Tungsten - chii ichi? The mwero oxidation of tungsten. Nzvimbo kushandiswa tungsten

Tungsten - makemikari maatomu akafanana ane nhamba mabhomba akaenzana 74. Izvi rinorema simbi kubva, sezvamakaropafadzwa yakakwirira simba simbi-kuchena kusvikira chena, izvo zvinoita nyore muzviitiko zvakawanda chinokosha. Kubvunda pfungwa zviri kudarika zvimwe simbi, uye naizvozvo rinoshandiswa sezvo filaments ari filament marambi uye kudziyisa zvinhu zviri dzemagetsi yamavira (semuenzaniso, zirconium-tungsten chiwanikwa). Chemistry chaikosha anobvumira kushandiswa kwayo sezvo anowedzera. Extreme pokuoma inoita akakodzera kushandiswa mu "HSS", iro anobvumira kuti kucheka zvokuvakisa ane wakakwirira nokukurumidza kupfuura kabhoni simbi, uye superalloys. Tungsten carbide chinhu kuti kabhoni mukomboni ndechimwe kunorwadza zvinhu inozivikanwa uye raishandiswa pakuburitswa azvikuya uye wekushanduka zvokushandisa. Tungstates calcium magnesium vari zvinowanzoshandiswa fluorescent mwenje, uye tungsten oxides - kupinda inks uye zvedongo glazes.

History yakawanikwa

Nokufungidzira ariko chinhu ichi yakatanga yataurwa 1779 naPetro Wolf, kana iye Akaongorora chicherwa wolframite uye vakagumisa kuti tinofanira iine pfuma itsva. Muna 1781 Carl Wilhelm Scheele kuvazivi kuti asidhi itsva yaigona kutengwa kubva tungstenita. Thorburn Scheele uye Bergman vataurira funga kuwana simbi itsva rutapudzo of acid, inonzi tungstenovoy. Muna 1783, hama mbiri, Jose uye Fausto Elguyar inowanikwa tungsten acid, waiva fanana kuti tungstenovoy. Mugore iroro hama vakabudirira nevamwe tungsten kubva, uchishandisa nemarasha.

Panguva Second World War, ichi makemikari maatomu akafanana akabatanidzwa rakakura basa. simbi kuramba dzakakwirira tembiricha uye hwakanyanya kusimba tungsten alloys akaita inokosha mbishi zvinhu nokuda uto indasitiri. Anorwisana mapato vomanikidza Portugal sezvo huru kunobva wolframite mu Europe.

Kuva zvakasikwa

The chinhu rinowanikwa zvakasikwa wolframite (FeWO ₄ / MnWO _4), scheelite (CaWO _4), uye Ferber Gyubnera. deposits Zvinokosha zvicherwa izvi anowanikwa muUnited States muna California uye Colorado, Bolivia, China, South Korea, Russia nePortugal. China akabata vanenge 75% pose kugadzirwa tungsten. Metal inotengwa nokuderedza ane oxide pamwe rehydrogen kana kabhoni.

reserves World zvinofungidzirwa mamiriyoni 7 matani panguva zvinotarisirwa kuti 30% wavo -. Wolframite deposits uye 70% - scheelite. Panguva ino, kukura kwavo hakusi zvemari kunobatsira. At ano kunwa yomuropa reserves izvi kuchapedza makore 140 chete. Rimwewo chinokosha tungsten ndiyo chinyorwa simbi.

Key Features

Tungsten - chaikosha, iyo semhosva kuchinja simbi. chiratidzo chacho W rinobva muchiLatin shoko wolframium. In periodic table, zviri VI boka pakati tantalum uye rhenium.

tungsten Kwakachena - zvokunyama yakasimba, ane ruvara dzinosiyana simbi-pfumbu kune chena gaba. Tiine Kumubata simbi anova pfava uye zvakaoma kushanda naye, asi kana vakasadaro, unogona kubviswa chete hacksaw. Uyezve, unogona ndokugadzira, akakungurutsa uye kumakumi.

Tungsten - namakemikari maatomu akafanana, utsotso pfungwa riri kumusoro pakati simbi zvose (3422 ° C). Uyewo ine yakadereresa mhute kufurirwa. simba Tensile panguva T> 1650 ° C uyu chikuru. The chinhu iri zvikuru husingakwanisi ngura uye ndizvo chete zvishoma muvamwe chicherwa acids. Pamusoro kuonana mumhepo pamusoro simbi pamusoro rwokudzivirira oxide rukoko aumbwa, asi oxidized tungsten zvachose pamatunhu tembiricha. Kana yebhasera zvishoma kuti simbi yacho pokuoma inowedzera zvikuru.

isotopes

Zvakasikwa tungsten ine radioisotopes mashanu, asi vane refu yakadai hafu-upenyu, kuti vanogona kunzi yakatsiga. Vose kuwira pamusoro hafnium-72 pamwe akabuda Arifa nezvimedu (nehelium nuclei zvinoenderana-4). Alpha kuora ari kuchengetwa W ¹⁸⁰ chete, nyore uye kupfuura kashoma kuti isotopes izvi. Paavhareji, 1 g rwokuzvarwa tungsten pagore kuitika maviri Alpha kuora zviri ¹⁸⁰ W.

