Kukwereta basa. Mutemo wekurambidza basa rekukwereta muRussia

Kukwereta basa muRussia kuripo (maererano nehuwandu hwevadzidzisi vakasiyana) kubva pamakore akawanda kusvikira makumi emakumi emakore, ndiko kuti, zvimwe zvekuratidzwa kwazvo zvakaonekwa muU.SR. Chero zvazviri, iyi yehukama huripo pakati pemushandi uye mushandi haisi itsva kwatiri. Mumabhuku esayenzi, maonero pamusoro pebasa rebasa rakakwereta muRussia rakanga rakasiyana kwazvo, asi nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakati mutemo wakasiyana pamusoro pebasa rakagadziriswa rinodiwa. Uye, pakupedzisira, mutongi wedu wekuteerera akabvuma kugadzirisa mitemo yekugadzirisa yemutambo uyu.

Apo simba risina kubatira

Muna Mbudzi 2014, hurumende dzeRussia dzakagamuchira mutemo wezvematongerwo enyika unotanga kuchinja kukuru mumabasa emurairo pamusoro pekunyorwa kwehukama hwebasa pakati pemushandi uye mushandi. Kuchinjwa kwakagadzirwa kuMutemo "Pabasa revanhu" (kubva muna 1991), kusvika kune Code Lab Labor of the Russian Federation nezvimwe zviitiko zvepamutemo zvinokosha. Kutanga yakagamuchirwa neHurumende Duma (munaMuvhuro 2014), saka yakagamuchirwa neChristian Council uye pakupedzisira yakasayirwa neMutungamiri. Kazhinji izvi zvigadziriswa zvinoratidzwa mune imwechete se "Mutemo weKurambidzwa Kwebato Chebasa".

Ndezvipi zvitsva zvakaburitsa mutemo uyu wekuita mutemo mubhizimisi reRussia? Izvo zvigadzirwa zvebhizimisi, masimba emitero, uye pakupedzisira vatengesi vemamwe marudzi, avo vanobatanidzwa mukubudirira kwehupfumi hweRussia vachiri kukosha kusvikira zvino, kugutsikana nemutemo uyu?

Nenguva pfupi nezvebasa rekukwereta

Maererano nenhaurwa yakawanda, basa rakakweretwa (iro rinonziwo kubuda kunze) ishamwari pakati pemapoka matatu: mushandi, mushandi uye mubatsiri pakati pavo (kazhinji kambani yehurumende yeHR). Mune zviitiko zvipi iyo urongwa hwehukama hunowanzoitwa? Semuenzaniso, inogona kunge iri basa remwaka kana kutengesa pane imwe nguva yepamusoro. Kune marudzi ezvigadzirwa zvinotengwa zvakanyanya muzhizha (ice cream, zvinonwiwa zvinonwiwa).

Kuti uronge, ichiti, kutengesa mumugwagwa mumhando idzi dzemiti, kambani yevanoshandira inoshandira vatengesi venguva pfupi, "vachivakweretesa" kubva kuHR agency. Ikokupedzisira, zvakare, inopedzisa nevatengesi zvibvumirano zvizere zvebasa. Kwenguva yakareba, basa rekukwereta rakanga risina kutongerwa nenzira ipi neipi nemitemo: RF LC yakanga isina zvinyorwa pamusoro pekubatana kwebasa uye mushandi mune iyi mafomu. Asi mumakore achangopfuura, tarisa kune urwu hukama hwehutano hwehutano hwakanga hwakanyanya kwazvo.

Mutungamiri wenyika anopesana

Hurumende Duma yeRussia mukuverengwa kwakasiyana-siyana yakagamuchira mushumo wekutsvaga kushandurwa kwemitemo yebasa renyika. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti izvi zvigadziriswa hazvirevi, sezvo zvakadaro, kurambidzwa kwebasa rekukwereta, asi kungogumira kukanganisa kwekushandiswa kwayo uye kuchinja mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu. Kunyanya, vashandi vanobva ku-HR-sangano havagoni, maererano nemutemo wepamutemo, vanotora zvinopfuura 10% zvevashandi vekambani.

Uyezve, vanhu ava havagoni kukokwa kana avo vashandi vekambani vari mupepeti kana kuti vanoramba kushanda zviri pamutemo (somuenzaniso, kana vasingabhadhari miripo yavo). Mukuwedzera, mutemo unopa kuti vakwereti havafaniri kubvumidzwa kushanda panzvimbo dzepamusoro nehuwandu hwehutano. Uye zvinonyanya kukosha - mamiriro ekubhadhara, pamwe chete nemamiriro ekushanda munzvimbo dzakafanana kuitira vashandi vanogara vashandi uye vakweretwa havafaniri kunge vakasiyana. Nyanzvi dzinocherechedzawo kuti zvigadzirwa zvitsva hazvizovhiringidzi makambani anopa rubatsiro mumamiriro ekutsvaga.

