Pfungwa yokuti "kurongeka munzanga." The magariro of Slavs yekare, Kievan Rus

The chikuru chinoumba kuziva pamutemo vachikwanisa vanhu muRussia yekare aiva mamiriro avo rusununguko pachavo. Nokudaro, vanhu conditionally rakakamurwa varanda (varanda) uye wakasununguka. Uyezve, kwaiva zvenguva makirasi varanda vanhu. Ivo vanoonekwa nomutemo vakasununguka, asi chaizvoizvo vari zvemari zvaanoda (chikwereti kana tikamira). Nokuda kwaizvozvi, vachiri kutambura kubva diminution kodzero.

mumagariro mamiriro

Izvi zvinosanganisira sangano munzanga, izvo zviri kukonzerwa mumwe mwero kutanga kugadzira, uyewo Exchange nokuparadzirwa zvigadzirwa. Uyewo, magariro zvinhu kuvimba kuziva kwevanhu netsika ari mumutemo uye waidzivirira neHurumende. mamiriro ayo ine zvakawanda zvinhu, kusanganisira zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi, zvemagariro, tsika uye zvokunamata ukama.

Rus yekare

The hwakawanda huripo yaMakoronike akanyorwa kuti voruzhinji hurongwa vanhu Slavs, ndokugara munyika munharaunda yacho East European Plain, aiva wedzinza munharaunda. Izvi zvaireva kuti simba rose uye pfuma dzaiva mumaoko vakuru. Ancient Slavs aiita kunamata yemadzitateguru, tichiremekedza madzitateguru avo.

Kubva VI remakore veMubatanidzwa zvishandiso zvakagadzirwa nesimbi, uyewo kuchinja kubva ochinja kurimwa kuna Paschen kumashure ukama vakatanga dziparare. Zvino kunodiwa kuti tibatane kuitwa zvose pasina chakasara, nhengo genus kuti abudirire kumhanya upfumi. Saka, kuti mhuri yakatsviriridza munhu.

The magariro erudzi ari Eastern Slavs ari dzichichinja. Nokufamba kwenguva, nharaunda dzokumaruwa akava munharaunda kana miganhu. Vakaramba zvakakurumbira zvarinoroora wenyika arable nyika, mafuro, madziva uye masango. Zvino, munhu Mhuri kupa minda. dzakadaro kwenyika arable, vaifanira kubata kwavo uye dzavo zvishandiso, vachisiya kupeta kukohwa yose. Zvadaro repartition pamusoro uye Holdings anobatidzwa kuva nzvimbo yechigarire, izvo dzimwe mhuri yavo.

Humwe kuvandudzika midziyo basa kwakakonzera kwaita yemuraudzo kugadzirwa, uye ipapo - kukura ita mutengano pakati mhuri. Panyaya iyi, zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuonekwa hurongwa hutsva evanhu pamusoro Slavs, izvo zvakazoita kuti Kusiyanisa munharaunda, pfuma kusaruramisira uye chinokosha kuunganidza ehurumende vakuru uye vairemekedzwa. Panguva ino, chikuru dare rinodzora Chamber rakanga, izvo kushanda pamwe kugadzirisa mibvunzo yose inokosha. Asi zvishoma nezvishoma kwakatanga kurasikirwa kukosha kwayo.

Sezvo chikazozikamwa, ivo Slavs vokumabvazuva vakanga nguva nenguva hondo vavakidzani vavo. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanoratidza vakawanda vachirwisa vemadzinza anongofamba. Somugumisiro, zvakatanga kuwedzera kukosha vemauto vatungamiri vari machinda. Vaiva mukuru vanhu FATA. Zvakawandisa Kugadzirwa achibvumira vemunharaunda kuchengeta muchinda pamwe varwi vake vakatendeka - boka ravarwi. maoko avo zvishoma nezvishoma nekutsvaga simba rose uye vakawanda upfumi. Havana kutorwa nyika uye vakakomba vedzinza mitero. Saka, muna VIII-IX emakore, hurongwa zvemagariro yeRussia yekare zvakare akatanga kuchinja. Sharp stratification vakatanga kupa pakanyorwa kuti paumbwe hurumende.

