Chii Zoologie? Kuti inoongorora sayenzi zvemhuka?

Organic nyika nhasi nenhumbi dzayo dzakasiyana biomass unogona kukamurwa shanu ushe zvakasikwa :

• mhuka;
• miti;
• howa;
• mabhakitiriya;
• wanda.

Kudzidza mumwe nomumwe wavo riitwe rose zvakawanda sayenzi. Tichakurukura chii sayenzi kwave kudzidza vamiririri mhuka umambo, humboo nyaya dzinonzi, kubva apo vavapo, uye nei zvakadaro kure kubudirira.

Science zvemhuka

Home Science, akazvipira kudzidza siyana uye mararamiro mhuka - zvemhuka. Kuti nheyo vairinda ruzivo hama dzedu zviduku.

Chii Zoologie? Mhinduro mutongo mumwe angangotadza kubudirira. It haisi sainzi yakaoma, uchifungidzira, ndiko chine zvikamu uye podnauk achiunganidza zvinhu zvose zvine chokuita mhuka nyika.

Naizvozvo, mhinduro yemubvunzo uyu ichi: zvemhuka - sayenzi chikamu ichocho biomass yedu, iro rinoreva mhuka. Saka, chinangwa pakudzidza Zoologie imhuka zvose - kubvira unicellular kuti zvipuka zvine masero akawanda majemusi mhuka. Nyaya sayenzi iyi anonzi kudzidzwa kwokunze uye munyika chivako, vasiri urongwa, kupararira zvakasikwa, mararamiro uye maitiro, aiita mumwe nomumwe uye kunze nyika.

Zvinangwa nezvinotarisirwa nesayenzi

More kunyatsonzwisisa zvakataurwa zvemhuka, vahunotonga zvinangwa uye nezvinangwa somunhu sainzi. Zvinangwa ndiwo:

• kuongorora zviri kushanda, mamiriro, embryo uye nhoroondo kukura nhengo dzose mhuka;
• funga nzira kuchinja zvakavapoteredza uye kuronda zvinhu ethology;
• tsanangura basa ravo munyika yacho makemikari nyika;
• ziva munhu basa kuchengetedza uye kudzivirira mhuka.

Maererano chinangwa inozoshandisirwa pamusoro Zoologie zvinangwa vari zvinhu zvinotevera:

1. Kudzidza nechitarisiko uye munyika chivako, uyewo vasiri zvechadenga mhuka.
2. Tikaenzanisa zvavanoda uye dzavo nzvimbo.
3. Achitanga tsika uye basa munhu mapoka zvakasikwa uye zvinoitwa nevanhu.
4. Kuongororwa taxonomy hwemhuka nyika, kuziva pangozi zvikuru mapoka, kuona vakachengeteka uye kudzivirirwa yavo.

Zvatakurukura Zvinangwa ari, mabasa, chinhu uye nyaya zvemhuka, tinogona kutaura chokwadi kuti kudzidza zvidzidzo zvemhuka fauna of yose kuonekwa.

Kupatsanura pakati zoological zvikamu

Kune mhando anopfuura mamiriyoni maviri mhuka. Mumwe ane pachake rakasiyana zvachiri, uye kuonana navo mumwe, ivo kazhinji vanomiririra akasiyana hurongwa. Kudzidza kwegadziriro kwakadaro kunoda nguva uye kushanda nesimba. Iri ndiro basa vanhu vakawanda kudaro. Naizvozvo, sainzi zvose zviri chikamu chinokosha zvemhuka.

kupatsanura kwavo kwakavakirwa zvinokosha zvinotaurwa maviri: racho uye kudzidza zvinetso nesayenzi. Funga zvose.

Kupatsanura zvinhu yokudzidza

1. Mammalogy (theriology) - sayenzi vekirasi mhuka.
2. Herpetology - nezvinokambaira uye amphibians.
3. Ichthyology - pamusoro hove.
4. Ornithology - pamusoro shiri (shiri).
5. Entomology - pamusoro nezvipembenene.
6. Acarology - pamusoro nezvikwekwe.
7. Arachnology - a dandemutande.
8. Malacology - pamusoro pegungwa uye yomugungwa dzemugungwa.
9. Carcinology - nokuti crustaceans.
10. Protozoology - rimwe-celled (majemusi).
11. Helminthology - a parasitic gonye.