Chinhu chikuru pamusoro pemutemo

Vashandirwi vakawanda uye vashandi vehurumende vakabvuma chete kuti gore rekunyorwa kwepamutemo kwechiitiko chakadai sebasa rakakweretwa gore ra2014, nokuti, maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, ikozvino iye zvino hupfumi hweRussia huri muchitsauko chekuchinja, umo basa rehurumende rinokosha zvikuru. Maererano nehurumende yemutemo inosayirwa neMutungamiri weRussia, basa rekukwereta ibasa rinoitwa nemunhu ari kutungamirirwa nomushandirwi, asi pakukumbira kwevamwe vanhu (muviri kana mutemo). Mutemo unotanga matanho anokosha anodzivirira vashandirwi kuti vasazobvumira kusvitsa zvibvumirano zvakakwana zvebasa pasi peTC. Masangano iwayo ari kutsvaga vashandi pachikumbiro, achafanirwa kugamuchirwa nemasangano ehurumende. Zvisungo zvakadaro (maererano nemutemo) hazvikwanisi kushandiswa nevashambadziri kana masangano epamutemo anotora mutero nenzira yakanakisisa yekurapa. Gwaro rakagamuchirwa rehurumende yakadaro inofanira kunge iri mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu emabhuru, uye mutungamiriri wekambani anofanira kunge ane dzidzo yepamusoro.

Zvitubu zvekutanga mutemo

Ndiani akatanga mutemo wakaita basa rekudzivirira basa rechikwereti? Matanho ekutanga mune izvi akatungamirirwa zvakare muna 2011. Komiti yeDare Duma, iyo inotarisira nyaya dzine chokuita nehutano hwehupfumi uye hukama hwebasa, akagadzira boka rekushandira raidaidzwa kugadzirira chiito chebumbiro chekugumisa chimwe chinhu chakadai sekubuda kunze. Nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvematongerwo enyika uye dzevanhu dzakabatanidzwa mukukurukurirana, pamwe nevashandi pachavo. Pakutanga, mutemo uyu wakaratidza kuti hukama hwepakati mukati mehupenyu hwekubuda kunze hwaizoendeswa kunzvimbo yakafanana nemabasa, masangano enyika. Mushandi aizotaurira kuvashandi vebasa kuti anoshanda pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu anotorwa kubasa, uye sangano rehurumende, zvakare, rinorayira mushandi kuti aise chibvumirano maererano nemitemo yeTC. Penguva yekufungisisa kwemutemo, basa iri rakaitwa nematare edzimhosva: saka mapurisa, saka, akapa kupa hurumende yekuongorora mamwe masimba.

Kushanda kune dzimwe nyika

Kunze kwechiitiko chinhu chinouya kuRussia kubva munyika dzakabudirira. MuFrance, somuenzaniso, kukwereta basa ndechimwe chemaitiro anozivikanwa zvikuru ehukama pakati pemushandi uye mushandi mubato rekuvaka. Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti misika iri kunze kwenyika iri kuramba ichiwedzera. Imwe yezvikamu zvakakosha zvebasa rakabhadharwa kuSouth Africa (inenge 7.1%), muEurope - kusvika ku8%, muU.S. - mune maitiro akafanana. Zvishoma zvishoma muJapan - anenge 1.5%. Kubhadhara chikwereti kunoshandiswawo muLatin America. Mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, vazhinji vevashandi vasingapfumi vari vechidiki pasi pezera remakore makumi matatu vanoshanda mumabasa asina ruzivo rwakakwana. MuUnited States, zvakadaro, akwereta vashandi kazhinji vanhu vari mumakore akawanda akakura. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti kubuda kunze kwechiitiko kwakamuka mukupindura mitemo yebasa risina kukwana. Kunewo avo vane maonero akasiyana, vachitaura muenzaniso weGreat Britain - basa rakakweretwa kune rinoshandiswa zvikuru, uye mitemo inobata hukama hwevashandi nevashandi pane zvishoma.

Ndezvipi zvibvumirano zvemakambani anofunga

Nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti kubhadhara basa, mutemo pamusoro pekurambidzwa kwacho kwakagamuchirwa muRussia, inofanira kuita kuti mhinduro dzakanaka pakati pemakambani ehurumende. Pane shanduro iyo vamiririri vemasangano ezvidzidzo vakatanga kutarisa kwechiito ichi chekutonga. Nzvimbo yemasangano ehurumende, nyanzvi dzinofunga, zvinonzwisisika - vamiririri vehurumende dzakawanda vanovimba kuti kushandisa basa rakabhadhara inongova chiridzwa chekuwedzera kwekambani yezviratidzo zvekushanda.

Muchiitiko ichi, nhamba idzi dzichaenzanisira kuvandudzika kwebasa rekushanda uye kuwedzera mubhadharo. Nokudaro zvinoshandiswa kune muridzi - anowana zvakakwirira mumusika, uye zvinogona kukwezva kutarisa, somuenzaniso, vatengesi (kana mabhanga - ane zvikwereti zvinokweretesa mari). Uyewo, dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti vazhinji vanobatana kune dzimwe nyika vari kunyanya kushorwa nekunze, uye izvi zvingangoerekana zvasvika kuRussia.

