The mwero oxidation pamusoro Arsenic: Arsenic Chemical Properties

Tisati takurukura ukuru oxidation pamusoro Arsenic, kuziva nzvimbo yaro Periodic Table uye STRUCTURAL zvinhu. Uyewo, dana dzinokosha mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako zviri makemikari maatomu akafanana.

Mamiriro ari SS

Basic mwero oxidation pamusoro Arsenic, makemikari ehupfumi, mafomu - ichi zvose zvinogona kuwanikwa nokutarisa nzvimbo chinhu periodic ino. Arsenic iri mu wechishanu boka, subgroup guru iri mhuri mumiriri senitrogen. Ane hama mabhomba guru 74,9216. Basic Arsenic oxidation dhigirii dzine chokuita boka nayo anochengeterwa MS. chaikosha ichi 33 ane Serial nhamba. Kuwanda simba siyana zvinoenderana nokuwanda nguva iyo chinhu riri, ndizvo mana.

Funga urongwa maerekitironi mu hamvuropu imwe neimwe kwenyukireya. Pazuva rokutanga simba pamwero iri mbiri chete aiwanzopiwa wokushanda maerekitironi, yechipiri goko nezvimedu kugara masere: 2s uye 6p. At wechitatu vanochiva pakati pavo, riri gumi d-maerekitironi, kuti ndiyo nezvimedu 18 chete. External simba pamwero chinhu 2s-Erekitironi, uye nhatu S.-unpaired Erekitironi. Ndiko kuwanda Valence maerekitironi anosarudza pangava mwero oxidation kuti Arsenic.

mapeji enhau

It Arsenic inotaura zvinhu zvishanu "alchemical", kubvira panguva yeMiddle Ages. An dzinonakidza nguva ndechokuti vana vavo vari rechishanu boka weSS. Mumazuva iwayo hapana aigona kuona ukuru oxidation pamusoro Arsenic, asi kubatana yakanga vakabudirira kushandiswa anogadzira zvinhu zvinodhaka, pakusika mavara.

Pashure yekupindurwa Stone Age kuna Bronze Age, vanhu vakadzidza kubereka chiwanikwa iyi inokosha maitiro. Zvakaratidza kuti hwakanga kusvika 7 muzana Arsenic uye 3 muzana gaba. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti apo wokutanga simbi yendarira pachinzvimbo malachite, une mutema ruvara, chikanganiso akatora mutema mhangura-Arsenic sulfide zvicherwa.

The zvinoshamisa chokupika kunoguma chiwanikwa akamuita akakurumbira pakati vatenzi vekare. Vari zvakananga achitarisa zvakasikwa zvicherwa ane akati fuma.

Inosiyana Arsenic yeimwe vari oxidation zvakanaka mhando, inoenderana ayo yepamusoro valency. Kuziva sulfides ane Arsenic, chicherwa neshungu. The pakuonekwa wakananga negariki kwakanaka ndiko kusimbisa kuvapo muna Arsenic akakura. Zvishoma nezvishoma, kubva simbi yendarira Arsenous akaramba. Pakati zvikonzero kugumiswa pagadzirwe chii masayendisiti kuzodana zvachose chepfu yavatenzi kubasa.

dzinongoitika zvicherwa

Muchimiro zvicherwa fuma pasi kukurukurwa inozivikanwa kubvira munguva dzekare. Somuenzaniso, zviri oxidation nhamba 3 ari mukomboni pamusoro Arsenic Exhibits aizivikanwa Ancient China se "Stannaries guruva". Aristotle akatsanangura sandarac chicherwa anomirira Arsenic sulfide. Translated kubva mutauro rechiLatin zita raro unorira "pendi goridhe". We muupenyu mumazuva iwayo ave dhayi yeyero.

Mugore regumi masayendisiti remakore rinotaura mhando nhatu akasiyana zvinhu. The mwero oxidation ose Arsenic ari yeimwe anomiririrwa zvipenyu izvi dzinoenderana boka nhamba. Kumutumidza chena Arsenic hexavalent oxide, sulfide inonzi yeyero uye tsvuku - As4S4 (pararealgar).

White musimboti tsvina yakanga yaunganidzwa sublimation ari vachiridzira kwacho kwakaita ores mhangura, umo Zvinoumba Arsenic yaisanganisira. Sezvo condensation kubva gaseous mamiriro kunoitika deposition kuti Arsenic oxide sechinhu chena Dombo. Ane kubva kare rakashandiswa senzira chipembenene kuzvidzora.

