Chii kushanda enzayemu mapuroteni? The enzymatic basa kwemapurotini: Mienzaniso

Basa remuviri wedu inzira yakaoma kwazvo, inosanganisira mamiriyoni emasero, zviuru zvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Asi pane imwe nzvimbo inowirirana zvachose nemapuroteni chaiwo, pasina izvo hupenyu hwemunhu kana hwemhuka huchave husingakwanisi zvachose. Sezvaungangodaro wakafungidzira, isu tiri kutaura zvino nezvemakemikari.

Nhasi tichakurukura basa re enzymatic yeprotein. Iyi inzvimbo inokosha yezvinyorwa zvehupenyu.

Sezvo nheyo yezvinhu izvi inonyanya kushandisa mapuroteni, ivo pachavo vanogona kutaridzirwa ivo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kwekutanga kokunyora ma enzymes kwakawanikwa kare kusvika kumashure makumi matatu nemakore ekuma1900, asi zvakatora masayendisiti kwemazana emakore kuti asvike pane zvinyorwa zvishoma kana zvisingasviki. Saka chii chinonzi mapuroteni enzyme anoita? Pamusoro peizvi, pamwe chete nekugadzirisa kwavo uye mienzaniso yezvinozoitika iwe uchadzidza kubva munyaya yedu.

Tinofanira kunzwisisa kuti haisi mapuroteni ose anogona kuva enzyme, kunyange inoretically. Izvozvo zvinokonzera mapuroteni anokwanisa kuratidza chiito chekugadzirisa zvinopesana nezvimwe zvinokonzerwa nemagetsi. Kungofanana nemakemikari epo ega ekirasi iyi, ma enzymes ane amino acid masara. Yeuka kuti basa re enzymatic yeprotein (mienzaniso yaro ichava munyaya yacho) inogona kuitwa chete neavo avo vane mairi mashoma haasi pasi pe5000.

Chii chinonzi enzyme, tsanangudzo dzemazuva ano

Maitiro ezvinyorwa zvinokonzera hupenyu hwehupenyu . Vanokwanisa kukanganisa maitiro nekuda kwekubatana kwepedyo pakati pemiti miviri (substrates) inobatanidzwa mukuita. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti basa re enzymatic yeprotein ndiyo nzira yekugadziriswa kwehumwe hupenyu hwehupenyu hwehupenyu hunofananidzwa chete nehupenyu huri hupenyu. Chikamu chiduku chazvo chinogona kudzokororwa mu laboratori.

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mumakore achangobva kuve nekuve nekugadzirisa mune izvi. Masayendisiti ari kusvika pedo nekugadzirwa kwemakemikari emuumbiki asingashandisi kwete chete pfuma yepasi, asiwo nezvemishonga. Masikirwo ari kuve nokugadzirwa anogona kuparadza kunyange zvidiki nzvimbo dzekutanga kwekenza.

Ndezvipi zvikamu zve enzyme zvinobatanidzwa zvakananga mukuita?

Cherechedza kuti kusangana ne substrate hakurevi muviri wose we enzyme, asi chete nzvimbo yayo duku, iyo inonzi inzvimbo inoshanda. Iyi ndiyo pfuma yavo huru, kubatanidza. Iyi pfungwa inoreva kuti enzyme inofanirwa zvakakodzera kune substrate muchimiro uye physico-chemicals properties. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti basa reprotheni-enzyme munyaya iyi ndeyotevera:

• Mvura yavo inobva mumvura.
• Pane chirevo chechokwadi (polarization, somuenzaniso).
• Mushure mezvo, ivo vari munzira inokosha mudenga, pamwe chete vachitaurirana.

Izvo zvinhu izvi zvinotungamirira kukurumidza kwezvinoitika. Uye zvino ngationei kuenzanisira pakati peenzymine uye inorganic catalysts.

Sezvaunogona kuona, basa re enzymatic yeprotein rinotora zvakananga. Isu tinowedzerawo kuti akawanda emapurotini aya anewo zvakananga. Zvinyorwa zvishoma, enzymes evanhu haifaniri kunge yakakodzera guinea yenguruve.

Mashoko anokosha pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwemakemikari

Muchidimbu chezvikwata izvi, mazinga matatu anonyanya kuzivikanwa. Iyo sarudzo huru inogona kuonekwa neamino acid masara ayo ari chikamu chemakemikari. Sezvo basa rekunyora simba reprotein, mienzaniso yadzo yatinotaura kakawanda munyaya ino, inogona kuitwa chete nezvimwe zvikamu zvemakemikari, zvinenge zvichinyatsogadziriswa kuvatsanangurira zvakajeka nezvozvi.