Huru mapoka

The magariro erudzi Kievan Rus 'yaiumbwa mapoka mana makuru, akadana madzishe, vanhuwo zvavo, serfs uye mumaguta (kana veguta) vagari. Vose vaiva nekodzero zvakasiyana.

Weboka vanhu kupinda makirasi, maererano dzekare dzakawanda, uchapupu kukurumidza kukura feudal ukama. Panyaya iyi, aimbova freemen pakupedzisira vakatendeukira kuzvimiririra kwevanhu. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti panguva iyi kukura feudalism hakuna serfdom, unosanganisira kuda kuti vanhuwo zvavo kunyika uye pachake kune muridzi.

vakasununguka vokuparidzira

Political uye magariro erudzi Kievan Rus aiva mangwanani feudal umambo. Musoro State aiva Grand Duke, uye iyewo, ari pasi mumwe, vashoma ndivo. Kuti agadzirise kusawirirana yomuka pakati pavo, akadai weboka kana redistribution nyika, uyewo nyaya chokuita kwemamiriro runyararo kana hondo, vakabata Magungano.

Raitongwa machinda squads avo - mapoka varwi ounyanzvi. Masoja dzakatorwa mutero, uye nokuda akariisawo kuwana kugutsikana. Senior vigilantes, akatungamirirwa Prince muchirongwa pakusikwa mitemo uye akapinda naye kumakurukota, yainzi Council.

Military vepamusoro zvaiendeswa administrative mabasa iyo inonzi grade akazviratidza kudzora redunhu. Over nguva ichatsiva yamambo-patrimonial ezvinhu kwakavakirwa feudal zvarinoroora nyika.

Varindi Zvishoma nezvishoma varidzi uye akagamuchira senguva kutapata, iyo akavapa kodzero dzokurasa mundima dzavo pasina kupindira muzvinhu kwavo dzoumambo yaitonga.

kirasi feudal madzishe

Aripo panguva evanhu rudzi manera pamusoro waigarira Muchinda Kiev, ayo vepamusoro - the feudal madzishe. Most ropafadzo kuziva. Iyewo, rakakamurwa subgroups akawanda. Pakati pavo - the boyars. Vanonzi akarega basa mukuru vigilantes, uyo akashanda ari Grand Muchinda Kiev. Kubvira XI remakore, vanova makuru feudal Varidzi. naivowo muchirongwa hurumende (kazhinji mu basa nemagavhuna.)

Knyazhye varume - the dzepedyo vemutungamiri boka racho. Vaiva ake nemakurukota enyika, uye vari dzinonzi Council pasi Prince. vanhu ava vasina nyika uye akararama kuzvimiririra. Vaiva vazukuru chiedza chikuru uye machinda uye navakuru vamarudzi.

Ognischanami akadana vakuru vakuru munyaya kudzora akasiyana nzvimbo ehurumende upfumi.

Vanhu pachavo akatarisira nyaya uye pfuma yomuchinda, dzainzi Knyazhye Tiuna, kureva varanda. Pamusoro yavo pamutemo, vakanga pachiyero zvavo varanda.

Paivawo majaya - panhengo muduku varwi kubva Grand Duke. Vakanga sechinhu feudal landlords uye vaiitawo hurumende.

Huru ropafadzo chinowanika masoja vakura, dzinova boyars, nyika muridzi yaiva rinokosha kodzero kutapata kuti aizobvumira kwavari zvinotevera:

● kwete kuteerera kwete zvaiita zviremera, asi feudal mumunda;

● rutsigiro Prince utongi;

● yokubhadharisa mitero yakasiyana-siyana uye kushandisa matare ari kuremekedza munhu kuzvimiririra zvavo.