Muzana remakore rechigumi nematatu, Albert Mukuru rwaiwanikwa metalloobraznoe fuma. Iye neshungu nesipo yellow Arsenic. The fuma yakawanikwa pedyo kukurukurirana haana akabvuma "asinganzwisisiki kukurukurirana" mapuraneti nomwe pamwe simbi. Zvichida ichi imhaka kupokanidzana inoratidzei masayendisiti ekare Arsenic vaiona "asiri wepamutemo" maatomu akafanana. Yakanga iri iwayo wakazvizivisa kukwanisa kumupa mhangura chena, saka zvakazivikanwa senzira "rakanga rachena Venus."

Somunhu fuma munhu makemikari chinhu rakazivikanwa chete pakati nemanomwe remakore. mishonga German Johann Schroeder akabudirira nevamwe nayo, kuva makemikari rutapudzo kuti kabhoni oxides. Kwapera nguva, izvozvo akabudirira nevamwe Nikole Lemeri simbi kudziyisa potashi Sipo, Arsenic oxide. Muzana remakore rechi18, simbi iyi yave kuzivikanwa somunhu "Semi" kujairika.

Mukupera rechi18 Swedish kemisiti K. V. Sheele rwaiwanikwa Arsenic acid, iyo inoratidza soro mwero oxidation ose Arsenic +5. Negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore Organic zvinhu ane Arsenic anotsanangurwa.

Kuva zvakasikwa

Yepamusorosoro uye kuderedza mwero oxidation kuti Arsenic kuitika kwayo dzinongoitika yeimwe. Muna goko chikamu wevasungwa munhu akapiwa Kufananidzira hazvirevi kupfuudza 5 magiramu por tani. In zvicherwa zvakawanda, rine pamwe nickel, cobalt, mhangura, simbi.

Pari zvino pane anenge mazana maviri dzinongoitika zvakasiyana zvicherwa, izvo zvinosanganisira makemikari chinhu runoonekwa nesu. Vakapiwa kuti vanoratidza soro uye rakadzika mwero oxidation pamusoro Arsenic, vane yakasiyana kushanda. Somuenzaniso, pachiimbwa namavara akanaka Arsenic anoratidza kunaka oxidation mamiriro. Kufunga chokwadi kuti simbi iyi yakaderera electronegativity, yakaderera mwero oxidation ose Arsenic ndiyo -3. Nhamba iyi ndizvo kuti arsenides, uyewo nokuda chicherwa allemontita.

yeimwe Most pamwe simbi Arsenic, akapa specificity pakati murwiyo, iri intermetallic remubatanidzwa dzinoratidzwa kusiyanisa mashoko Zvinoumba makemikari maatomu akafanana.

unhu arsenide

Nokuti arsenide dzinoratidzwa zviri nesimbi vanoverengeka vane zvakafanana maumbirwo nekristaro lattices. zvicherwa aya dzinoratidzwa esimbi kubwinya, muri opaque, vane pasi pokuoma.

Sezvo mienzaniso rwokuzvarwa arsenide anogona inotevera yeimwe:

• loellingite zvakafanana pyrite;
• nickeline inonzi dzvuku nickel pyrite;
• langisit;
• Oregon;
• sperrylite.

Chokwadi, ichi hachisi chinhu mishoma zvicherwa dzakadaro - parizvino emit vanenge makumi maviri navashanu yeimwe izvi. Pakati rakajairika zvakasikwa anogona kutaurwa arsenopyrite inonzi arsenical pyrites. Zviri chigadzirwa yaunganidzwa dzinomiririra imwe sarufa atomu mu pyrite Arsenic. Compounds zano rakadaro, izvo hakuratidzwi chepamusoro mwero oxidation pamusoro Arsenic anonzi sulphosalts.

vazvo tenda cobalt chipenye gersdorffite, enargite uye Proust. Ekupedzisira chinokosha sirivha mhangura, iri chapamusoro anokosha akararama. The mamiriro sulfosalts dzingasanganisira anokudzwa simbi yacho Platinum boka. Pakati pavo mubereko irarsite uye orsit. sezvamunoita wavo kashoma simbi inoshandiswa kwazvo catalysts mu Organic uye inorganic Syntheses.

The kunonyanyisa mwero oxidation pamusoro Arsenic kunoratidzwa kwayo dzinongoitika sulphides. Somuenzaniso, orenji-yellow dimorph vaimiririra ane Arsenic sulfide (5). Mune thirties remakore rapfuura, dzinongoitika deposits pamusoro orpiment, kusanganisira ayo nhengo sulfide, trivalent Arsenic, mu rwezasi Verkhoyansk Range kwakawanikwa. Ukuru dzakaonekwa crystals akanga vangasvika 60 masendimita pakureba, uye uremu vanofungidzirwa makirogiramu 30.

unhu arsenates

Possible mwero oxidation ose Arsenic munyu anogona kunzi somuenzaniso. Saka, Arsenic asidhi yeimwe raireva arsenate zviratidzwa kufadza mwero nokuti simbi: 5. Sezvo mienzaniso yeimwe yakadaro varipo erythrite ane rakajeka vaaleanpunainen ruvara. The munyu chaitaurwa cobalt ruvara, rune nzira Co3 (AsO4) 2 * 8H ₂ O. Zvinogonekawo kuona Gasparo shava-tsvuku Hue se (Ce, La, Nd) ArO _4.