Kupatsanura pakati zoological zvikamu pamusoro mabasa

Panewo zoological kupatsanura zvikamu zvinetso nesayenzi. Zvinomirira zvinotevera Categories:

• systematics - chikamu pakubata kupatsanura uye tsanangudzo nzvimbo makemikari nyika ino nerimwe nemhuka;
• zoogeography - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza kuparadzirwa uye kugarwa pamusoro munharaunda yedu;
• Morphology - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza kwokunze zvinhu uye zvemukati mamiriro;
• Phylogenetics - kudzidza kutanga matangiro uye nhoroondo kukura hwemhuka nyika;
• Dzinza rako - muchicherekedza mitemo yedzinza uye kusiyana kumarudzi namarudzi;
• histology - kudzidza cellular maumbirwo munyama;
• paleozoology - sayenzi zvisaririra zvemhuka yakatotsakatika uye zvose muupenyu nyika nguva;
• Cytology - sayenzi sero yayo mamiriro;
• ethology - inoongorora zvakaita maitiro zvigadziriswe kwemhuka mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana;
• embryology - ari kufunga kugadzwa tuvana uye kufanana uye kusiyana pakati vamiririri vose mhuka nyika pachishandiswa kuongorora fetus uyewo peculiarities ose ontogenesis;
• ikoroji - inodzidza kudyidzana pakati pemhuka pachavo, uyewo kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu enyika uye kudyidzana kwevanhu;
• physiology - unhu zvipenyu zvose zvirimo;
• Anatomy - kudzidza womukati maumbirwo mhuka.

Zoologie pamusoro vertebrates

Chii Zoologie pamusoro vertebrates? Ichi chikamu runotaura kudzidza mhuka nyika, kuva Chord (nokuti upenyu tinoshandurirwa musana mbiru pamwe musana).

Zvinangwa chikamu ichi chirango vadzidzi vanoziva kwokunze uye dzimwe nyaya mumakirasi ose ose vertebrates, avo maitiro uye mararamiro, kuparadzira uye basa zvakasikwa uye upenyu hwevanhu.

The chikuru zviri vertebrates zvinongowanikwa boka iri zvinotevera:

1. Chete vane Chord - muvambi of nomuzongoza. Mune dzimwe mhando zviri uye zviripo nokuda kwoupenyu, asi ruzhinji hwapedyo kupinda nomuzongoza.
2. Tsinga emhuka idzi kusiyaniswa zvakajeka muuropi uye musana (kunze kukurairisai chordates, umo nguva dzose tsinga tambo yacho Chord).
3. The zvomudumbu hurongwa vamiririri makirasi akasiyana chinotanga kunze muromo yokutanga nechemberi muviri, kuguma zvomudumbu chubhu iri kushandurwa kubva zvomugungwa kusvika gills. In pano chimiro mumapapu.
4. Vamiririri All vane mwoyo - Nhongonya kweropa hurongwa.

Zviri muchikamu ichi rakazvipira mhuka uye zvidzidzo zvemhuka yacho vertebrates.

Zoologie pamusoro invertebrates

Kuti vanodzidza zvemhuka kuti invertebrates? Ino chaiyo mamiriro, mararamiro uye tsika dziri hunhu nemhuka zvose kuti havana zviratidzo izvi. mhuka dzakadaro dzinosanganisira vamiririri marudzi anotevera:

• sechipanji;
• coelenterates;
• segmented, denderedzwa uye sandara Makonye;
• dzemugungwa;
• echinoderms;
• arthropods (madandaude, tumbuyu, crustaceans).

Invertebrates vanoumba ruzhinji mhuka dzose anozivikanwa. Mukuwedzera, ivo basa rinokosha mune zvoupfumi basa.

