The hafu-upenyu radioactive zvinhu - chii uye sei kuti vanokurondedzera? Formula hafu-upenyu

Nhoroondo pakudzidza radioactivity March 1, 1896 akatanga, apo yakakurumbira musayendisiti French Anri Bekkerel netsaona akazoziva ndezvavatorwa iri nemwaranzi kuti uranium exchange munyu. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti Photographic mundiro, akaisa mubhokisi wezvaizogona dzichikanganisa. Ndicho migumisiro nyika tinazvo yakakwirira rakapinza nemwaranzi, yakanga zvakapfumisa uranium exchange. pfuma iyi inowanikwa panonyanyisa okunze, nekuzadzisa periodic table. Akapiwa zita "radioactivity".

We kwekuzivisa hunhu radioactivity

muitiro uyu - vaingoerekana kutendeutsa nhengo atomu isotope neimwe isotope pamwe mawa Kushanduka zvokutanga nezvimedu (maerekitironi, mabhomba nuclei ose nehelium). Kutendeuka maatomu akazviratidza nomuzvarirwo, pasina rinoda kwokunze simba Absorção de Água. The huru kwazvo zvinoratidza simba kusunungurwa munguva muitiro womunhu radioactive kuora, inonzi basa.

radioactive mharidzo basa rinonzi fungidzira uwandu kuora dzokuenzanisira muzana chikwata nguva. In iri SI (System International) chairema yakayerwa inonzi becquerel (Bq). Mune imwe Becquerel kushandisa mharidzo basa rakadaro kunoitika Paavhareji 1 disintegration pa wechipiri.

A = λN, sezvamakaropafadzwa λ- kuora chenguva, N - Nhamba vanoshingaira maatomu ari mharidzo.

Kure α, β, γ-decays. The tsamba equations vanonzi mitemo zvaizopedza:

zita	Chii chiri kuitika	kuita mukana wokuti vanhu vanga
α kuora	kutendeuka mabhomba musimboti muna X Y musimboti kwokusunungura mwoyo weatomu nehelium atomu	X Z A → Z-Y 2 A-4 + 4 2
β - disintegration	kutendeuka mabhomba musimboti muna X Y musimboti pamwe Erekitironi kusunungurwa	Z A → Z + X 1 Y A + -1 E A
γ - kuora	kwete achiperekedzwa nokuchinja mwoyo, simba kusunungurwa chakafanana remagetsi chinozunguzirwa	X Z A → Z X A + γ

The nguva penguva mu radioactivity

The nguva pokuwa zvacho hazvigoni wakaisirwa chaiyo atomu. Nokuti iye, zviri nani kuva "tsaona" pane muenzaniso. Voga simba kunozivisa muitiro, se basa dzokuenzanisira.

Zvinonzi vakacherechedza kuti achinje pamusoro nguva. Kunyange zvazvo munhu zvinhu kuratidza inoshamisa mwero nguva nemwaranzi, pane zvinhu vane basa zvinoderedza kanoverengeka ari pfupi. Amazing-siyana! Zvinoita here kuwana muenzaniso muzvirongwa izvi?

Inosimbiswa kuti pane nguva apo chaizvo nehafu maatomu ari chiratidzazvizhinji anozadziswa kuora. Iyi nguva penguva unonzi "hafu-upenyu". Chii chinorehwa pakatanga pfungwa iyi?

Ndechipi hafu-upenyu?

Zvinoita sokuti nguva akaenzana kumwedzi, chaizvoizvo hafu vanoshingaira maatomu chipo mharidzo hwatsvuka. Asi izvi zvinoreva kuti panguva vanoshingaira maatomu zvose dziparare zvachose maviri hafu-upenyu? Kwete napaduku. Pashure imwe pfungwa iri mharidzo iri hafu radioactive zvinhu nenzira zvakafanana nguva yasara maatomu uchiora kunyange hafu, uye zvichingodaro. The nemwaranzi anoramba kwenguva refu, dzakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura hafu-upenyu. Saka, basa maatomu ari muenzaniso zvinochengeterwa pasina kubva nemwaranzi

The hafu-upenyu - svinga iyo kunobva chete pamusoro ehupfumi ari fuma. The ukoshi kunorondedzerwa vazhinji kuvazivisa radioactive isotopes.

Table: "The hafu-upenyu kuora vamwe isotopes"

zita	izita	mhando yokushata	hafu-upenyu
Radium	88 Ra 219	Alpha	0,001 masekonzi
magnesium	12 MG 27	Beta	maminitsi 10
radon	86 Rn 222	Alpha	3.8 mazuva
cobalt	27 Co 60	Beta, wegamma	makore 5.3
Radium	88 Ra 226	Alpha, wegamma	makore 1620
Uranus	92 238 U	Alpha, wegamma	makore mabhiriyoni 4,5

Kutsunga hafu-upenyu akaita experimentally. Murabhoritari zvidzidzo inoitwa kakawanda kuyera basa. Sezvo Murabhoritari mimwe shoma saizi (kuchengeteka mutsvakurudzi hunopfuura zvose), kuedza rinoitwa pamwe zvikamu zvakasiyana, akadzokorora kakawanda. Zvinonzi inobva Nguva kuchinja nevamiririri basa.

