Chii evanhu, nhoroondo yaro uye nyaya dzokudzidza

Kutsunga upi sainzi - evanhu, uye ichi ndicho asingasiyi - nayo chinotanga tsanangudzo kiyi chinokosha, mitemo, mapoka uye methodologies. Kubva zita pachayo - "socio" (vanhu, munharaunda) uye "Logos" (science, ruzivo) - tinogona kugumisa kuti evanhu - sayenzi kwenzanga. Asi sei kuparadzana kubva mamwe sayenzi munzanga, Somuenzaniso, sainzi enyika, magariro evanhu zvepfungwa, uye vamwe? Chii, chokwadi, ndizvo evanhu? The tsanangudzo sayenzi iyi anopiwa, pakati vamwe, muna Vebsterovskom duramazwi: "wemagariro evanhu - sayenzi nezvenhoroondo kukura, mitemo sangano uye seboka upenyu zvinetso vanhu munzanga dzakabatana, anomirira mamwe mapoka evanhu uye munharaunda."

Asi tisati kupindura mubvunzo, chii evanhu, tinofanira kunyatsonzwisisa chii evanhu boka uye nzanga? Anoita boka revanhu ndiko? Social boka vanhu vanowana chete nokuda kwoukama muboka iri nokuda kare akatsiga ukama. Kwete zvose, ezvinhu akadai mubhazi mungarava kana ari mabhaisikopo vateereri, kureva kutsigira. Social boka, saka unogona kudana mhuri, dzidzo kana basa seboka. Asi anogona kunzi nzanga uye vanhu zvakananga mumwe arege kujairana - zera mapoka, magariro strata uye makirasi, emadzinza, nharaunda ezvitendero, pakupedzisira, hurumende uye rudzi.

Tsanangudzo chii evanhu, noruremekedzo munzvimbo idzi uye mapoka zvinogona inozivikanwa sezvinotevera: sayenzi kudzidza mitemo paumbwe mapoka aya, avo inoshanda mukati pakuvaka ehurumende mashandiro uye ukama pakati pavo. Ndiyo nyaya nezvemagariro evanhu. Chokwadi, Aristotle akadana murume "zoon politikon" - kureva, "mhuka zvemagariro", asi evanhu somunhu sayenzi chaizvo muduku. Iye akaberekwa chete XIX remakore. Zvino kubva pairi "vakakosa kubvisa" dzimwe nzvimbo, akava yakazvimirira munzanga nesayenzi.

Wokutanga yokusuma kushandiswa nesayenzi okuti "evanhu" akanga Ogyust Kont muna 1842. Mubhuku rake "Nzira Positive Philosophy," Akatsanangura kuti ndiye evanhu, uye akatsanangura sainzi ichi. Kuva mutsigiri nheyo "kugadzikana uye mberi", Comte akapidigura magariro Dzidziso mwero uye symmetry ose STRUCTURAL zvinhu munzanga chaiko. Saka, evanhu, maererano Comte, ndiyo ruzivo nzanga imwe muviri STRUCTURAL umo mumwe "Morekuru" zvinogona kudzidzwa mumaonero mamwe mhando veruzhinji zvakanaka, uye evanhu pachayo zvinogona kuonekwa sezvo evanhu statics uye magariro emuchina. Iye zvinganaka kuongorora magariro pezvakaitwa anotevera muenzaniso sayenzi yepanyama. Naizvozvo, nzira Comte Anonziwo evanhu wefizikisi.

nomupiro Great kuti tsanangudzo chii evanhu, Marx akaita. Aongorora panguva vanhu "kwemaindasitiri" nguva, Marx akakudziridza kwakajeka uye asi haana kuramba dzidziso socio-zvoupfumi idzodzo. Mukuru "Kupfuudzwa bhandi" pakuitika anozunungusa vanhu, akatumidza acho uye mamiriro ezveupfumi. Kukosha Marx ndechokuti payo rinorondedzera nzanga dynamically kukura chimiro, inova chigadzirwa chenhau kukura.

Scientists Maks Veber uye Emil Dyurkgeym yakatanga yavo Sociological yokuti vakaumba hwaro nyaya nezvemagariro evanhu. Imhandoi motifs kuti zvinobatana yakasiyana mano uye pamwero kwemashoko vanhu chete evanhu mapoka - vakakumbira mubvunzo. Weber - ndiko kuti vabudirire pazvinangwa zvavo pachedu kuburikidza seboka nesimba rose revanhu. Durkheim anopindura mubvunzo uyu zvakasiyana: kuita imwe nzira, munhu anoita "zvinozivikanwa", kureva mitemo nemirayiro vakagamuchira ari muvanhu, nzanga, nyika iyo munhu ndohwavo.