Kana iri yevhesi yechipiri, nhengo inotarirwa nemamwe marudzi ezvisungo zvinogona kusimuka pakati peiyi amino acid masara. Izvi zvisungo zvinonzi hydrogen, electrostatic, hydrophobic, uye van der Waals kutaurirana. Somugumisiro wekunetseka kwekuti zvisungo izvi zvinokonzera, -a-helices, zvishongo uye β-michina zvinoumbwa muzvikamu zvakasiyana zve enzyme.

Icho chidziro chepamusoro chichionekwa semagumisiro ezvimwe zvikamu zvakakura zveketeni ye polypeptide kungopeta. Mitsara inokonzerwa inonzi mazita. Pakupedzisira, kugadziriswa kwekugadzirisa kwechigadziro ichi kunowanikwa chete mushure mokunge kubatana kwakagadzikana kwakasimbiswa pakati pemadziro akasiyana. Iko kunofanira kuyeukwa kuti kuumbwa kwemasimba pachako pachako kunoitika munzvimbo yakasununguka yakakwana.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvemasvingo

Kazhinji, chine chain polypeptide kubva kwavanoumbwa inosanganisira anenge 150 amino acid masara. Apo nzvimbo dzichibatanirana pamwe chete, nyika inoumbwa. Sezvo basa rekunyora simba rinoshandiswa nemahofisi anobatsira pamavambo avo, kukosha kweiyo nzira inofanira kunzwisiswa.

Dunhu rega pacharo rinoratidzirwa nehuwandu hwekuti kushamwaridzana kwakawanda kunocherechedza pakati pemashizha ayo amino acid. Nhamba yavo yakawanda zvikuru kune iyo yekusarudzo pakati pemadziro avo pachavo. Nokudaro, matanda ari pakati pavo anenge "anotambudzwa" kune zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokonzerwa nemagetsi. Mavheekiti avo ndeyekuita kwema 20-30 cubic angstroms, iyo inogona kugadzikana mamiririki akawanda emvura. Nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzinowanzove dzakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana-siyana, izvo zvinosanganiswa nekushanda kwemabasa akasiyana zvakasiyana.

Active centre

Sezvo mutemo, masangano anoshanda anowanikwa zvakakwana pakati pemadhora. Saizvozvowo, mumwe nomumwe wavo anoita basa rinokosha zvikuru munzira yekuita. Nokuda kwerongwa urwu hwemasango, huwandu hunochinja uye hunoenda kune imwe nzvimbo ye enzyme inowanikwa. Izvi zvakakosha zvikuru, sezvo basa re enzymatic rinoshandiswa chete nemishonga iyo inogona kuchinja zvakakodzera nzvimbo yavo yepakati.

Pakati pehurefu hwehutano hwe polypeptide mumutumbi we enzyme uye nzira iyo maitiro akaoma anoitwa, kune ukama hwakananga. Kugadzikana kwebasa kunogadziriswa kuburikidza nokuumba kushanda kwekuita mukatikati kwezvinhu zviviri zvinoshandiswa, uye nekuumbwa kwemashure matsva.

Mamwe mapuroteni enzyme (mienzaniso - lysozyme uye glycogen phosphorylase) inogona kusiyanisa zvikuru muhukuru hwavo (129 uye 842 amino acid masara, maererano), kunyange zvazvo inobatsira kugadzirisa kushandiswa kwemhando imwechete yemakemikari zvisungo. Misiyano ndeyekuti mamwe masimba emuviri makuru uye makuru anogona kukwanisa kutarisa nzvimbo yavo mudenga, izvo zvinoita kuti kugadzikana kwakanyanya uye kukurumidza kwekuita.

Basic classification ye enzymes

Panguva ino, mitemo yakawanda inowanzopararira munyika yose. Maererano naye, zvidzidzo zvitanhatu zvakasiyana zvinozivikanwa, uye zvikamu zvinowirirana. Tichakurukura chete izvo zvinokosha. Pano ivo ndei:

1. Oxidoreductases. Basa reprotheni-enzymes munyaya iyi inokurudzira kweiyo-oxidation-kuderedza kuchinja.

2. Transferase. Unogona kuita kutengesa pakati pezvikamu zvemazana anotevera:

• Imwe-carbon residues.
• Kuramba kwealdehydes, pamwe neketoni.
• Acyl uye glycosyl zvikamu.
• Alkyl (sechimwechete haigone kutakura CH3) marara.
• Nitrogen mabhesheni.
• Makira ane phosphorus.