Kutanga mutemo

Hondo yeRussia isati yaita zvigadziriswa kumutemo webasa pamusoro pekuregererwa, hukama pakati pemushandi pamwe nemushandirwi muzvikwata pedyo nekwereta chikwereti chakanga chisina kutongororwa. Uye izvi pasinei nekuti kuwanda kwezvaiitika kwaive kwakanyanya, sezvinotaurwa nenyanzvi dzakawanda, zvakakosha. Misika yebasa rakawedzerwa, nyanzvi mumusika wevashandi vanofunga, yakatanga kuumbwa muRussia kakatova kutanga kwema 2000s.

Muna 2004, somuenzaniso, maererano nevamwe vaongorori, mushamba wekubuda muRussia wakapfuura mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu emadhora eAmerica. Kwenguva refu, vateereri veRussia vakasiya mushure mevadzidzi vavo vekuEurope munyaya dzekutonga kwebasa rechikwereti. Izvi zvaisanganisira kusava nechokwadi kwevashandi, ivo, ivo, kune rumwe rutivi, vaiita sevari kushanda, asi, kune rumwe rutivi, mukati megadziriro yechinhu chisingazivikanwi.

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvakakweretwa basa rakabvumirwa?

Nhoroondo inonyanya kuziva zvakawanda, apo nyika dzenyika dzakatora mitemo inorambidza kushandiswa uye maitiro ehukama pakati pevashandi nevashandi pedyo nekunze. Semuenzaniso, muUnited States muna 1934, masangano emabasa ainge akarambidzwa zviri pamutemo (kunyangwe zvishoma kwemakore matatu). Muna 1948, muganhu uyu wakadzorerwa zvakare uye wakavapo mukuita kusvika muna 1997. Kukwereta basa (pamwe nemamwe emabhizimisi kunze kwezviri) rakarambidzwa muTurkey. MuNamibia, iyo inofadza, vamiriri vemitemo vave vachifunga kwenguva yakareba zvokuita nekunze. Muna 2007, munyika ino yeAfrica, basa rakawedzerwa rakarambidzwa, asi muna 2009 vakabvumidzwa zvakare.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofunga kuti mamiriro akadaro haana kubviswa muRussia. Iye zvino, apo kubuda kunze kwakarambidzwa, panogona kunge kune vatambi mumusika avo vasingafari nemamiriro ezvinhu aya, semugumisiro wekuti mutongi anokwanisa kuita mvumo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinofungawo kuti, kunze kwekunze, kune dzimwe dzakawanda hukama hwehutano hwebasa hunogona kuchinjwa zvakanaka pamatongerwe emitemo yehurumende.

Kusanzwisisa kwemutemo

Pano panewo maonero pakati pezvikwereti kuti kukwereta basa kwakarambidzwa nehurumende chete chikamu-asi, kunyange, inobvumirwa, kunyange nenzira yakajeka. Naizvozvo Mutongi uyu akapa avo vatori vechikamu mubasa iri rebasa mukana wekushanda nenzira yakabudirira, zvisinei nekusavapo kwemitemo yepamutemo mumakore akapfuura. Mutemo unotambirwa mutemo wepamutemo unobvumira kushanda kwebasa rebasa nevashandi avo vashandi avo vanotumira kwenguva imwe kune imwe hofisi kana rimwe guta (maererano neChitsauko 351.3 yeB labor Code yeRussian Federation). Chimwe chiitiko ndechokuti nyanzvi iyo inogadziriswa kune imwe sangano rezvemutemo inogona kushanda kune imwe kana iyo yekutanga iyo inotungamirirwa nechechipiri (kana zvinopesana).

Mutemo unotsanangurawo kuti mune dzimwe nhamba mamiriro ekudzivirira anofanira kuendeswa kune maonero ehurumende yehurumende - takatotaura kare kufarira kubasa rakakweretwa yezvivako izvi. Semuenzaniso, izvi zvinoita kana nhamba yevashandi vanobuda kunze kwekambani inopfuura 10 muzana yevashandi.

Mutoro wevashandi

Mutemo wekurambidzwa kwebasa rechikwereti, kana kuti pane kuchinjwa kweBhuku reMabasa reRussia Federation (iyo inogadziriswa iyo inoshandura zvisiri izvo mutemo uyu wepamutemo wepamutemo kune mumwe munhu akazvimirira wakagara wagadzikana mubhizinesi rebhizimisi), inotarisa huwandu hwezvakatarisirwa zvebasa revanoshandira munzvimbo dzine chokuita nekunze. Semuenzaniso, basa rechikwereti harigone kushandiswa munzvimbo dzeI neyechipiri dzematambudziko, mukugadzirwa kwekukuvadza, uye nekuda kwezvinangwa zvoudyire, somuenzaniso, yekuwana chero reisense kana imwe mvumo. Mamiriro ezvinhu ekubhadhara kwevakuru vezvikwereti haafaniri kunge ari pasi pevaya vashandi venguva yakazara yekambani.