Oxides, munyu, zvigadziko, acids. Properties oxides, nezvigadziko, acids, munyu

Modern makemikari sayenzi zvakasiyana-siyana minda, uye mumwe nomumwe wavo, kuwedzera kune yokungotaura kuumbwa, ari mukuru inoshanda kukosha, anobatsira. Chero iwe bata, zvose kumativi - zvivezwa kwemakemikari kugadzirwa. The chikuru zvikamu - ane inorganic uye makemikari kemisitiri. Funga huru makirasi yeimwe anonzi inorganic, uye chii zvivako zvavanazvo.

The chikuru Mapoka ose inorganic yeimwe

Kune vaya vanobvumwa kuti zvinotevera:

1. Oxides.
2. Salt.
3. Base.
4. Acid.

Imwe neimwe nemakirasi inomiririrwa guru siyana inorganic yeimwe uye ane ukoshi rakada chero mamiriro ezvoupfumi uye maindasitiri zvinoitwa nomunhu. zvikuru ehupfumi All yo yeimwe izvi, nokuva zvakasikwa uye ndichipfeka vakadzidza muchikoro kemisitiri kosi mutemo unoti mune zvidzidzo 8-11.

Pane vakawanda tafura oxides, munyu, nezvigadziko, acids, vari mienzaniso nechimwe zvinhu zvavo ezvinhu aggregation, kuva zvakasikwa. A inoratidzawo nesungano pakati ruchitaura namakemikari zvivako. Zvisinei, tichakurukura nomumwe nemakirasi yoga uye zvizere.

Boka yeimwe - oxides

Oxides - a boka inorganic yeimwe rinoumbwa zvinhu zviviri (binary), rimwe riri nguva dzose O (okisijeni) apasi oxidation wehurumende -2, imire panzvimbo yechipiri muna empirical payakavakirwa akakura. Muenzaniso: N ₂ O _5, Cao uye zvichingodaro.

The oxides dzinoiswa sezvinotevera.

I. Nesoleobrazuyuschie - haakwanisi rokuumba munyu.

II. Salt-vanoumba - vanokwanisa nokuumba munyu (pamwe pezvingoro, amphoteric yeimwe pamwe chete acids).

1. Acid - kana kupinzwa mvura kuumbika acids. Nonmetals kazhinji kuumbwa kana simbi rurefu CO (oxidation).
2. Key - chimiro chawo pamvura anopinda. Kuvakwa simbi eremendi.
3. Amphoteric - kuratidza asidhi-chawo kaviri hunhu, zvakatemwa nokuda kuita zvinhu. Kuvakwa iitike simbi.
4. Mixed - kazhinji anoreva munyu uye kuumbwa zvinhu akawanda oxidation inoti.

Higher oxide - chiri oxide, sezvamakaropafadzwa aindiumba nhengo iri kunonyanyisa oxidation wehurumende. MUENZANISO: Te ^_+6. Nokuti tellurium kunonyanyisa oxidation mamiriro +6, zvinoreva Teo ₃ - yepamusoro oxide kuti maatomu akafanana izvi. Periodic hurongwa zvinhu mumwe boka akasaina mukuru empirical payakavakirwa kuratidza yokumusoro oxide kuti zvinhu zvose zviri muboka, asi chete mukuru subgroup. Somuenzaniso, boka rimwe rokutanga zvinhu (alkali simbi) ndiyo nzira yokuita muchimiro R ₂ O, izvo zvinoratidza kuti ose okunze huru subgroup boka iri aizova nzira yakadaro yepamusoro oxide. MUENZANISO: Rb ₂ O, Cs ₂ O uye zvichingodaro.

isu tiwane runoenzanirana hydroxide At dzakakwirira oxide zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura (alkali, asidhi kana amphoteric hydroxide).

unhu oxides

Oxides anogona kuvapo chero ezvinhu aggregation panguva zvavo ezvinhu. Vazhinji vavo ari hwakasimba crystalline kana upfu chimiro (Cao, Sio ₂₎ Vamwe CO (asidhi oxides) inowanikwa nenzira mvura (MN ₂ O ₇₎ uye gasi (NO, NO _2). Izvi nokuda sekristaro zvakachinjikwa mamiriro. Nokudaro, mutsauko achibika pfungwa uye utsotso pfungwa kuti siyana pakati vamiririri vakasiyana -272 ⁰ C kusvika 70-80 ⁰ C (uye dzimwe nguva yepamusoro) mukati. The solubility mumvura zvinosiyana.