3. Hydrolases. Muchiitiko ichi, kukosha kwebasa re enzymatic yeprotein kunosanganisira kuparadzanisa zvinotevera zvidimbu zvezvikamu:

• Esters.
• Glycosides.
• Ethers, pamwe neooethers.
• Peptide type bonds.
• Zvisungo zvechirongwa che CN (kunze kwemapeptiji osechetechete).

4. Lyses. Vane simba rekudzivisa mapoka nemaitiro akatevera ekubatanidza kaviri. Mukuwedzera, iyo nzira inoshandiswa inogonawo kuitwa: kujoina mapoka akasiyana kuwirirana zvisungo.

5. Isomerases. Mune mhaka iyi, basa re enzymatic yeprotein ndiyo inoshandiswa yezvinokonzerwa nekuita kweesomeric. Iri boka rinosanganisira ma enzyme anotevera:

• Racemases, epimerases.
• Cisstransisomerase.
• Intramolecular oxidoreductases.
• Intramolecular transfases.
• Intramolecular lyases.

6. Ligasi (kana zvisiri kuzikanwa seti synthetase). Yakashanda pakutsvaga kweAATP pamwe chete nekugadzirisa panguva imwechete yezvisungo.

Zviri nyore kuona kuti mapuroteni ane mapuroteni anokosha zvikuru, sezvo ivo vanogona kutarisa zvinenge zvichiitika mumuviri wako wese wechipiri.

Chii chakasara che enzyme mushure mekutaurirana ne substrate?

Kakawanda, iyo enzyme ipuroteni yegurubula yakabva, iyo inoshandiswa mukati iyo iyo inomiririrwa nemashizha ayo amino acid. Mune zvimwe zviitiko zvose, nzvimbo yacho inosanganisira zvakasimba kushamwaridzana neprohetic group kana coenzyme (ATP, somuenzaniso), iyo kushamwaridzana kunowedzera simba. Zvose zvinoshandiswa zvinonzi holoenzyme, uye masara ayo, akaumbwa mushure mekubviswa kweAATP, pane apoenzyme.

Nokudaro, maererano neshoko iri, ma enzyme akaparadzaniswa kuva maboka anotevera:

• Izvo nyore hydrolases, lyases uye isomerases, iyo isina coenzyme base.
• MaProteine-enzymes (mienzaniso - dzimwe sermaminase) ine cheprohethirasi (lipoic acid, somuenzaniso). Iri boka rinosanganisirawo akawanda peroxidase.
• Nenzira, iyo iyo coenzyme yekuzvarwa patsva inomirira. Izvi zvinosanganisira kinases, pamwe chete nehuwandu hwei oxidoreductases.
• Zvimwe zvinogadzirisa, izvo zvakagadzirwa zvisati zvanyatsonzwisiswa.

Zvinhu zvose zviri chikamu cheboka rokutanga zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muzvigadzirwa zvezvokudya. Zvimwe zvose zvinogadzirisa zvinoda mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo ekugadzirisa kwawo, uye naizvozvo inoshanda chete mumuviri kana mune mamwe maongorori anoedza. Nokudaro, basa re enzymatic inonyatsopindurwa, iyo inosanganisira pakukurudzira (kutora) mamwe marudzi ehutano mumamiriro ezvinhu akajeka evanhu kana mhuka yemhuka.

Chii chinoitika munharaunda inoshingaira, kana Sei maantimiti ari kushanda zvakanaka?

Tatove tataura kanopfuura kamwechete kuti kiyi yeku kunzwisisa enzymatic catalysis ndiyo kusikwa kwekushanda mukati. Icho chiripo apo kusungirirwa kwakananga kwe substrate kunoitika, iyo iri pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadaro inowedzera kushanda mukuita. Kuti iwe unzwisise kusanzwisiswa kwezvinoitika ikoko, ngatitangei muenzaniso wakajeka: kuvhenesa glucose, 12 enzymes inofanira kutorwa kamwechete! Kuwirirana kwakadaro kwakashata kunokwanisika chete nokuti puroteni inoita basa re enzymatic ine dhigirii yepamusoro.

