Kupa masero vane simba. manyuko simba

Kubva masero mapenyu zvose zvinenge, kunze wanda. Ivo kutipa zvose zvinodiwa kuti dzinotsanagura chirimwa kana mhuka upenyu. Cell uye zvinogona kuva yoga muviri. Uye sei zvakadaro kunzwisisa maumbirwo kurarama pasina simba? Chokwadika kwete. Saka sei nechokwadi pane muchitokisi simba? Zvinonzi inobva pezvakaitwa dzichakurukurwa pazasi.

Kupa masero simba: zvinoitika sei?

masero shoma vanowana simba ravo kubva kunze, ivo chamutsa pachavo. Masero Eukaryotic vane "zviteshi" imwe mhando. Uye panobva simba muchitokisi ndiyo mitochondria - organelles zvinowanisa. Ndiyo pfungwa muchitokisi afemeruke. Nokuda kwachiri, uye pane kugadzira masero pamwe simba. Zvisinei, ivo varipo chete zvinomera, mhuka uye hunokuvadza. In masero kushayikwa mitochondria utachiona. Saka, vanofanira kuva nechokwadi sero simba iri kunonyanya kukonzerwa nedanho chinovira, uye kwete kufema.

The nemamiriro mitochondria

It dvumembranny organelle, yakabuda muchitokisi eukaryotic mubishi yemhindumupindu somugumisiro Absorção de Água rawo kwazvo prokaryotic masero. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangura chokwadi kuti vari mitochondria kupa pachavo DNA kwayo uye RNA uyewo mitochondrial ribosomes kuti pave unodikanwa mapurotini organelles.

Yomukati Kamudzira ane protuberances, vanonzi kristinusko kana anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri. Christie uye muitiro foni afemeruke.

Chii mukati membranes maviri, inonzi chizvaro. It vakaronga mapuroteni, makemikari vaifanira mhanyisa nemakemikari, uyewo RNA mamorekuru, DNA uye ribosomes.

Cellular afemeruke - hwaro yeupenyu

Zvinotora nzvimbo mumatanho matatu. Ngatimboonai nechimwe izvi zvizere.

Danho rokutanga - regadziriro

Panguva ino, yakaoma Organic yeimwe dzaputswa kupinda nyore. Saka mapuroteni anoora kuti amino acids, mafuta - kune carboxylic acids uye glycerol, nucleic asidhi - kune nucleotides, uye makabhohaidhiretsi - kuti shuga.

glycolysis

It anoxic Danho. It iri ndechokuti fuma yakawanikwa pakutanga chokutambudzika, dzichakoromorwa mberi. Vanonyanya kupa simba rakashandiswa sero Panguva iyi - the shuga mamorekuru. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ari nedanho glycolysis uchiora kune mamorekuru maviri pyruvate. Izvi zvinoitika panguva gumi akatevedzana nemakemikari. Nokuti mashanu okutanga, shuga iri phosphorylated, uye ipapo rinotsemuka two phosphotriose. In zvinotevera siyana shanu yakabereka mamorekuru maviri ATP (adenosine triphosphate) uye mbiri mamorekuru pamusoro STC (pyruvic acid). Energy masero uye anochengeterwa muchimiro ATP.

Yose Chiito glycolysis zvinogona nyore rokuratidzira sezvinotevera:

2ADF 2NAD + + 2h ₃ PO ₄ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → 2h ₂ O + ^2NAD. + 2C ₂ H ₃ H ₄ O ₃ + 2ATF

Saka, achishandisa mumwe morekuru shuga, zviviri mamorekuru pamusoro ADP uye vaviri phosphoric acid, sero anogamuchira mamorekuru maviri ATP (simba) uye mbiri mamorekuru pamusoro pyruvic acid, izvo zvichaita kushandisa danho rinotevera.

Danho rechitatu - oxidation

danho iri rinowanikwa chete pamberi okisijeni. Nemakemikari rwakavapo Danho rino mitochondria. Kuti ichi ndicho chikuru chikamu cellular afemeruke, panguva iyo dzakabudisa kupfuura simba. Panguva iyi, pyruvic acid, zvaanoita pamwe okisijeni, ndiko unodokwairira mvura uye carbon dioxide. Uyezve, Anoumba 36 ATP mamorekuru. Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti huru zvinopa simba mumasero - shuga uye pyruvic acid.

Nokupfupikisa makemikari maitiro, uye uchisiya mashoko, tinogona kuratidza yose muitiro foni afemeruke imwe Chakarerutswa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga:

6D ₂ + C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 38ADF + 38H ₃ PO ₄ → 6Saka ₂ + 6H2O + 38ATF.

Saka, panguva kufema kubva shuga Morekuru matanhatu okisijeni mamorekuru matatu navasere mamorekuru ose ADP uye zvakafanana phosphoric iine acid sero anogamuchira 38 ATP mamorekuru, uye sezvamakaropafadzwa muchimiro zvakachengetwa simba.

Kusiyana mitochondrial makemikari

The simba upenyu sero anogamuchira nokuda afemeruke - oxidation kuti shuga, uye ipapo pyruvic acid. Zvose izvi nemakemikari asingagoni kuitika pasina makemikari - chaivo catalysts. Ngatimboonai vaya inowanikwa mitochondria - organelles anokonzera cellular afemeruke. Vose vari kunzi oxidoreductases nokuti kudiwa oxidation-rutapudzo zvavaifunga.

oxidoreductases All inogona mapoka mapoka maviri:

• oxidase;
• dehydrogenase;

Dehydrogenase, akavapindurawo, akakamurwa Kurovedza uye anaerobic. Kurovedza ane dzavo sezvamunoita coenzyme riboflavin kuti muviri anowana kubva vhitamini B2. Kurovedza dehydrogenase vanoumba mamorekuru sezvo coenzymes ZWL uye NADP.

Oxidases vanonyanya siyana. Kutanga, ivo mapoka mapoka maviri:

• avo rine mhangura;
• avo umo chikamu simbi aripo.

Aimbova zvinosanganisira polyphenol, ascorbate, kune wechipiri - catalase, peroxidase, cytochromes. The yokupedzisira, akavapindurawo, vanokamurwa muzvikwata zvina:

• cytochromes munhu;
• cytochrome b;
• cytochrome C;
• cytochromes d.

Cytochromes uye ane yavo sezvamunoita zhelezoformilporfirin, cytochromes b - zhelezoprotoporfirin, c - kuchiiswa zhelezomezoporfirin, D - zhelezodigidroporfirin.

Pangava nedzimwe nzira kubereka simba?

Pasinei chokwadi kuti vakawanda masero kurigamuchira somugumisiro cellular afemeruke, panewo anaerobic bacteria huvepo kuti haadi oxygen. Ivo pave zvakafanira simba kubudikidza chinovira. Uyu muitiro apo makabhohaidhiretsi dzaputswa ne makemikari pasina kubatanidzwa reokisijeni, apo kamuri uye Achapiwa simba. Kune mhando dzakawanda chinovira, zvichienderana yokupedzisira chigadzirwa nemakemikari. Hazvina lactic acid, doro, butyric acid, acetone, butane, cucumber acid.

Somuenzaniso, funga chidhakwa chinovira. Pano unogona kutaura mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi:

C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ → C ₂ H ₅ OH + 2VaK ₂

Kureva, mumwe morekuru shuga rinovhuna utachiona mumwe morekuru panyaya iyi uye vaviri mamorekuru ose (IV) carbon monoxide.