Chii chinonzi X-ray fluorescence ongororo?

XRD (X-ray fluorescence kuongorora) - nzira zvinooneka pachisara izvo zvakananga anosarudza zvinenge zvose zvine maatomu akafanana zviri weupfu, mvura uye zvakasimba zvokuvakisa.

nzira kushandiswa

Nzira iyi ndiyo nokudenga, nokuti inobva kutsanya uye nyore mharidzo kugadzirira. Got nzira zvinowanzoshandiswa bhizimisi uye tsvakurudzo. X-ray fluorescence kuongorora nzira ane zvikuru mukana, rinobatsira chaizvo kunzwisisa kuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvakasiyana, uyewo panguva yepamusoro kudzora goho uye kuongorora apedza zvinhu uye pakugadzira zvinhu.

nyaya

X-ray fluorescence kuongorora yakatanga kurondedzerwa muna 1928 nemasayendisiti maviri - Glocker uye Schreiber. The mudziyo pacharo rinoumbwa chete muna 1948, masayendisiti Friedman uye Burkes. Somunhu detector, vane Geiger pakaunda, izvo akaratidza yakakwirira aikanganiswa panyaya mabhomba nhamba chinhu core.

Nehelium kana Vacuum ezvinhu ari tsvakurudzo nzira yaishandiswa muna 1960. Taiashandisa kuona chiedza zvinhu. Also vakatanga kushandisa crystals pamusoro lithium fluoride. Taiashandisa nokuda diffraction. Rhodium uye chromium chubhu raishandiswa excitation waveband.

Si (Li) - lithium vasakukurwa nesilicon detector yagadzirwa muna 1970. Rinotibatsira yakakwirira aikanganiswa pakati Data uye haatarisiri kushandisa Foroma. Zvisinei, simba chisarudzo pamusoro chikwata ichi chaiva kuipa.

Zvoga Analytical chikamu uye muitiro kuzvidzora vakapfuura motokari veMubatanidzwa makombiyuta. Management aidzidza Panel on mudziyo kana kuti kombiyuta kiibhodhi. Mano kuti kuongorora vawana zvikuru yakakurumbira kuti vanobatanidzwa basa "Apollo 15" uye "Apollo 16".

Panguva iyoyo, nzvimbo dzemapurisa uye ngarava vatanga muchadenga, vakapakata namano izvi. Izvi zvinoita kuti vakwanise kuona uye kuongorora makemikari anoumba matombo nezvimwe muchadenga.

Musimboti nzira

Pfupiso XRF ongororo iri kuita panyama kuongorora. Kuongorora saizvozvi zvinogona kuva chandagwinyira miviri (regirazi, simbi, Ceramics, marasha, dombo, mapurasitiki) uye mvura (mafuta, peturu, zvinogadzirisa, pendi, waini uye ropa). Nzira unobvumidza kuona yakaderera chaizvo kuwanda, pachiyero ppm (chikamu chimwe miriyoni pa). Large, kusvika 100% dzokuenzanisira, vanokweretesa pachavo kuti tsvakurudzo.

Ongororo iyi ndiyo rokutsanya, njodzi uye vasiri kuparadza zvakatipoteredza. It ane matunhu impact uye kururama mashoko. Nzira achibvumira Semi-quantitatively, qualitatively uye quantitatively wanikidza zvinhu zvose zviri mharidzo.

Musimboti wacho X-ray fluorescence kuongorora nzira iri nyore uye zvakananga. Kana isu siya parutivi mazwi uye edza kutsanangura nzira iri nyore, zvinoitika. Kuti ongororo iri kuitwa nokuda tikaenzanisa pamusoro mwaranzi, izvo yaunganidzwa irradiation yacho atomu.

Pane kuva neezvitendero mashoko zviri kare anozivikanwa. Achienzanisa migumisiro pamwe nemashoko aya, vatsvakurudzi vakagumisa kuti chikamu mharidzo.

