Pakuva - muenzaniso yakanaka mamiriro

Pane shanduro mbiri Nezvekwakabva shoko pakuva. Iyi nzvimbo, maererano wokutanga vavo, izvo haana (U - kwete, topos -. Nzvimbo, Gr). Uye chechipiri - yakakomborerwa nyika (EU - zvakanaka, topos - nzvimbo). The izwi yakatanga kushandiswa Thomas Moore muzita rokuti bhuku. Gare gare akava zita mhuri, kureva zvakasiyana-siyana vemungano nyika ine akakwana evanhu uye zvisingaitiki urongwa, huri muzvinyorwa uye akadhindwa ari siyana evanhu transformations.

Pakuva - kuratidzwa zvido zvimwe evanhu mapoka kuti havasi kazhinji mutariri. It anoita zvinokosha zvishande, dzidzo uye pfungwa mabasa. Kazhinji aishanda muchimiro kutaura echimurenga dzidziso.

Somunhu pakuva - icho chemabviro chimiro evanhu kuziva, nechinangwa panguva kunzwisisa evanhu yakanaka, kuedza kutarisira remangwana, uchitsoropodzwa aripo kurongeka. Mune Renaissance, yakanga kwakunoitwa rondedzero wakakwana hurumende kuti kana kumwe akambova asati. Its kupararira, iye akagamuchira yekare uye Ages China (zvinyorwa pamusoro Lao Tzu, Mo Tzu), uyewo vanhu kuMiddle East (Avempace, Al-Farabi).

In rechi17 uye rechi18 emakore akanga kuparadzira utopian akadhindwa, uyewo mabasa enyika uye magariro evanhu kuchinja. Asi sezvo pezana remakore rechi19, pakuva rava dzakananga Genre mabhuku panyaya ine tsika nemagariro zvinangwa. A yakawanda utopian mabasa remakore rechi20 rakanyorwa HG Wells.

Munyaya Mupfungwa yakazara, mumwe pakuva - ndiwo mamwe zvakananga yezvisikwa zano, iyo, iri pfungwa vatsigiri vayo, kuchabatsira kugadzirisa aivapo kupokanidzana munzanga. It kunoratidzwa: Anti historicism, tsika zvetsika, yokuzviparadzanisa chokwadi, riite basa dzidzo uye mitemo, tariro kuti vatsigire vaya simba.

Kusiyana kwakanga dystopia, izvo zvinoda Kuramba kwemarongerwe evanhu akakodzera uye hurongwa huripo muna State kuyananiswa, kuitira kudzivisa yakaipisisa munguva yemberi. Dystopia kunowanzoratidzwa kuti hunorondedzera evanhu nevatambi kwavavengi (kazhinji caricature fomu).

Social pakuva Plato - mumwe pfungwa iri mhando rokutanga. Maererano nepfungwa dzake, hurumende iri nemaune intensification, wevasungwa, kururamisira uye runako. Kuti uite izvi, vanhu vanofanira kuita yakajeka mabasa chaienzanirana ehupfumi mweya yavo uye unyanzvi.

Mweya ine zvitatu zvaiva - rakasimba kwake, akangwara uye kuvhiringidzika. Zvichienderana predominance vamwe zvikamu kuparadzira paruzhinji mabasa. Nesarudzo chikamu mweya muzvinhu mauto avo kudzivirira vanhu kubva muvengi. Zvine chikamu - vazivi vanoitira hurumende. Kuvhiringidzika - vanhuwo zvavo uye navapfuri vesimbi zvinobatanidzwa maindasitiri kugadzirwa uye kupa hurumende anodiwa zvigadzirwa.

Social pakuva, maererano Plato, inobva chokwadi kuti somugumisiro nenzvimbo kuti mukirasi imwe unhu (masoja - ushingi, vatongi - uchenjeri, nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye vanhuwo zvavo - nomwero) uye nokuda raivapo vanachandagwinyira akanyatsorongwa rehurumende vakaziva inonyanya kunaka - kururamisira, achitungamirira kuti maererano. Saka, zvinodiwa nomumwe vanobayira kuti vanhuwo zvakanaka.

Pari pfungwa pakuva anotakura yakanaka inoverengeka zvinhu. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo zvinoita kuti zvokufungidzira zvichaitika mune ramangwana, uye kudzivisa zvinoverengeka kunaka evanhu pamigumisiro yemabasa evanhu. Not akarasika kukosha kwayo uye zvakazonaka mumabhuku mabasa mazhinji.