1. Soluble - inokosha simbi oxides, rinozivikanwa alkaline, alkaline pasi, uye vose asidhi zvimwe pane nesilicon oxide (IV).
2. Insoluble - amphoteric oxides, zvose zvimwe zvinhu uye Sio _2.

Chii oxides sei?

Oxides, munyu, nezvigadziko, acids kuratidza ehupfumi zvakafanana. General ehupfumi zvinenge zvose oxides (kunze nesoleobrazuyuschih) - kugona ichi somugumisiro dzakananga mukukurukurirana kuumbika munyu siyana. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe boka oxides kwese yavo chaiyo namakemikari maitiro kuratidza ehupfumi.

The ehupfumi akasiyana mapoka oxides

Basic oxides - Toe	Acidic oxides - CO	Dual (amphoteric) oxide - Ao	The oxides hatuzoumbiki munyu
1. Reactions nemvura paumbwe alkalis (oxides panyika alkali uye alkaline simbi) Fr 2 O + mvura = 2FrOH 2. Reactions ane asidhi: inotungamirwa munyu nemvura asidhi + Me + N O = H 2 O + munyu 3. Zvaakazoita pamwe CO, paumbwe munyu nemvura lithium oxide + senitrogen oxide (V) = 2LiNO 3 4. Maitiro zvichiguma zvinhu zvinochinja CO Me + N O + C = Me + CO 0	1. Reagent mvura: iine acid inotungamirwa (Sio 2 Kunze) CO + mvura = asidhi 2. Reactions nezvigadziko: CO 2 + 2CsOH = Cs 2 CO 3 + H 2 O 3. Reactions nezvinhu oxides: munyu inotungamirwa P 2 O 5 + 3MnO = MN 3 (PO 3) 2 4. Reactions OVR: CO 2 + 2Ca = C + 2CaO,	Kuratidza Dual ehupfumi nekufambidzana pahwaro asidhi-chawo nzira (pamwe acids, alkalis, dzinokosha oxides uye asidhi oxides). Sezvo mvura hakuuyi achariwisira. 1. Nechinyoreso asidhi: inotungamirwa munyu nemvura Ao + asidhi = munyu + H 2 O 2. zvingoro (alkali): paumbwe hydroxo Al 2 O 3 + LiOH + mvura = Li [Al (OH) 4] 3. Zvaakazoita pamwe acidic oxides: Kugadzirira munyu FeO + SO 2 = FeSO 3 4. Zvaakazoita pamwe GA: inotungamirwa munyu Fusion MnO + Rb 2 O = Rb 2 kaviri munyu MnO 2 5. Reactions Fusion pamwe alkalis uye alkali simbi carbonates sezvo munyu inotungamirwa Al 2 O 3 + 2LiOH = 2LiAlO 2 + H 2 O	Kuumba kana acids kana alkalis. Kuratidza chaiwo ehupfumi nepaburi.

Mumwe yokumusoro oxide yakaumbwa sezvo simbi uye nonmetal, zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura, anopa asidhi simba kana alkali.

Organic acids uye inorganic

In venguva inzwi (kwakavakirwa ED zvinzvimbo - electrolytic dissociation - Svante Arrhenius acid) - ichi remubatanidzwa iri aqueous svikiro kuti dissociate ari H ⁺ cations uye anions asidhi residues An ^-. Zvisinei, nhasi, vainyatsoongorora asidhi uye pasi anhydrous ezvinhu, saka pane zvakawanda zvakasiyana dzidziso kuti hydroxides vari.

Empirical nzira oxides, nezvigadziko, acids, munyu akawedzera chete zviratidzo zvinhu uye maindex anoratidza zvavo nhamba iri fuma. Somuenzaniso, inorganic acids yakaratidzwa nzira H ⁺ iine acid vakasara ^n-. Organic zvinhu vane zvakasiyana yokungotaura Mapping. Kunze empirical, zvinogona avanyorera zvizere uye yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa, izvo tiratidze kwete chete murwiyo uye uwandu pakati mamorekuru, asi murayiro urongwa kwemaatomu, ukama hwavo nevamwe uye chikuru dzichipfekeka boka kuti carboxylic acids -COOH.

In Inorganics zvose acids vari mapoka mapoka maviri:

• anoxic - HBr, HCN, HCL nevamwe;
• okisijeni (oxo acids) - HClO ₃ uye zvose apo pane oxygen.