The nyore uye Accessibility hwemazuva mano kukubvumira kuti aashandise maererano pemvura ubanguranyika, nzvimbo, zvidzidzo zvakasiyana mumunda nemagariro hwemashiripiti.

musimboti oparesheni

Nzira iyi inobva Kuongorora chakarondedzera iro yaunganidzwa kuona munhu zviri amutsvaka, X-ray.

Panguva irradiation atomu pamuka kufara mamiriro, icho pamwe kutapurirana maerekitironi kune quantum kwevari yakakwirira kurongeka. In mamiriro ichi, atomu iri pfupi chaizvo nguva, anenge munhu microsecond 1st, uye ipapo anodzokera pasi mamiriro ayo (kunyarara nzvimbo). Panguva ino, maerekitironi pamusoro wokunze anoshongwa, akazadzwa kana shama nzvimbo isingagarwi, nekusazvidzora simba anogadzirwa muchimiro photons kana zvimwe simba zvitange maerekitironi, riri pamusoro dzokunze anoshongwa (ainzi Auger maerekitironi). Panguva ino, mumwe atomu anosunungura munhu photoelectron simba iro rine yakaoma ukoshi. Somuenzaniso, simbi panguva irradiation kubudikidza maekisirei inongorira photons vakaenzana Ka kana 6.4 keV. Saizvozvowo, nhamba quanta simba uye chinogona kuoneka sechivako yacho.

nemwaranzi mabviro

X-ray fluorescence kuongorora nzira simbi seinokonzera kuti kurapa pevara sezvo isotopes akasiyana okunze, uye X-ray sepombi. In neimwe nyika, siyana zvinodiwa kuti kubviswa imupota emitting isotopes ukuwo, mumaindasitiri midziyo yakadai kushandisa X-ray chubhu.

sepombi akadaro zvose mhangura, uye sirivha, rhodium, molybdenum kana zvimwe anode. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, asi anode anosarudzwa zvichienderana basa.

Current uye voltage zvakasiyana zvinhu zvinoshandiswa akasiyana. Light zvinhu zvakakwana kuti kuongorora voltage 10kV, rinorema - 40-50 KW, svikiro - 20-30 KV.

Panguva mukudzidza chiedza zvinhu chihombe nezvainoita chakarondedzera ane akarikomberedza mhepo. Kuderedza izvi yokuenzanisira rinokosha kamuri anoiswa mune Vacuum nzvimbo kana raguta nehelium. Excited Range kunonyora zano chairo - detector. Kumusoro sei spectral kupedza pamusoro detector kunoenderana kururama kupatsanurwa photons dzakasiyana zvinhu kubva mumwe. Ndiani yakarurama zvikuru kupedza pa 123 vara. X-ray fluorescence kuongorora mudziyo, chikuva ichi chinobatanidza kusvika 100%.

Kamwe rinochinjwa kuva photoelectron voltage kupomba iyo hauonekwi chaiyo kuverengwa zvemagetsi, zviri chakasvitswa nekombiyuta. Nenhongonya ari chakarondedzera, randakapiwa X-ray fluorescence pachisara nyore qualitatively yokusarudza zvinhu anodya LB akadzidza mharidzo. Kuti zvakarurama kuona quantitative kugutsikana, unofanira kudzidza chakarondedzera yakawanikwa iri rinokosha purogiramu calibration. Chirongwa akasikwa pachine. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, bvunzo ivhu, murwiyo iyo anozivikanwa pachine dzakakwirira zvakarurama.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, kunoguma chakarondedzera Muedzo fuma rinofananidzwa ne anozivikanwa zvepakutanga. Saka kugamuchira mashoko pamusoro Kuronga fuma.

mikana

X-ray fluorescence kuongorora nzira kunoita ongororo:

• mimwe, kukura kana vakawanda kunyora nezvavo (100-0,5 MG);
• yakakomba rutapudzo nemiganhu (1-2 mirairo unokosha kuvatumwa RFA);
• kuongorora kufungisisa Misiyano simba quanta.