Gare gare muna charters zvakanyorwa mashomanana kodzero kuchengetedza upenyu, utano uye chiremera. izvozvo chavawo iripo chaiyo hurongwa yokugara, pasi iyo pfuma raigona Kutamiswa kwete chete mukono asiwo hadzi mutsetse. Mukuwedzera, yekudyidzana zvakawedzera basa kuurayiwa, iyo yakati kuti mari upenyu feudal ishe ipapo 80 Hryvnia.

muyanzvi vokuparidzira

Sezvo nechakare, hurongwa zvemagariro kumabvazuva Slavs zvakachinja zvishoma nezvishoma, izvo zvakazoita kuti kuzvitsaura kwake uye kupesana kupinda makirasi. Paiva nemataundi vakawanda kuti iyo serfs, kutenga uye ryadovichi. Yaiva guru chikamu vagere Russia yekare.

Paanofa raireva lichnosvobodnyh murimi mudiki Tauriranai. Vaiva nekodzero uchatamisa pfuma kunhaka yake, uye anogona kupinda contractual pabonde. Vakapara mhosva vanofanira kubhadhara yakaisvonaka zvakakwana. Vaiva nekodzero kuitawo zvokutonga zvekufamba, zvose sezvo mukwiriri uye sechipiriso mukwirirwi kana chapupu.

To Kutenga zvakaipa smerdy, zvimwe zvava zvaanoda avo huripo zvikwereti kune zvikwereti. Vaifanira kushanda navo chero bedzi paine havazokwanisi kudzorera chikwereti. Zákupy kuramba pfuma yavo achipfuura nhaka kuhama, asi zvikwereti zvavo havana Kutamiswa. Vaikwanisa kupinda zvibvumirano uye kusungirwa, uyewo kuita enyaya sezvo zvose mukwirirwi uye mukwiriri. Zákupy asi vaisabvumirwa kusiya purazi akakweretesa, kana kuti kuramba kushanda nayo. Kusateerera akarangwa muuranda. Kutenga uye vasingagoni kuita chapupu mudare zvekufamba nokuti akanga akapindwa muropa rake chikwereti.

A magariro kwakavakirwa dzepamutemo enguva kuziva zvinokonzera iro kuritenga anogona kusunungurwa. Wokutanga izvi - kudzoka chikwereti. Wechipiri - nokusunungurwa nedare kana akakweretesa Transfers kuti chikwereti mitoro kupati rechitatu. Uye pakupedzisira, ekupedzisira, apo kuritenga akarohwa womunhu anomukweretesa.

Ryadovichami akadana chikwereti uyo akasimbisa rusununguko vake havana mari uye chinhu.

unfree vokuparidzira

The magariro erudzi Russia yekare yakanga yakarongwa nenzira yakadaro kuti aiva mukirasi vanhu, mumwe zvizere waakaita uye disenfranchised. Vakadaidzwa varanda. Vakanga vasina pachake pamutemo uye pfuma. Vakanga kuonekwa sagona uye vasina kodzero chikamu litigation uye nokupomerwa.

Paiva zvikonzero zvinoverengeka nei vanhu vanogona kuva varanda (varanda):

● By kodzero aberekwa. Izvi zvinoreva kuti kana pane imwe mubereki aiva muranda, ipapo mwana ari kuwana pavo.

● Marriage muranda.

● samoprodazha. Nekuti iri gwaro yakanga yakasainwa pamberi pezvapupu.

● akabatwa panguva utsinye.

● Escape kutengwa. Panyaya iyi, varanda akatendeuka mhuri yake yose.

● The mhosva, chirango kutorerwa pfuma. Uyezve, mhuri zvizere simba vakava varanda. chakadaro rinorambidzwa yokuponda, ugororo, dzimba, bhiza kuba uye kusauka.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti magariro erudzi Kievan Rus nemitemo yayo usarega kuudza vanhuwo zvavo vave vakasununguka. Uyezve, ngavapfige pa kuda kwainzi inotyisa nokutuka vakasununguka vanhu. The chete Kusara chingava chokwadi kuti mwana akaberekwa muranda natenzi wake. Zvino muridzi afa, ikava akasununguka murume.

townsmen vagari

The magariro, iyo yakaumbwa pamusoro nyika Russian mumazuva iwayo, vanonzi kushaya uranda mumaguta. Townsmen vagari akanga azere pamutemo nekuenzana. Chete ari XII remakore iri mumaguta muvanhu vakatanga kuratidza zviratidzo kuzvitsaura (Kusiyanisa) kwevanhu kuburikidza uridzi.