Species specificity ye enzymes

Inogona kuva yakakwana. Muchiitiko ichi, kunyatsoratidzwa kunoratidzwa chete kune imwe, yakanyatsorondedzerwa rudzi rwe enzyme. Nokudaro, urease inobatanidza chete ne urea. Nekisikise mukaka mumubatiro, haungapindi pasi pemamiriro ose. Iri ndiro basa reprotheni-enzyme mumuviri.

Mukuwedzera, pane kazhinji kacho mhedziso yakakwana. Sezvo zvinogona kunzwisiswa kubva pachirongwa, munyaya iyi kune "kushushikana" kune imwe kirasi yezvinhu zvakasikwa (esters, kusanganisira yakaoma, alcohols kana aldehydes). Nokudaro, pepsin, iyo imwe yemakemikari makuru emudumbu, inoratidza zvakananga chete nekuremekedza hydrolysis ye peptide bond. Doro dehydrogenase inobatanidza chete newaini, uye lactide dehydrogenase haina kuputsa chero chinhu kunze kweA-hydroxy acids.

Izvo zvinoitikawo kuti basa re enzymatic inoratidzika kune rimwe boka rezvikwata, asi pasi pemamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, enzyme inogona kuita zvinhu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana ne "chinangwa." Muchiitiko ichi, chinokonzera "chinokonzera" kune rimwe boka rezvinhu, asi mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu zvinogona kuparadzanisa mamwe mashizha (kwete kwete akafanana). Ichokwadi, munyaya iyi kupindura kuchaenda kakawanda nguva shoma.

Kukwanisa kuita trypsin kuita pane peptide zvisungo zvinonyanyozivikanwa, asi vashoma kwazvo vanhu vanoziva kuti iyi proteiniti, inoita basa re enzymatic mudumbu remakumbo, rinogona nyore nyore kusangana nemasikironi eester akasiyana.

Pakupedzisira, tsanangudzo inofanirwa. Izvo ma enzymes anogona kusangana nemhando yakakura kwazvo yezvinhu zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana, asi pamamiriro ezvinhu apo vakanyatsotsanangura mafuta. Nokudaro, basa re enzymatic yeprotein munyaya iyi inonyanya kufanana nechirevo chekuita kwevasina-enzymes, uye zvinokonzera zvisiri izvo.

Ndezvipi zvinokonzera kubudirira kwekugadzirisa?

Nhasi, zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinhu zvinosarudza zvakanyanya kukwirira kwe enzyme kubudirira ndezvi:

• Mhedzisiro yekutungidzirwa.
• Mhedzisiro yepakati yemagariro.
• Multifunctionality of the active reaction center.

Pakati pese, chinangwa chekugadzirisa zvinokonzera hachisi chakasiyana neicho chezvinhu zvinokonzera kushandiswa. Muchiitiko ichi, mutsara we substrate unogadzirwa munzvimbo inoshanda, iyo nguva dzakawanda huru kudarika imwechete imwechete yeimwe yose yakawanda yemhinduro. Pakati pezvaiitika, mamiririkiti ezvo zvinhu zvakasarudzwa, izvo zvinofanira kuitika kune umwe neumwe. Hazvisi zvakaoma kufungidzira kuti izvi zvinoita kuti kuwedzere muhuwandu hwemakemikari anopindurwa nemitemo yakawanda yehukuru.

Kana chimiro chemaikemikari chinowedzera, chinokosha zvikuru chikamu chekubatana kwemamolekemu kuchabatana. Zvichinyatsojeka, minyoro yedambudziko panguva yekupesana inofanirwa kunge yakanyatsotaridzirwa nekuremekedzana kune umwe neumwe. Pamusana pekuti mukati mekushanda mukati me enzyme kutendeuka kwakadaro kunomanikidzwa, mushure mokunge iyo yose inobatanidzwa ichikwirirana mune imwe mutsara, catalysis inoshandiswa inowedzerwa neanenge mitatu mitemo yakakura.

Pasi multifunctionality muchiitiko ichi rinoreva munhu pfuma yenhengo zvose yezviri nzvimbo panguva imwechete (kana mukanyatsochengeta kwakarongeka) Chiito pamusoro Morekuru "zvakaipa" fuma. Pakazoti mumwe (Morekuru) hazvisi chete zvakakodzera wakaiswa muchadenga (ona. Above), asi anochinja vo kwazvo zvachiri. izvi zvose pamwe zvinotungamirira ndechokuti enzayemu kuri kuva nyore kuita pamusoro substrate sezvinodiwa.