Kuti uone hafu upenyu chakayerwa basa dzokuenzanisira panguva chaiyo zvikamu. Yandakapiwa parameter chokuita kwazvo Zvaparara maatomu kubva radioactive kuora mutemo, kusarudza hafu-upenyu.

MUENZANISO tsanangudzo nokuti isotope

Regai uwandu vanoshingaira zvenyaya isotope pane imwe nguva akaenzana N, nguva penguva apo akataura zviri t ₂ - t ₁ apo pakutanga uye pakupedzisira zvakakwana pedyo akataura. Kufunga kuti N - nhamba kwemaatomu Zvaparara pamamiriro nguva chinguva, ipapo n = KN (T ₂ - t _1).

In aya, K = 0.693 / T½ - proportionality chinhu, inonzi kuora kugara. T½ - hafu-upenyu isotope.

Zvokufungidzira nokuti nguva slots chikwata. Saka K = N / N inoratidza chikamu isotope nuclei aripo kuparara muzana chikwata nguva.

Kuziva kukosha kuora chenguva inogona tsunga nehafu upenyu kuora: T½ = 0.693 / K.

It anotevera kuti paminiti nguva chikwata hapana anouraya vamwe vanoverengeka vanoshingaira maatomu, uye mumwe zvinoenderana.

Murairo kuora radioactive (spp)

Hafu-upenyu hwaro spp. Muenzaniso mumichero Frederick Soddy uye Ernest Rutherford pahwaro experimental kunoguma muna 1903. Zvinoshamisa kuti vakawanda kuyerwa yaakaita zviridzwa kure akakwana okuti chepakuvamba ramakumi remakore, zvakaita kuti zvabuda yakarurama uye kushanda. Akava hwaro dzidziso radioactivity. Tinowana chinhu kwemasvomhu panopindwa radioactive kuora mutemo.

- Regai N ₀ - Nhamba vanoshingaira maatomu ari kushingaira nguva. Mushure nguva penguva T achava nondecomposed N zvinhu.

- Panguva akaenzana hafu-upenyu kuramba chaizvo hafu vanoshingaira zvinhu: N = N _0/2.

- After imwe nguva mumwe hafu mharidzo dziri: N = N _0/4 = N _0/2 ² zvinoshingaira maatomu.

- Pashure nguva akaenzana imwe hafu-upenyu, mharidzo icharega chete: N = N _0/8 = N _0/2 ^3.

- Panguva apo hondo N hafu-nguva vari chiratidzazvizhinji vacharamba ₀ N = N / 2 ^N yezviri inoramba. In aya n = t / T½: nhamba yacho vachiongorora hafu-upenyu.

- ane spp siyanei kwemasvomhu okuti riri nyore ari mabasa: N = N ₀ 2 ^{- t / _T½.}

The muenzaniso unobvumidza kuti asarudze, kuwedzera kune hafu-upenyu, nhamba basa isotope maatomu nondecomposed pane imwe nguva. Kuziva nhamba kwemaatomu dzokuenzanisira pakutanga kwacho, kwapera nguva, unogona kuona oupenyu chezvinodhaka.

Kuona hafu-upenyu radioactive kuora mutemo payakavakirwa zvinobatsira kana zvimwe parameters chete: uwandu basa isotopes iri mharidzo, zvakaoma kuwana zvakakwana.

Migumisiro mutemo

Record spp yemaitiro anogona kushandisa pfungwa vakawanda basa uye nokugadzirira maatomu.

Basa iri Proportional nokuwanda radioactive maatomu: A = A ₀ • 2 ^{-t / T.} In yemaitiro ichi, A ₀ - mharidzo basa panguva razero nguva, A - basa pashure t mumasekonzi, T - hafu-upenyu.

Kurema fuma zvinogona kushandiswa muenzaniso: m = mamita ₀ • 2 ^{-t / T}

Nokuti chero nguva zvikamu Unokanganisa zvachose chete inorwara ari radioactive maatomu rinowanika gadziriro ino.

Miganhu applicability mutemo

Murayiro muzvinhu zvose chinhu Statistical, nokududza pezvakaitwa ari Microcosm. Zvinonzi kunzwisisa kuti hafu-upenyu radioactive zvinhu - nhamba. The probabilistic hunhu zviitiko zviri mabhomba nuclei anoratidza kuti zvemasanga chinoumba anogona kuparara chero nguva. Kufungidzira chiitiko hazvibviri, tinogona chete kuziva kutendeseka kwayo panguva. Somugumisiro, hafu upenyu hazvina musoro:

• nokuti imwe atomu;
• Minimum mharidzo makore.

Oupenyu atomu

Kuvapo atomu kwayo chepakutanga agare yechipiri, uye zvichida mamiriyoni emakore. Kutaura panguva tudonhwe upenyu uyewo haana zvakakodzera. Nokupinda mari yakaenzana avhareji kukosha oupenyu maatomu, unogona kutaura nokuvapo maatomu ane radioactive isotope, zvinokonzerwa kuora radioactive. The hafu-upenyu mabhomba musimboti kunobva ehupfumi ari atomu uye hakubvi pakuti zvimwe zvakawanda.

