo emagumo eWestern Europe. MuchiRussia, zvakare, inozivikanwa kuti chirevo chei, asi pano isu tinoshandura izwi iri ne "predicate", kunyange izvi zvisinganyatsofanana.

Pfungwa ye

Hazvisi zvese zvine chokuita nehurukuro zvinogona kuratidzwa nezwi iri. Kuti unzwisise kuti chirevo chei, zvinokwanisika, zvave zvanyatsonzwisisika, zvii zvinoshandiswa zvinyorwa zvinopiwa kune iyo. Kana iwe uchiratidza chikamu chehurukuro, pamwe chete nehurumende pamwe chete nehukama kune dzimwe nyaya, ipapo izwi iri rinogona kushandiswa. Kunyatsotsinhirwa kwekuvapo kana kuva mune zvinoreva zvirevo zvezwi iri hakupinduri mubvunzo wekuti chirevo chei, sezvo pasina kutongwa mairi. Somuenzaniso: unicorns haipo ; Ichi ndicho cherry ; Amamondi haasi nut . Muzvinhu zvose izvi zvinoratidza kuti hapana maitiro ekufananidzira.

Nzira dzemazuva ano dzengano dzinowanzoshandura chirevo chechirevo cheumwe, chinonzi chinonzi chinoshandiswa basa, apo mazano makuru evanhu vanoita-chinhu uye chinangwa. Mhedziso yekubatanidza mumitauro yemagiramu uye inonzwisisika haina kudziviswa, asi mumitauro yekushandisa izwi iro ratiri kushandisa rinoshandiswa nguva dzose. Semuenzaniso, mazwi ekufananidzira-maitiro ehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemashoko anoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo emujeri anopiwa mutsara. Vanogona kuva nomugumo, mazwi uye nezvimwewo. Kunyange zvazvo tsanangudzo yechirangaridzo inoratidzirwa mune zvarinoreva.

Mhando dze predicates

Pakati pemastitic marudzi ndiwo taxonomic, zvepabonde, kuongorora, kuratidza. Taxonomic inoratidza chikoro chechinhu chacho. Somuenzaniso: zvipfeko zvako zvaunofarira zvipfeko zvebast; Muti mukuru uri musidhari; Yemafirimu mutsva - fantasy . A predicate relational is worth of an indication of how one object is related to another. Somuenzaniso: pane bast shoe pane bast; Kedhari-kubva kumhuri yepaini; Ndangariro - fantasy genre . Kufananidza zvirevo zvinoratidza kuti zvigadziro zvechimwe chinhu chiri chimiro kana chakasimba, chinopera kana chinogara. Somuenzaniso: bast shangu dzakasakara; Kedhari inokura; Kufunga kunonakidza .

Kunyanya kukoshesa kunofanira kubhadharwa kumhando, iyo inonzi "predicate evaluation". Semuenzaniso: shangu - shangu dzezvisikwa; Misidhari yakanaka kwazvo; Kufunga kunomesa muoneki mune imwe nhau . Pano panewo mazwi-anofanirwa kufananidza nehuwandu hwepakati nepakati pekugara. Somuenzaniso: bast shangu mubhokisi; Misidhari yemisidhari ichave munaSeptember; Kufunga kuverenga kumba . Izvo zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti hazvisi nyore kwazvo kuziva chimiro chepurojekiti chaizvoizvo nokuti mhando dzakasiyana dzezvakaitika zvinowanzomirira syncretic mumutauro. Icho chirevo, chiito chimwe chinogona kuratidza kwete hukama humwe chete hwezvinhu kune mumwe nemumwe, asi panguva imwe chete maitiro uye nzvimbo yepamunharaunda.

Other classification

Iwe unogona kuisa mazwi aya pane dzimwe nzvimbo. Mhando yehurukuro inotamba basa rinokosha: iyo yakaderera yakarongeka inofanirwa kutarisa kune zvinyorwa, uye yakakwirira - kuratidzira mhando dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvisiri zvinhu. Pano marudzi maviri akajeka zvakasiyana-siyana: anotaura nezvechiitiko chacho uye kuratidzira chirevo, anoshaiwa. Semuenzaniso: bast shangu dzakaputsika zuro chete - bast shoe dzakaputsika, asi zuro - hazvina chokwadi .

