Chii chinonzi utopia uye dystopia?

Chii chinonzi Utopia? Iri izwi rinoshandiswa (zvikurukuru) mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzemabasa anofadza. Vanoratidzira sangano rakakwana, rakakwana. Izwi iri rakatanga kushandiswa muna 1516 nezvematongerwo enyika uye munhu wevanhu Thomas More. Izvo zvinodanwa chinonakidza chiwi, umo vanhu vose vakaenzana. Kwapera nguva yakati, izwi rokuti "utopia" rakasvika mukushandiswa kwakapararira. Iye achiri kuchikosha.

Chii chinonzi Utopia? Iwe unogona kupa chete tsanangudzo yakawanda, nokuti munyori wese nefilosofi pachayo pachake anoziva kuti rudzi rwevanhu runganzi rwuri rwakanaka. Mukutungamira kwakadai sewetopia, zvitatu zvinowanzoitika zvinogona kusiyaniswa.

Kutanga, ihwo muenzaniso wehutano hwakanaka, umo kukurumidza kukura kwesayenzi, kuwanikwa kwakawanda nekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinotyisa . Iyi yemazuva ano inogona kusarudzwa se technocratic utopia.

Chechipiri, inyika yakanaka, hukuru hwahwo hunobudirira nekuda kwehutano hwakakwana hwezvigadzirwa zvezvematongerwo enyika.

Chechitatu, ndeyekushanduka-hutano hwehutano hwevanhu, hunova mugumisiro wekuenderera mberi kwekushanduka nekuzvidzivirira kwevanhu mumwe nomumwe.

Chii chingafananidzirwa neshoko iri? Chii chinonzi Utopia? Sezvatotaurwa, pakutanga - ichi ndicho chimiro chetsika yakakwana yevanhu. Utopia inogona kuva imwe nzira yekufunga, kana nyanzvi yekunyora.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti vanyori vemazuva ano uye mafilosofi, kusiyana nevatungamiri vavo, vanoreva pfungwa yehutano hwakanaka hwepasi nehuwandu hwakawanda hwokusava nechokwadi. Tinoda here pfungwa iyi munharaunda yedu, iri kurota kusingagoneki? Zvechokwadi, zvakakosha, nokuti pfungwa yeutopia ichavapo chero bedzi munhu achiona kukanganisa kwenyika yakapoteredza, uye anoda kuvvisa. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zvekufambira mberi munzvimbo dzose dzehupenyu.

Chirevo chakafanana neyoutopia chinopesana ne- anti-utopia. Iyi nhungamiro yakave yakakurumbira zvikuru mushure mekutanga kweHondo Yenyika. Anti-utopia inoronga nyika iyo inokurudzira chete kutya uye kuvenga. Kazhinji kacho rudzi rworudzi rwekunyomba maererano nekufunga kwehupenyu hwakanaka. Pano unogona kutsvaga kufanana kwezvakaitika kare. Mhando ye anti-utopia yakave yakakosha zvikuru apo dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kuti dzione kurota kwenyika yakanaka yakarongeka. Hazvina maturo kutaura, maitiro akadaro akaunza migumisiro yakaipa chete, yakawanda yezvakaitika uye kufa. Kazhinji mabasa anonyorwa mumhando yakatarisana inoratidza kuti nguva dzose zvakanaka zvinangwa zvinoshandiswa pakuchinja hupenyu hwevanhu vose zvinova nemigumisiro yakanaka, nokuti munhu mumwe nomumwe ane pfungwa yake yehutano hwakanaka hwepasi rose.

Nzvimbo dzakadai sewetopia uye anti-utopia inonyanya kukosha panguva ino. Vanhu vazhinji vane hanya zvikuru nekuchinja kwakakurumidza kunoitika munyika, nokuti zvakaoma kunzwisisa kuti vanogona kutungamira kupi. Kufungidzira kwevanhu, sezvakadaro, kunouya mberi, kunakidza, uye dzimwe nguva mifananidzo inotyisa yezvigadzirwa zvenyika. Aya mazano anonyanya kuoma kutumidza fimbo yakawanda. Kakawanda izvi ndezvipfungwa zvakakomba zvefilosofi zvakabva pane zvazvinoitika, uye zvinoita kuti ufunge nezvehupenyu nehupenyu hwevanhu.

Zvino iwe unoziva kuti utopia chii. Mabhuku anozivikanwa zvikuru akanyorwa mubhuku iri ndiwo "Guta reSuva" Campanella, Micromegas "Voltaire," New Atlantis "Bacon," Muna 2000 "Bellani nevamwe vakawanda. Maitiro anozivikanwa oumhizha, akanyorwa maererano nehutungamiri hwehutachiona, anonzi Orwell's "1984", Zamiatin "We", Golding's "Mechanical Orange", "Jules Verne's Five Hundred Million Begums", Charles Strauss's "Accelerando," nezvimwewo.