Uyewo, vamiririri akawanda invertebrates vari tupukanana kuti kuunza vanhu dambudziko (parasitic honye pavanokarira uye kukohwa zvirimwa, uye zvichingodaro).

Ndokusaka kudzidza invertebrates zvinokosha uye zvikuru yesayenzi.

zvidzidzo zvemhuka majemusi

Pakati nyore imhuka zvose chete-celled. zvinoti:

• sarcomastigophora (amoebae, pod, foraminifery, Dory);
• flagellates (Volvox, euglena, trypanosome, opaline);
• ciliates (ciliary anomwa uye ciliates);
• sporozoans (gregarines, coccidia, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium falciparum).

Vamwe amoebae, ciliates uye zvose sporozoans muri utachiona zvokuva zvirwere muvanhu nemhuka ngozi. Naizvozvo, kudzidza kwavo upenyu kutenderera, zvokudya uye maberekero mitoo hwakadzama chikamu chinokosha ari kutsvaka nzira kurwisa navo. Ndokusaka zvemhuka majemusi hapana matavi zvisinganyanyi kukosha sayenzi kupfuura vamwe vose.

A pfupi gadzira pakukura sayenzi

sainzi Izvi kunakidza chaizvo. Zoologie anonakidzwa uye chakandinyengedza pfungwa dzakawanda nguva dzose. Zvino zvirokwazvo anoruramiswa. Pashure pakuongorora hama dzedu maduku zvechokwadi anonakidza uye anobatsira muviri.

Huru muzvikamu dzinoitwa zvemhuka kukura, kwete zvikuru yakasiyana avo dzimwe sayenzi. Ndivo inokosha mana nguva:

1. nguva Ancient. Ancient Greece - Aristotle, Rome yekare - Pliniy Starshy.
2. Middle Ages - nguva kurega kunotanga. sayenzi All vaiva pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu Church, kudzidza zvose zvipenyu zvose zvakanga zvaisambobvumirwa.
3. Renaissance - kupfuura basa nguva kukura zvemhuka. Vaunganidza mashoko akawanda yokungotaura uye anoshanda muupenyu mhuka, akagadzira dzinokosha mitemo kuisa kushandiswa uye taxonomy taxa binary Nomenclature zvinomera nemhuka mazita. The usage kupfuura iyi vaiva: Charles Darwin, Zhan Batist Lamark, Karl Linney, Zhorzh Kyuve, Dzhon Rey, Saint-Hilaire, Antoni Van Levenguk.
4. New nguva zvinoreva XIX-XX remakore. nguva iyi kukura ruzivo pamusoro samolecular uye masero remhuka, kuvhura zviri biogenetic mitemo uye zvigadziriswe pakati embryo uye vasiri kukura mhuka pakubhadhara zvose. Most mazita makuru: Max, Haeckel uye Muller, Mechnikov, Kovalevsky.

ano zvemhuka

XXI remakore - nguva yakunda digitaalinen rwokugadzira uye yakasiyana rinorema-basa michina. Izvi zvinopa mukana zvikuru zvose sayenzi kuti Studies zvisikwa zvipenyu, asi panguva imwe chete uye matambudziko matsva pamberi pavo.

Chii zvemhuka kuitika padanho kukura? Ndicho nesayenzi ari kugadzirira kupindura mibvunzo:

• Chii mhuka nyika?
• Chii mitemo anogarika uye chii chinoratidza kuva?
• Sei munhu pasina kukuvadza mhoteredzo kushandisa mhuka kusiyana nyika nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo?
• Zvinoita here artificially recreate vakarasika (yakatotsakatika) mhuka?

Kutsvaka mhinduro anotora masayendisiti zvakawanda nguva, pasinei nokuva nzira akakwana kudaro.

Zoologie mutengo chinonetsa kuona. Kanopfuura kamwe yekunwa chii chikamu chikuru nayo pakutibatsira hwevanhu, utano hwavo uye zveupfumi mabasa. Akadzidzira zana remakore uye nguva dzose uchava kudzidzwa nokuti mibvunzo zvisingagadziriswi pamusoro pemhuka kuchiri guru chaizvo nhamba.