Uyezve, maererano nechikamu ichi, zvakakosha kuparadzanisa zvirevo nehuwandu hwevashandi. Single: bast shangu zviri nyore; Makedhi-ane simba ; Kaviri: l isine nyore pamakumbo; Kedhari rakafukidza zuva ; Triple: bast shangu dziri nyore pamakumbo paunenge uchifamba; Misidhari yakafukidzira zuva kuitira pasi . Imwe nzira yekuparadzanisa matanho ekutanga (kwete-chibereko - musidhari ); Chechipiri (kutorwa kubva kumusidhari wekutanga - musidhari ); Chechitatu-yakatorwa (yakabva kune yechipiri), nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Tsanangudzo

Mune manzwiro nemitauro, iyo chirevo ndicho chirevo chekutonga, ndiko kuti, chii chinoratidzwa nekuregererwa kana kusimbiswa kwenyaya yacho. Mashoko akadaro anoratidza kusavapo kana kuvapo kwechimwe chinhu munyaya yacho. Kubva pakuona kwezvinyorwa, rinotaura nezvemashoko ezvinyorwa uye zvinyorwa. Izvozvo ndezvechikamu chepamusoro chechimiro, kureva, chirevo chekutanga, uye chekutanga ndiyo kernel yemasantic yekugadzirisa inoratidza mamiriro asiri mutauro, ndiko kuti, nuclear yenyu semantheme.

Nenzira imwecheteyo, semantic predicate inomiririrwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana uye pahupamhi hwehupamhi hwechimiro. Hapana kune-kune-imwe tsamba iyo iri pakati pemhando mbiri idzi dzekufananidzira, nokuti chero ipi zvayo inogona kuratidzira mamiriro akafanana. Somuenzaniso: Ndinoisa bast shoes mukona; Ndinoisa zvigaro zvangu mukona; Isa mukona bast . Mutsika, dambudziko remitauro risina mugadziro nderokutsanangurwa kwemuongorori wechirevo. Kupindura kwakanaka kwaizove kwakakosha pakuvandudzirwa kwechirevo - semantic kana chigadziro, asi chirevo chisati chave chisinganzwisisiki.

Concepts

Muchirevo chemazwi, pfungwa ye "predicate" haisi yepamusoro, uye naizvozvo zvakakosha kuzvigadzirisa kuburikidza nekuongorora hurongwa hwekufananidzira kwekufananidzira. Icho chirevo chechirevo chinowanzova chimwe chine chiito cheboka. Kutaura zvisina kukodzera, zvose zvakabatana nechiito chemufambiro wega wega uye inoita imwechete yakagadzirwa nekiyo inotarisirwa.

Kunyanya, inosanganisira zvinhu zvebetsero (chikamu chechiito chekubatsira). Icho chirevo, pamwe chete nehurukuro, inopera zvachose mumutongo wayo yakagadzirwa sangano. Uye imwe neimwe yezvikamu izvi inogona kupatsanurwa kuva nyore. Muchirevo ichi, maitiro anosiyaniswa - pamusoro uye kutanga, ipapo kuvapo kwezvinetso zvichatsiviwa.

Maitiro

Saka, chimiro chechirevo chinogona kunge chisingatauri uye chekutanga. Zvisinei, kuumbwa kwemakwikwi ekugadzira hakuratidzi kana kurongeka kwemashoko, kana chibvumirano - chisingaiti kana chinoshanda. Somuenzaniso: muoki unowedzera makore ane chiuru; Makore ane chiuru ooki inokura; Muoriki unokura kwemakore ane chiuru . Mitsara iyi yose ine zvikamu zvakafanana zvehuwandu hwezvakagadzirwa mumutauro wavo wepakutanga.

Zvisinei, zvivakwa zvepakutanga, nehukama hwepedyo, hazvisi nguva dzose dzakabatana nepamusoro pezvigadzirwa nemasantic equivalence. Izwi rechirevo chegadziriro haigoni nguva dzose kuderedzwa kusvika kududziro imwe chete, kunyange kana zvikamu zvikabatanidzwa pane chibvumirano. Somuenzaniso:

• Miti mitsva inodyarwa mubindu rekare.
• Mumunda wekare makanga makura miti mitsva .

Hazvisizvo here kuti mumashoko mamwechete zvinoreva zvakasiyana-siyana zvinowanikwa mumashoko mamwe chete?

Semantic kududzira

Kuwedzerwa kukurudzirwa kwemuenzaniso uyu kunotungamirira pakuputika kwepakati pakati pepamusoro nekutanga kwekumiririra mumutsara. Pasi pemitemo yakasiyana yekutanga mapoka ose anoshandiswa uye akasiyana-siyana achanyatsonzwisiswa nenzira dzakasiyana, kunyange zvazvo zvikamu zvakaenzana zvinogona kuitika semantically. Grammar yakavakwa nenzira yakadai kuti kune mhando dzemitsara dzose dzakagadziridzwa dzakagadzirirwa zvakasiyana, uye kushanduka hakubatsiri chigumisiro chekupedzisira kana kushanduka kwechimiro chisina kumira nechokuita chimiro chechirevo chinowanikwa.