Uyewo inorganic acids Classified nokuda kutsiga (kugadzikana kana kugadzikana - zvose kunze carbonic uye sulphurous, kugadzikana kana kusagadzikana - uye sulphurous marasha). Nesimba simba acids angava: sulfuric, hydrochloric, nitric, perchloric, uye vamwe, uyewo simba: rehydrogen sulfide, kuti hypochlorous uye nevamwe.

Haisi zvakasiyana siyana anopa makemikari kemisitiri yakadaro. The acids zviri Organic zvakasikwa, ndivo carboxylic acids. Ravaigona chinhu - kuvapo dzichipfekeka boka COOH. Somuenzaniso, HCOOH (formic), _CH3 COOH (acetic acid), C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COOH (stearic acid) uye vamwe.

Kune akawanda acids, rinotaura kunyanya kungwarira paunenge uchiongorora nyaya iyi pachikoro kemisitiri kosi.

1. Salt.
2. Nitric.
3. Phosphoric.
4. Hydrobromic.
5. Coal.
6. Hydroiodic.
7. Sulfuric.
8. Acetic asidhi kana ethane.
9. Butane kana mafuta.
10. Benzoic.

10 acids aya unokosha kemisitiri zvinhu zvinoenderana kirasi kosi chikoro, uye vose zvavo, vari bhizimisi uye Syntheses.

Properties ose inorganic acids

Huru chaiko ehupfumi zvinofanira pakutanga yakasiyana ezvinhu aggregation vaiti. Zvechokwadi, pane vakawanda acids vane chimiro crystals kana Nezvakakuyiwa (boric, phosphoric) pasi kwakajairika ezvinhu. Ruzhinji inozivikanwa inorganic acids zvakasiyana mvura. Achibika uye kubvunda tembiricha uyewo siyana.

Acid anogona kukonzera kwazvo kutsva, sezvo vane simba kuparadza makemikari zvinyama uye ganda. Nokuti kuziva miedzo acids vaishandisa zviratidzi:

• methyl Orange (ari senguva masango - orange mu asidhi - red)
• Litmus (mu kwazvakarerekera - Violet mu asidhi - red) kana vamwe.

Chinonyanya kukosha namakemikari ehupfumi zvinosanganisira kukwanisa kutaura vose nyore uye dzakaoma yeimwe.

The kwemakemikari ehupfumi pamusoro inorganic acids

What nekutaurirana	Muenzaniso nemapinduriro
1. With mano-fuma simbi. Precondition: simbi anofanira kumira EHRNM kuti rehydrogen, saka sezvo nesimbi, rehydrogen pashure amire, havasi inokwanisa kubvisa kubva acid. The kuita anogara kuumbwa muchimiro rehydrogen gasi uye munyu.	HCL + AL = aruminiyamu chloride + H 2
2. zvigadziko. Mugumisiro nemapinduriro muri munyu uye mvura. Maitiro akadaro ane simba acids vane alkalis dzinonzi neutralization zvavaifunga.	Chero asidhi (simba) = + soluble mujinga munyu uye mvura
3. amphoteric hydroxides. Subtotal: munyu uye mvura.	2 + 2HNO beryllium hydroxide = kuva (NO 2) 2 (avhareji munyu) + 2h 2 O
4. With dzinokosha oxides. Subtotal: mvura, munyu.	2HCL + FeO = simbi chloride (II) + H 2 O
5. amphoteric oxides. Total zvazviri: munyu uye mvura.	2HI + ZnO = ZnI 2 + H 2 O
6. munyu akaumba simba acids. Total zvazviri: munyu uye simba acid.	2HBr + MgCO 3 = magnesium bromide + H 2 Haiwa + CO 2

Kana kuwadzana nesimbi vanonzwawo saizvozvo kwete acids zvose. Chemicals (mugwaro 9) kuchikoro kunosanganisira kudzika chaizvo kudzidza Zvisinei, siyana zvakadai, uye panguva yakadaro pamwero vaiona chaiwo ehupfumi kuti pfungwa nitric uye sulfuric acid, nokuda maitiro pamwe simbi.