Vanhu vakatanga kuti mapoka mapoka maviri: Mukuru uye dema. Wokutanga kunetseka vatengesi uye "vakokwa", mubasa vatorwa zvokutengeserana, uye wechipiri - mhizha. Akatanga kubuda socio-zvoupfumi pasi paiva pamutemo kusaruramisira mumaguta. Muchiitiko chino, dema, pasina zvavo mvumo aigona kutuma kana varwi kana voruzhinji mabasa.

The chidzoke maguta

Panguva nucleation uye pakuzadzisa feudalism chikamu nyanzvi dzokugadzira vaiva munharaunda vakatanga kuvimba mupfumi panyika varidzi. Vamwe vakatanga kusiya misha yavo uye kuenda kunzvimbo itsva dzokugara. Vakagara pasi masvingo machinda nhare chateaus. Saka, mashoko evanhu maumbirwo Russia akawedzera imwe boka revanhu - veguta, kana dzomumaguta vanhu.

A Mararamiro munzvimbo idzi yakanga yakasiyana chaizvo chinyakare mararamiro nezvaiva kumaruwa. Munzvimbo munyika, zvinosanganisira isingaperi steppes, anezvimiti uye masango kwegore risingapindiki, ndiko kupfuura yakavimbika nzvimbo dzakavakirirwa, yaiva rudzi ukuru mutemo uye kuti pakutanga.

Around pakati pezana X remakore, kana nokusimbaradza yeTesitamende Russian mamiriro, mumaguta vakawana kukwanisa kuita administrative uye vemauto mabasa kwete chete. uye tsika nzvimbo vakatanga kuonekwa pamwe kuitwa chiKristu.

Zvadaro enyika uye magariro erudzi Russia rokutanga panzvimbo nezvainoita chidzoke uye kukura mumaguta akadai Kiev uye Novgorod. Archaeological tsvakurudza uye Zvakafukunurwa zvinoratidza kuti misha yakanga yatova kuumbwa yakarongeka, iyo wakapindwa wevasungwa simba, Kutarisirwa chechi, uyewo zvose zvakafanira wemunda kukura.

State utariri

Social uye zvematongerwo gadziriro Kievan Rus 'aigona kunzi mangwanani feudal umambo, sezvo musoro nyika yakanga mutongi mumwe - the Grand Duke. Legislative simba rakanga kusimbiswa ake, akaisa mitero uye akagadzirisa ose pezvidzidzo zvemari. Raiva Grand Duke aiva musoro wegadziriro hurumende uye mukuru mutongi, uye akarayira kuti mauto avo zvombo.

Uyewo, dzimwe nzira vaivapowo Chinyorwa:

● Council of Prince. Aionekwa zvisina simba, uye anoumbwa kwemauto nemapurisa - senior varwi, vamiririri vafundisi yakakwirira, vakuru veguta uye nevamwe.

● veche. Ndicho soro pamutemo simba munyika, zvinosanganisira vemo vakasununguka. Veche vaizopiwa paKokorodzano zvose National uye panguva yakaderera pamwero. kugona kwaro zvinosanganisira nyaya nechinzwano wokumwe negwaro. Simba pokudzora kwomudzimu Chamber agara zvaitsamira simba kana kwekuneta muchinda simba.

● feudal kokorodzano. Ivo vagadzirise nyaya dzakasiyana maringe ukama pakati machinda. ReCongress yokutanga yakadaro waiitwa kumwe pamagumo XI remakore. Gungano aigona kupfeka munyika hunhu kana kuunganidzwa pamusoro yoga chikonzero.

Chimwe kusimbisa kuti enyika uye magariro erudzi mamiriro Kievan Rus 'chete yokutanga feudal umambo akanga ari mashoma zvikuru simba muchinda. Iye sarudzo yake pamwero kuvimba pakarepo kwezvakatipoteredza, uyewo Chamber nemamwe kuungana. Izvi imhaka yokuti nechepakati uye remunharaunda Kutarisirwa vakasonganira mumwe simba chaizvo. mashandiro Uku wehurumende Kutarisira kwaingova kutanga kwekupwanyiwa pakukura poumambo.