Maxwell pfungwa uye mamiriro ayo

Zvino anenge munhu wose anoziva kuti minda yemagetsi uye rinobva zvine chokuita mumwe zvakananga. Kunyange pane chinokosha bazi wefizikisi kuti vanodzidza remagetsi mananara. Asi muzana remakore rechi19 kusvikira akagadzira pedyo Maxwell kuti remagetsi dzidziso, zvose zvakanga zvakasiyana zvachose. Zvaifungwa Somuenzaniso, kuti yemagetsi minda kuri mumashoko chete zvacho uye miviri, vane wemagetsi nokuchengeta, uye rinobva zvivako - yakasiyana zvachose munda sayenzi.

Muna 1864, akakurumbira British yefizikisi D. K. Maksvell anotaura zvakananga kuwirirana pakati zvemagetsi uye rinobva mananara. Opening wakanzi "Maxwell kuti remagetsi munda pfungwa." Nemhaka yake, akakwanisa kugadzirisa zvinoverengeka intractable tichitaura electrodynamics iyoyo, mibvunzo.

Wekumusoro-soro-Profile zvakawanwa nguva dzose uchibva pabasa nevatsvakurudzi yapfuura. Maxwell pfungwa - hapana anosara. A nevamwe chinhu ndechokuti Maxwell haana yekudyidzana akawedzera zvabuda yaunganidzwa vamutangira. Somuenzaniso, zvinonzi akanongedza kuti ari kuedza Faraday rinogona kushandiswa kwete chete namahwindo loop ane conductive zvokunyama, asi zvinosanganisira chero zvinhu. Panyaya iyi mudunhu iri anoratidza imba solenoidal yemagetsi munda hunovhiringidza kwete chete sekristaro yekamuri yacho simbi. With pfungwa iyi maonero apo dielectric zvinhu mumunda zvikuru kwakarurama kutaura polarization dzenzvimbo. Naivowo pedzisai basa, ndiko kuti vakuchidzire mashoko kune imwe tembiricha.

The nokufungirana nezvezvakanga ose yemagetsi uye vokutanga rinobva mananara akaonekwa 1819. H. Oersted akaona kuti kana munhu kuitika pedyo muitisi papi nekambasi, mirayiridzo museve dzikatsauka North Pole.

Muna 1824, A. Ampere akagadzira mutemo nekuita pakati conductors, gare gare unonzi "mutemo Ampere kuti."

Uye pakupedzisira, muna 1831, Faraday akapa kuonekwa kuitika mudunhu, riri munzvimbo ine kuchinja remagineti.

Maxwell pfungwa iri kugadzirisa inokosha dambudziko electrodynamics: chinozivikanwa spatial kuparadzirwa nemagetsi mhosva (dzenzvimbo) kuti kuona zvimwe zvinhu zvechadenga wakadenha rinobva uye dzemagetsi minda. Dzidziso iyi haatori pachavo kuti zvigadziriswe akashandurwa kuti mananara kuitika.

Maxwell pfungwa hwakada munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva kubhadharisa, sapamazuva negadziriro equations runoonekwa kuti remagetsi mukukurukurirana nokuitika kumhanya chiedza, pasinei svikiro. Chinokosha dzidziso ndechokuti musi ayo maererano chinofukidza minda dzakadaro zviri:

- tanga dzenzvimbo nekaupenyu guru uye mhosva, akaparadzirwa imwe vhoriyamu guru (kakawanda pakukura ane atomu kana morekuru);

- kunosiyana minda rinobva uye yemagetsi siyana kupfuura nguva kwemasayendisiti mukati mamorekuru;

- mufambo pakati dzaona pfungwa muchadenga uye tsime musango mukuru kukura maatomu (mamorekuru).

Izvi zvose zvinoratidza kuti Maxwell pfungwa unechekuita kuti mananara ose macrocosm. Modern Physics zvakawanda pezvakaitwa akatsanangura ouzivi quantum dzidziso. In Maxwell kuti Masvomhu quantum kuratidzwa zvisingagoni kuverengwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, kushandiswa Maxwell kwakaita ezvinhu equations vanogona kukunda mamwe matambudziko. Zvinofadza kuti kubva muverengwe arambe achirema nemagetsi dzenzvimbo uye mhosva, zviri hunonzi zvinobvira kuva avo, asi rinonzi magnetic hunhu. On ichi muna 1831 mune Dirac, kureva simba rinonzi magnetic monopoles dzavo. Kazhinji, dzinokosha zvinodavirwa muchitendero zvinotevera dzidziso:

- mumwe remagineti kunotangira ane rakatumbuka yemagetsi munda;

- rakatumbuka remagineti zvinowanisa wemagetsi munda vortical hunhu.