Hydroxides: alkali, uye insoluble amphoteric pezvingoro

Oxides, munyu, nezvigadziko, acids - zvose izvi fuma makirasi zvacho zvakafanana namakemikari yezvakaita sekristaro yekamuri mamiriro inotsanangurwa, uye dzekuno kuchinja maatomu ari mamorekuru. Zvisinei, kana zvaibvira kupa zvakananga tsanangudzo nokuda oxide, ipapo asidhi uye chawo kuzviita zvakaoma.

Sezvakanga acids, nezvigadziko pamusoro dzidziso ED muri zvinhu vanokwanisa kuparara ari aqueous mhinduro ine simbi cations Me ^{N +} uye anions gidroksogrupp OH ^-.

Tinosiyaniswa mujinga muchikwata sezvinotevera:

• Soluble kana alkali (simba vakaisvoipa zviratidzi change ruvara). Kuvakwa simbi I, II mapoka. Muenzaniso: Koh, NaOH, LiOH (i.e. zvinonyorwa huru chete boka zvinhu);
• Havaratidzi soluble kana insoluble (simba unosvikirwa, handishanduki noruvara zviratidzi). Muenzaniso: magnesium hydroxide, simbi (II), (III), uye vamwe.
• Molecular (simba chawo ari aqueous svikiro reversibly dissociate kupinda ions Morekuru). Muenzaniso: N ₂ H _4, amines, amoniya.
• Amphoteric hydroxides (hunyambiri zviratidzwa chawo-asidhi ehupfumi). Muenzaniso: aruminiyamu hydroxide, beryllium, zingi, uye zvichingodaro.

boka rimwe nerimwe nechipiriso akadzidza paboka yechikoro wekemisitiri mu "Grounds". Chemistry Kirasi 8-9 kunosanganisira zvakawanda kudzidza zvishoma soluble yeimwe uye alkalies.

The chikuru mamirire zviri chikonzero

All alkali uye soluble yeimwe zvinowanikwa zviriko yakasimba crystalline wehurumende. Utsotso tembiricha ravo kazhinji pasi, uye havaratidzi soluble hydroxides anoora kana kupopotedzana. Ruvara siyana chikonzero. Kana alkali crystals chena zviri havaratidzi soluble uye samolecular zvigadziko zvingava mavara akasiyana chaizvo. The solubility pamusoro yeimwe dzakawanda mukirasi iyi inogona kuonekwa tafura, iro rinotaura zviri yemaitiro oxides, nezvigadziko, acids, munyu, solubility kwavo kunoratidzwa.

Alkalis anogona kushandura sedare zviratidzi sezvinotevera: phenolphthalein - naka, methyl Orange - tsvuku. Izvi kunosimbiswa nokuvapo gidroksogrupp akasununguka muna mhinduro. Saka zviri havaratidzi soluble vakaisvoipa siyana vakadaro havasi kupa.

The kwemakemikari ehupfumi neimwe boka akasiyana zvigadziko.

mushonga ehupfumi
alkalis	zvishoma soluble zvingoro	amphoteric hydroxides
I. vakaita pamwe CO (zvachose -hydrochloric uye mvura): 2LiOH + SO 3 = Li 2 SO 4 + mvura II. Vakaita ane asidhi (munyu uye mvura): kwakajairika neutralization maitiro (ona acids) III. Kushamwaridzana Ao kuumbika hydroxo munyu uye mvura: 2NaOH + Me + N O = Na 2 Me + N O 2 + H 2 Haiwa, kana Na 2 [Me + N (OH) 4] IV. Kushamwaridzana amphoteric hydroxides yokuumba munyu gidroksokompleksnyh: Zvakafanana nemashoko AD, asi pasina mvura V. vakaita pamwe soluble munyu kuumbika insoluble hydroxides uye munyu: 3CsOH + simbi chloride (III) = Fe (OH) 3 + 3CsCl VI. Kushamwaridzana zingi uye aruminiyamu ari aqueous mhinduro kuumbika munyu uye rehydrogen: 2RbOH + 2Al + mvura = complexed pamwe hydroxide Ion 2Rb [Al (OH) 4] + 3h 2	I. Apo kushata degradability: = Insoluble hydroxide oxide + mvura II. Zvinoitika ane asidhi (zvachose: munyu uye mvura): Fe (OH) 2 + 2HBr = FeBr 2 + mvura III. Kushamwaridzana CO: Me + N (OH) N + G = CO + H 2 O	I. Ivo vanoita pamwe acids kuumbika munyu uye mvura: Hydroxide, mhangura (II) + 2HBr = CuBr 2 + mvura II. It zvaanoita pamwe alkalis: zvachose - Munyu uye mvura (ezvinhu: Fusion) Zn (OH) 2 + 2CsOH = G + 2h 2 O III. Waitirwa pamwe simba hydroxides: mugumisiro - munyu, kana maitiro kunoitika nenzira aqueous mhinduro: Kr (OH) 3 + 3RbOH = Rb 3 [Kr (OH) 6]

Izvi zvinonyanya kubva kwemakemikari zvivako izvozvo kuratidza hwaro. Chemistry nezvigadziko zviri nyore uye anoteerera mitemo mukuru inorganic yeimwe.