Pakati Sweden akawana langbanovskie ferromanganese basa, apo akanga akawanikwa uye inozivikanwa anenge mashanu arsenates zvakasiyana. yeimwe aya inoumbwa zvokuverengera arsenous asidhi pamwe manganese hydroxide, (2) panguva yakaderera tembiricha.

Chii sokuti arsenate mwero oxidation kuti Arsenic? Zvinoitwa munyu izvi kunosimbisa kuvapo nesurferi mavari. Pasinei kushaya maindasitiri mafomu, avo aesthetic chitarisiko anovaita akakodzera kusika mineralogical kuunganidza.

An nyaya dzinonakidza ane kupfernikel rinoenderana zvicherwa Nichelino. Medieval miners German nickel akadana gomo wetsvina, uye "nyepera mhangura" anonzi "kupfernikelem". Masters wakaratidzwa fanano mhangura-tsvuku crystals ari ores chicherwa zvemhangura. Used navo girazi kupa chigadzirwa inotengwa matema. Chete pakati pezana-nemasere remakore mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt akabudirira nevamwe kubva chicherwa nickel.

Properties zvakasikwa

Arsenic iri zvikuru inert, saka rinogona kuwanikwa chizvarwa mamiriro. Kwakadaro simbi chikamu ane maviri nezvitanhatu muzana nouipi, kunyanya vari sirivha, nesimbi, cobalt, nickel. In nyika yedu yakanga yakawanikwa kubudikidza Vanodzidza chizvarwa Arsenic muna Amur mudunhu, Transbaikalia.

Inogona kuwanika pamatombo uye zvicherwa, uye zvinomera, saka zviri zvakakodzera kazhinji kunzi ubiquitous maatomu akafanana.

Chii kufadza uye shoma mwero oxidation kuti Arsenic? The soro ukoshi rinoenderana boka nhamba, sezvamakaropafadzwa kushingaira chinhu riri, uye ndiyo +5. Maitire nokuda yeimwe nayo Exhibits kwomuviri. Verenga zvakawanda yeimwe iyi nedzimwe simbi ichataura gare gare.

Pose Arsenic anoparadzirwa zvikuru zvisina kukodzera. Chikonzero ndechokuti paumbwe lithosphere uye sorption uye desorption pezvakaitwa zvichiitika sediments uye nevhu.

Nokuda kwazvo solubility of simbi mumvura nayo nyore migrates. Somuenzaniso, mune nyorovera okunze zvikaitika leaching kubva muvhu, zvichiteverwa kufamba pamwe chete pasi, nzizi.

vasiri kushanda

The wandei Arsenic iri chicherwa mumvura. Pane zvimwe mirayiro pamusoro zviri simbi. Kana runopfuura bvumidzwa tsika pane ngozi yokukuvadzwa kuti muviri womunhu. Panguva nemakemikari tsvakurudzo, zvakanzi vakawana kuti dzinongoitika mvura Arsenic chinogona kuvapo-siyana. Chii chinofanira kuva mwero oxidation kuti Arsenic? The ehupfumi of yeimwe inowanikwa mumvura kuzosimbisa pamberi simbi iri muchimiro arsenous asidhi mhinduro.

Arsenic mu mhenyu muchimiro rine anenge 6 MG pa 1 kg. Part of algae anogona kuunganidza imwe pfuma akataura zvokuti zvinogona ngozi dzemuviri. Vamwe mhando anowanikwa munyika Asian, vanokwanisa kuwanda mu yakachena asidhi mhinduro. Vari kushandiswa senzira kudzora makonzo. In hwomunhu uropi, uye uwandu zvesimbi mune tsandanyama dzaro hadziringani. Uyezve, zviri aripo ezvipikiri ndiro riri vaunganidza vhudzi.

mumuviri nokurondedzerwa

Pasinei chokwadi kuti Arsenic afanane resimbi, uyewo ane asiri esimbi zviratidzo. Somuenzaniso, hazvina inokwanisa nokuumba munyu pamwe sulfuric asidhi vachiita acidifying maatomu akafanana. Arsenic anogona kuvapo ari siyana allotropic okunatsiridza Achiyeuka phosphorus. Akatsiga zvikuru musoro Arsenic, iyo sublimes kana neshungu zvakafanana ayodhini.