Uyezve, 27 anorondedzerwa tungsten chakagadzirwa radioactive isotopes. The kupfuura kugadzikana ndizvo ¹⁸¹ W ane hafu upenyu mazuva 121,2, ¹⁸⁵ W (75,1 mazuva), ¹⁸⁸ W (69,4 mazuva) uye ¹⁷⁸ W (21,6 mazuva). All dzimwe chakagadzirwa isotopes hafu-upenyu haisi kupfuura zuva, uye vakawanda vavo - kanenge 8 maminitsi. Tungsten ane ina "metastable" mamiriro, akatsiga zvikuru - ^179m W (6,4 Nha).

kubatana

The makemikari ose tungsten oxidation nhamba kuchinja kubva 2 kusvika 6, iyo rakajairika ndiyo matanhatu. The chinhu yemanyorero anouya neZvapupu okisijeni, achiumba yeyero trioxide (Wo _3), izvo soluble mune aqueous alkaline zvinogadzirisa muchimiro ions, tungstate (Wo ₄ ^2-).

kunyoresa

Sezvo tungsten ane refu kwazvo utsotso tembiricha uye ductile (inogona kupinda waya), unoshandiswa nevakawanda senzira filament Mabumba uye Vacuum sepombi uyewo ari kudziyisa zvinhu dzemagetsi yamavira. Uyezve, mashoko angakudzivisai zvakanyanyisa ezvinhu. Imwe yacho anozivikanwa mafomu - Arc Welding pamwe tungsten electrode pasi unodzivirira gasi.

Chaizvo tungsten - akanaka zvinoriumba inorema zvombo alloys. Mukuru arambe achirema rinoshandiswa yairema dambudziko, counterweights uye kutsigisa igwa keels nokuda yacht, uyewo miseve (80-97%). High Kasira simbi, izvo zvinogona kucheka zvinhu panguva dzakakwirira aimhanya pane kabhoni, rine kusvika 18% of fuma. The turbine mashizha, nokufuka nemishonga mativi uye coatings akashandisa "superalloys" chine tungsten. Izvi kupisa nemishonga yokufukidza alloys kuti anoshanda yakakwirira tembiricha.

Thermal rokuwedzera makemikari chinhu chakafanana borosilicate girazi, saka rinoshandiswa kuti kugadzirwa regirazi-kuti-metal chisimbiso. Chinoumbwa ine tungsten - womutariri zvikuru kutungamirira mabara vapfurwa. In alloys pamusoro nickel, simbi kana cobalt, chinoitwa anoshongwa percussion. Kufanana bara kuti varove atambudzwe kushandisa kwayo kinetic simba. In Integrated mumatunhu ari tungsten mukomboni kuti transistors. Dzimwe mhando hungiso kuti zviridzwa dzakagadzirwa tungsten waya.

Kushandiswa yeimwe

The chaizvo kwekuoma tungsten carbide (W ₂ C, WC) zvinoita vakawanda zvinhu pakugaya uye wekushanduka zvokushandisa. It rinoshandiswa simbi, migodhi, peturu uye kuvakwa Mazinga. Tungsten carbide rinoshandiswawo mukusika zvishongo zvachiri hypoallergenic uye asingauyi vanowanzotevedzera kurasikirwa kubwinya kwavo.

Kubva oxides dzayo kuti icing at. Tungsten "ndarira" (vanonzi nokuda ruvara oxides) zvinoshandiswa pendi. tungstates calcium magnesium inoshandiswa fluorescent mwenje. Tungstate mechanical scintillation detector inoshandiswa mukurapa yenyukireya uye wefizikisi. The munyu zvinoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri nematehwe indasitiri. Tungsten disulfide chinhu yakakwirira tembiricha mafuta, angakudzivisai 500 ° C. Vamwe yeimwe ine tungsten, anoshandiswa sezvo catalysts mu kemisitiri.

ehupfumi

The ehupfumi inokosha zvokunyama W sezvinotevera:

• The mabhomba Kuwanda 74.
• Mabhomba uremu: 183,85.
• Utsotso pfungwa: 3410 ° C.
• Achibika pfungwa: 5660 ° C.
• Weight: 19.3 g / masendimita ³ pa 20 ° C.
• oxidation ezvinhu +2, +3, +4, +5, +6.
• Electronic configuration: [Xe] 4 D add ^{May 14 June 4} p ^2.