Kirasi inorganic munyu. Kupatsanura, panyama ehupfumi

Inobva chinzvimbo ED, inorganic munyu vanogona kutaurwa yeimwe mu aqueous chichapedza dissociate cations simbi Me ^{+ n} anions uye anions An ^n-. Saka unogona kufungidzira munyu. Kutsunga Chemical kwete anopa mumwe, asi ichi ndicho yakarurama kwazvo.

Muchiitiko chino, maererano nemakemikari hunhu, munyu ose akakamurwa:

• Acidic (rine cations rinoumbwa rehydrogen). MUENZANISO: NaHSO _4.
  
• Key (iripo sechikamu gidroksogrupp). MUENZANISO: MgOHNO _3, FeOHCL _2.
• Avhareji (anoumbwa chete resimbi nokuo- nga uye iine acid vakasara). MUENZANISO: NaCL, CaSO _4.
• Dual (zvinosanganisira mbiri dzakasiyana simbi nokuo- nga). MUENZANISO: Ineva (SO _{4) 3.}
• Complex (hydroxo, aqua zvivako uye nevamwe). Muenzaniso: K ₂ [Fe (CN) _4].

Formula munyu dzinoratidza dzavo namakemikari hunhu, uyewo nehurukuro pamusoro Qualitative uye quantitative Kuronga Morekuru.

Oxides, munyu, nezvigadziko, acids dzakasiyana anokwanisa solubility, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa nhengo tafura.

Kana isu kutaura mamiriro aggregation pamusoro munyu, zvakafanira kuchengeta kufinhwa yavo. Ivo zviripo chete yakasimba, crystalline kana upfu fomu. Ruvara siyana iwayo siyana. The zvingaitwa kuti munyu kunzwisisa kazhinji vane mavara rakajeka nomuti.

Chemical kudyidzana kirasi munyu svikiro

Zvakafanana namakemikari ehupfumi nechigadziko, asidhi munyu. Oxides, sezvo isu kare kukurukurwa, muri siyanei navo chinhu ichi.

All vangazivikanwa 4 marudzi inokosha aiita kwenzira munyu.

I. aiita acids (simba chete maererano ED) kuumbika mumwe munyu uye simba asidhi:

KCNS + HCL = KCL + HCNS

II. Zvinoitika pamwe hydroxides pamwe chitarisiko soluble munyu uye insoluble zvigadziko:

CuSO ₄ + 2LiOH = 2LiSO _{soluble munyu 4} + Cũ (OH) _{2 insoluble garo}

III. Kudyidzana nevamwe soluble munyu iumbe insoluble uye soluble munyu:

PbCL ₂ + Na ₂ S = PbS + 2NaCL

IV. Zvinoitika pamwe simbi, akatarisa ari EHRNM akasiya kuti anoumba munhu munyu. Panyaya iyi kuuya simbi havafaniri sei panguva zvavo ezvinhu kudzorera nemvura:

MG + 2AgCL = MgCL ₂ + 2Ag

Ndivo mhando chikuru mukukurukurirana kuti vari yo kwomuzvarirwo munyu. Yemaitiro kunzwisisa munyu, zvinokosha, acidic uye kaviri dzitaure pachavo pamusoro specificity hwakaratidza namakemikari ehupfumi.

Yemaitiro oxides, nezvigadziko, acids, munyu anoratidza makemikari hunhu vamiririri vose makirasi aya inorganic yeimwe, uye zvakare, kupa pfungwa rokuti zvinhu uye mumuviri ayo zvivako. Naizvozvo, kunyora kwavo achizoripa pfungwa. A-siyana yeimwe makuru kazhinji anotipa chinhu sainzi zvinoshamisa - kemisitiri. Oxides, acids, munyu - kunongova kusiyana kwazvo.