Zvinongowanzoitika kuti chimiro chekufananidzira chinoshandurwa muchimiriridzo semantic kuburikidza nemitemo yegiramatic, nekusimbisa ukama kana kunyange kufanana kwezvakafanana nemasvingo. Uyezve, mutauro mumwechete unogona kuva nekududzirwa kwemazwi emhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekufanotaura panguva imwe chete.

Icho chirevo chezvirevo

Chirevo ndeye chirevo umo mazano anowedzerwa. Kana kukakavadzana kumwe kuchibvumirwa - chirevo chekuti chirevo chichataura zvayo, kana zvakanyanya - zvichaita kuti hukama huve pakati pemashoko ose. Somuenzaniso: muouki muti; Mupurosi muti . Pano pfuma inoratidzwa-kuva muti. Nokudaro, chirevo ichi chinomiririrwa nemuoki wega uye spruce. Muenzaniso unotevera: Bast shangu dzakasungirirwa kubva pane bast . Mhedziso iyi ndiyo izwi rokuti "bast shoes", uye nharo ndeye mazwi akasara, sezvo ivo vachitaura mairi uye mukati mavo havana rusununguko rwakakwana. Nyove - bast shangu. Pamusoro pe-bast - bast shoes.

Pfungwa yekutaura ine mutauro wakatsanangurwa zvakanyanya uye naizvozvo haikodzeri kufunga kwevanhu, saka vanhu vanoshandisa mutauro wekufungidzira kwepfungwa, kureva, kufunga. Semuenzaniso, regai titaure pfungwa dzisingagoni kuratidzirwa nemashoko ekutaura: Vanhu vose vanofa. Ini ndiri murume. Ini, zvakare, ndinofa . Mutauro wekutaura kwemashoko unofanira kunyorwa pasi muzvikamu zvitatu zvakasiyana pasina kubatana. Uye mutauro wezvakafanotaurwa unotsanangura mbiri mbiri: "kuva munhu" uye "kuva munhu." Ipapo mutsara wekutanga unobatana zvikuru navo.

Components

Chimiro chechimiro chemutongo wacho chine zvikamu zvaro. Izvo zvipupuriro zvinotumira hurumende kana chiito chekrete, vateereri - vadzidzisi vezviito kana zvinhu zvemarudzi ose (zvakananga, zvisingaoneki, zvigaro, nezvimwewo), sirkonstanty-mamiriro akasiyana-siyana semunda wezviito.

Somuenzaniso: Usiku, muti unogogodza pamuti nematavi . Zvinyorwa pano, zvinogona kutaurwa, ndizvo zvakanyanya. Predicate active action ichava izwi rokuti "knocked". Zvadaro ndivo vateereri: nyaya yacho "muti", chinhu icho chiri "muhwindo", icho chinonzi "matavi". Izwi rokuti "usiku" iSirconstant (kana temporativ, kana mamiriro ezvinhu epanguva). Asi panogona kunge kune yechipiri, nzvimbo - "kubva mumugwagwa", somuenzaniso.

Components

Zvinyorwa zvinorongwa maererano neshoko remantic nenzira iyi: chaizvoizvo inofanotaura (semuenzaniso - states) uye vashandi (vanobatana pachiitiko). Semaniti vatsigiri vanewo kupatsanurana mumarudzi:

• Nyaya yacho (mune mamwe mashoko, iyo agent) is subjective type actant kana inoshanda. Somuenzaniso: muti unokura .
• Chimwe chinhu chinyorwa chakananga kana chisinganzwisisiki chinoratidzirwa kana chisati chakanganiswa zvakananga. Somuenzaniso: kati inobata mouse .
• Mirayiridzo chinhu chisina kukwana iyo mamiriro ezvinhu haagoni kuitika. Somuenzaniso: kudya muto .
• Chigumisiro ndicho chigumo chechigumisiro chezviito zvakaitwa. Semuenzaniso: munguva yegore uswa hwakakura .

Mukuwedzera, hatigone kuita pasina sirkostant - mamiriro ezviito. Izvo, zvakare, dzakakamurwa kuva mapoka. Izvo zviviri zvinowanzoitika uye zvinokosha zvinopedza nguva uye zvinowanikwa. Semuenzaniso: munguva yegore inotonhora . Izwi rokuti "spring" rinopedza nguva. Ilac inobukira kwose kwose . Shoko rokuti "kwose kwose" inzvimbo.

Mhedziso

Kuti udzidze nzira yekunyatsogadzirisa nyaya uye chirevo mukutonga, uye izvi zvakakosha zvikuru kune iwe pachako, uye nokuda kwekunzwisisa kwakanyatsofungwa kweumwe munhu, unofanira kunzwisisa zvakajeka kuti chii chiri mumashoko aya, uye chinotaura nezvehuhu hwahwo.