Zvinoita here kugadzirisa dambudziko: sei kuwana hafu-upenyu, achiziva paavhareji muupenyu?

Kuti uone hafu-upenyu kukurukurirana payakavakirwa nokuti Zvichakadaro oupenyu atomu uye kuora kugara rubatsiro, kwete zvishoma.

_{τ = T 1/2 / ln2 = T} 1/2 / 0,693 = 1 / λ.

In nhoroondo iyi, τ - paavhareji hwose, λ - the kuora chenguva.

Uchishandisa hafu-upenyu

Application spp nokuti Pakusarudza makore wacho ivhu kwakapararira munzvimbo tsvakurudzo ava kunopera rechimakumi maviri remakore. Kururama kuziva makore Zvisaririra zvinoratidza ichiwedzerwa zvokuti anogona kupa nzwisiso panguva chemakore BC upenyu.

Radiocarbon Zvisaririra Organic ivhu kwakavakirwa kuchinja kabhoni-14 basa (radiocarbon) aripo zvinenge zvose. It rikawira muviri mupenyu panguva muviri uye zviri mairi paneimwewo yevasungwa. Pakafa muviri pamwe kwezvakatipoteredza hunoguma. Kuwanda radioactive kabhoni ikasawira nokuda dzinongoitika kuora, basa kunoderedza proportionally.

With tsika yakadaro, nehafu upenyu, kuti nzira mutemo kuora radioactive chinobatsira kuziva nguva kugumiswa upenyu muviri.

Ngetani radioactive transformations

Zvidzidzo radioactivity yaiitwa muna murabhoritari ezvinhu. Amazing nemano radioactive zvinhu kuramba achishingaira kwemaawa, mazuva kana kunyange makore hahwaikwanisa zvakashamisa pakutanga maviri yefizikisi remakore. Studies, Somuenzaniso, thorium, zvichiteverwa zvakonzerwa mugumisiro: mune namahwindo ampoule yayo basa raikosha. Kuchangotanga whiff dzakawira. The yakapedzisa nyore: kutendeuka thorium pamwe nokubudiswa radon (negasi). zvinhu zvose muna radioactivity pachishandurwa kuva akasiyana zvachose fuma, uye apo mumuviri makemikari zvivako. fuma Izviwo, zvakare kusagadzikana. Zvinonzi ikozvino kuzivikanwa mitatu yamabwe zvakafanana transformations.

Zivo transformations aya chaizvo zvinokosha kuziva nguva inaccessibility nzvimbo utachiona mubishi mabhomba uye renyukireya tsvakurudzo, kana Ngwavaira. The hafu-upenyu plutonium - zvichienderana isotopes ayo - iri zvinobva 86 s (Pu 238) kusvika 80 Ma (Pu 244). Wevasungwa neimwe isotope zvinopa pfungwa pamusoro nguva decontamination nzvimbo.

The simbi kupfuura zvinodhura

Zvinozivikanwa kuti munguva dzazvino pane zvakawanda zvinodhura simbi kupfuura goridhe, sirivha uye Platinum. Idzi dzinosanganisira plutonium. Sezvineiwo, zviri zvisikwa vakasikwa shanduka ari plutonium haina kuwanikwa. Most zvinhu zviri vakawana pasi mumarabhoritari ezvinhu. Nokushanda plutonium-239 muna yenyukireya reactors kwakaita kuti akwanise kuva nevakawanda chaizvo mazuva ano. Kuwana kwakakwanira kushandiswa muna reactors uwandu ari isotope zvinoita kushanda chaizvo.

Plutonium-239 inotengwa mu vivo somugumisiro cheni siyana vari uranium exchange-239 Neptunium-239 (hafu-upenyu - maawa 56). cheni Similar rinobvumira kuunganidza plutonium mu zvenyukireya reactors. Mwero panowanikwa nhamba inodiwa akapfuudza dzinongoitika mabhiriyoni nguva.

Application mu Energy

Pane zvakawanda kungotaura pamusoro zvinokanganiswa simba renyukireya uye "strangeness" kwevanhu kuti chero buri inoshandiswa kuuraya pachavo mhando kwavo. Panovhurwa plutonium-239, iro rinogona kuitawo renyukireya cheni maitiro anobvumirwa kurishandisa somunhu rugare simba kunobva. Uranium exchange-235 ndiko analogue pamusoro plutonium inowanikwa nyika apo neapo, sarudza kubva uranium exchange mhangura iri kwakaoma kupfuura kuwana plutonium.

Age Nyika

Radioisotope kuongorora isotopes ose radioactive zvinhu anopa yakarurama pfungwa oupenyu imwe mharidzo.

Kushandisa kuchinja cheni "kuti uranium exchange - thorium", huri pasi goko, zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuona makore redu. The chikamu zvinhu izvi vari avhareji yose goko irimo nzira iyi. Maererano ichangobva data, makore Pasi ndiro bhiriyoni 4,6 nemakore.