By nadzurudzo iyi zvemagetsi conductivity muduku kuti mhangura asi yakakwirira kupfuura nemekiyuri. Pamusoro kutonhora Arsenic vapor vanogona nyoro usiri yero ruvara fuma akafanana yeyero phosphorus. Panguva kudziyisa, zviri kushandiswa allotropic yakasiyana dikidiki makemikari maatomu akafanana.

Kana Arsenic mhute deposition pamusoro negirazi kucherechedza pakuonekwa girazi firimu.

Arsenic yeimwe

The mwero oxidation ose Arsenic pamusoro oxide 5, kuti zvinoenderana yaro yepamusoro Valencia. Asi sublimation nesimbi mhute mu nyorovera mhepo vakaumba dema firimu Arsenic rayo anhydride As2O _3. Zviri zvakadaro chimiro ariko kumboda uye oxide yacho chinhu. oxide ichi rinoratidza amphoteric namakemikari ehupfumi.

Munguva oxidation muitiro zviri kutendeukira yakakwirira oxide, iyo inoratidza kukosha Arsenic oxidation mamiriro +5.

The yakaisvonaka simbi iri oxidized pamwe sanganisa nitric asidhi kuti ortomyshyakovistoy iine acid H ₃ Aso _3, sezvamakaropafadzwa ine Valence pamusoro 3. kwemakemikari kwavo zvinhu zviri kukurukurwa svikiro simba asidhi analogously boric acid. Munyu funga arsenite nedzokunze rakajeka rokudzorera ehupfumi.

The simbi chloride ane oxidation wehurumende +3, kuita sezvo nezvaiitwa simbi Kufananidzira. Saltlike arsenides, inoumbwa maitiro nokuva nesimbi vanosangana aqueous hydrolysis. Somuenzaniso, arsine (dota ₃₎ ari chepfu Hauoneki gasi, kuine kunhuwidza.

organometallic yeimwe

Arsenic anokwanisa rokuumba siyana organometallic yeimwe. Somuenzaniso, mukupera rechi18 distillative oxide kuti Arsenic (3) potassium acetate, rwaiwanikwa fuming mura kuva risingafadzi kwakanaka. The zvichiguma chigadzirwa ainzi alarsinom. zvidzidzo hunotevedzana kwakaratidza kuti chikamu yake Arsenic aripo.

Mukupera namapfumbamwe remakore, zvinonhuwirira arsines vari synthesized. Zvaakazoita yakaitwa pasi zvinoitwa musanganiswa Arsenic trichloride uye aryl halide pamwe esimbi yavaibvisa. Vamwe zvigadzirwa izvi vakaratidza inorwisa utachiona ehupfumi. Kusvika panguva kwetunhu ezviuru Arsenic Organic zvinhu.

Kushandiswa Arsenic

Vanopfuura hafu anogadzirwa simbi inoshandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana yeimwe. In yayo yakaisvonaka chimiro, zvinonzi anenge kumboshandisa. In zviduku zvakawanda zviri chakaunzwa aitaridzika alloys. yokuvirisa kwakadaro Vane pesvedzero inobatsira pamusoro kwekuoma Finished chigadzirwa, saka zvavaida pavaiva zvaAtemisi magetsi netambo uye mabhatiri.

Shoma dose pamusoro Arsenic kupa kuvandudza ngura nemishonga, vanatsiridze chafariz zviratidzo, nendarira uye mhangura. Kana chinhu ichi harina mimwe netsvina, umo zvakafamba zviri vaizviti mune zvaAtemisi semiconductor mano. Kusika kwavari Arsenic iri yakapambadzirwa pamwe negermanium kana nesilicon.

Uyezve, iye rakaisvonaka dopant chokusika simbi. Sezvo zvinokosha Mazano Arsenic zvinodiwa uye non-ferrous simbi. Kunyange wayo pasi kugutsikana mune chiwanikwa kunogona kuvandudza zvikuru nesimba kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa. Arsenic kunowedzera fluidity munguva Kudzingwa hwemhangura, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore kuti awane waya.

Pane imwe inokanganisa iri kuchinja simbi kugadzirwa. Kuvapo yaro mhangura kwacho ichichinja kuita bhizimisi ngozi.

Pakati siyana Arsenic yeimwe dzinofarirwa raro trivalent oxide. Ari pari kuitwa inoshandiswa girazi indasitiri. Munyu pamwe chiratidzo kudiwa 5 sezvo antiseptics. Uku chinhu chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru nevanhu vari ano zvemakemikari indasitiri nekuti Exhibits hunyambiri ehupfumi zvichienderana kwacho chokubuda svikiro.