Mharidzo ukobvu, iyo pasi kuferefeta, havafaniri kuva anopfuura 1 mm.

Kana ichi saizi yokuenzanisira inogona woutsinye yechipiri pezvakaitwa ari mharidzo, kusanganisira:

• kakawanda Compton vaparadzirwa, izvo chaizvoizvo rinokoka mastritsah chiedza yepamusoro;
• bremsstrahlung pakati photoelectrons (zvinobatsira kuti enyika necheseri);
• excitation pakati okunze, uye fluorescence Absorção de Água, izvo zvinoda interelement kururamiswa spectra panguva kugadzira.

zvazvakaipira

Mumwe mukuru payakaipira - kunzwisisa, izvo pamwe vachigadzira matete ivhu, uyewo yakasimba zvinodiwa kuti nemamiriro acho. Nokuti kudzidza yokuenzanisira anofanira vakanaka chaizvo PARTICIPLE saizi uye yakakwirira zvakafanana.

Chimwe drawback ndechokuti nzira iri zvakasimba akasungirirwa mitemo (bhuku ivhu). Nyaya iyi kunoitika vose vasiri dzinoparadza nzira.

Application nzira

X-ray fluorescence ongororo iri zvinowanzoshandiswa zhinji minda. Rinoshandiswa kwete chete zvesayenzi, kana kubasa, asiwo mune tsika uye hwemashiripiti.

It rinoshandiswa:

• Kudzivirirwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye ikoroji mu ivhu yokuziva rinorema nesimbi, uyewo kuzviziva mumvura, emadhaka, zvakasiyana aerosols;
• Mineralogy uye zvemaumbirwo kuitwa quantitative uye Qualitative Kuongororwa zvicherwa, nevhu, matombo;
• makemikari indasitiri uye simbi - kudzora kunaka yakatsvuka zvinhu, dzapedza zvinhu uye kugadzirwa muitiro;
• Kupenda Industry - inoongorora mutobvu pendi;
• chishongo indasitiri - kuyera wevasungwa chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi inokosha;
• mafuta indasitiri - kuziva mwero kusvibiswa mafuta uye huni;
• chikafu indasitiri - kutsunga chepfu nesimbi nezvokudya uye zvokudya pakugadzira;
• kurima - ongorora chero zvinhu zviri nevhu siyana, uyewo zvirimwa;
• Archaeology - kuitisa zvokuvamba pachisara uyewo kudanana pakati anowana;
• Ndimi - kuitwa kudzidza zvivezwa, mifananidzo, kuongorora zvinhu zvavo ongororo.

Gostovskaya ugari

X-ray fluorescence kuongorora GOST 28033 - 89 chidhiraivho kubvira 1989. Gwaro chinyatsotsanangurwa mibvunzo zvose maringe nzira. Pasinei kuti mumakore kwave matanho akawanda kurutivi kuvandudzika nezvenzira, gwaro richiri kushanda.

Maererano GOST kumisa ukama mugove pakudzidza. The Data akaratidza iri tafura.

Table 1. Ratio kuti vakawanda zvikamu zviduku

yasarudzwa chinhu	Misa chakapatsanurwa,%
sarufa	Kubva 0,002 kusvika 0,20
nesilicon	"0,05" 5.0
molybdenum	"0,05" 10.0
Titan	"0.01" 5.0
cobalt	"0,05" 20.0
Chrome	"0,05" 35.0
niobium	"0.01" 2.0
manganese	"0,05" 20.0
vanadium	"0.01" 5.0
tungsten	"0,05" 20.0
phosphorus	"0,002" 0,20

The midziyo yaishandiswa

X-ray fluorescence spectral kuongorora rinoitwa kushandisa chaiyo midziyo, nzira uye nzira. Pakati unyanzvi uye zvakashandiswa muna GOST akanyorwa:

• multichannel spectrometers uye scanners;
• Rough-sanding muchina (kukuya-kukuya, 3B634 mhando);
• Pamusoro vachikuya muchina (muenzaniso 3E711V);
• sikuruwa-kutema lathe (womuenzaniso 16P16).
• nokuveza discs (GOST 21963);
• elektrokorundovye hasha mavhiri (50 the zvedongo shwashwa, kuwoma St2, GOST 2424);
• Vachikuya ganda (bepa, Type 2, iyo SB-140 vegiredhi (P6), kuti SB-240 (P8), BSH200 (P7), fused - zvakajairika, grainy 50-12, GOST 6456);
• Technical ethyl doro (kunogadzirisika, GOST 18300);
• argon-methane nezvakasanganiswa.

Vashanyi vanobvumirwa, vanogona kushandisa zvimwe zvinhu uye midziyo kuti ichapa kuongorora yakarurama.

Kugadzirira uye vakasarudzwa ivhu maererano GOST

X-ray fluorescence kuongorora nesimbi risati yokuedzwa kunosanganisira chinokosha kugadzirira ivhu kuti zvimwe kuongorora.

Training rinoitwa munguva yakakodzera nenzira:

1. Hukawanika kuti irradiated, acharodza. Kana paine chikonzero, ipapo akapusika nedoro.
2. Mharidzo iri zvakasimba waitsimbirira mugamuchiri yokutanga. Kana pemvura mharidzo haina kukwana, chaiwo constraints anoshanda.
3. The spectrometer zvagadzirirwa kuti kushanda maererano mirayiridzo kushandiswa.
4. X-ray spectrometer iri calibrated kushandisa mwero mharidzo, izvo unoenderana GOST 8,315. Uyewo kuti calibration anogona kushandisa homogeneous mharidzo.
5. Primary grading rinoitwa kanenge kashanu. Kana izvi zvaitwa munguva nokushanda spectrometer mazuva akasiyana.
6. Pakuitisa akadzokorora calibrations zvinobvira kushandisa nemhando mbiri calibration.

Analysis nezvibereko uye nokubikwa

XRF Method maererano GOST kunosanganisira vanoverengeka yakafanana vakauraya kuyerwa maviri kuwana analytic chiratidzo mumwe ichocho pasi kuzvidzora.

It akabvumira kushandisa kutaura Analytical zvabuda uye kusabvumirana pamusoro inofambirana zvokuyera. Rapanzvimbo zviumbu yokuratidza Data vakawana kushandisa gradirovochnyh maitiro.

Kana musiyano akapfuudza zvinobvumidzwa pamunhu yaizoshanda panguva kuyerwa, zvakakodzera kudzokorora kuongorora.

Zvinogonekawo kuita kuyerwa. Muchiitiko chino, yakafanana kukura maviri hama kuti muenzaniso batch mangé waongorora.

Kwokupedzisira mugumisiro ichaongororwa kuva svomhu zvinoreva kuti kuyerwa maviri zvaitwa yakafanana, kana chete nekuyera mumwe mugumisiro.

Kutsamira of zvabuda kubva mharidzo mhando

For rentgenfluorestsentnogo ongororo muganhu ndiko chete noruremekedzo kuti fuma umo yakarongeka maatomu akafanana zviri dzakaonekwa. For siyana zvinhu kukonzera quantitative kuziva miedzo yakasiyana zvinhu.

A guru basa unogona kuridza maatomu nhamba, rinova chinhu. Ceteris paribus zvakaoma kuona zvinhu chiedza uye inorema - nyore. Uyezve, chiratidzo ichocho zviri nyore kuona muchiedza chizvaro, pane chakakomba.

Nokudaro, nzira kunoenderana kunaka mharidzo chete kusvika kuti chingasataurwa ine wayo sezvamunoita.