Chii kuchovha Nhau? Riparadzirwe zvinhu zviri mararamiro. Scheme kutenderera nyaya zvakasikwa

Kubva yedu vari kuramba kuitika pezvakaitwa siyana simba kuchinjirwa pakati zvipenyu uye zvakatipoteredza. Iye anotendeuka, akatamisira kupinda nezvimwe, izvozvo runokusunganidzai uye apararira zvakare. The chete zvinogona kutaurwa chero fuma kuti anoumba hwaro yeupenyu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo vakabata zvakawanda zviitiko, kaviri kuchinja akawanda uye pakupedzisira vakadzokera.

azvaiitwa kupa pfungwa chii ichitanga nyaya zvakasikwa. Vanobvumira kuti kuronda kufamba kwete bedzi majoini, asi munhu wacho okunze. Tichaedza uzive zvakawanda mumagazini ino.

The vakawanda Pfungwa riparadzirwe zvinhu

Chii kuchovha Nhau? Izvi cyclic kuchinja kubva fomu mumwe, achiperekedzwa zvishomanana kurasikirwa kana bongozozo, asi ane wechigarire, yakatsiga hunhu. Kureva chero fuma kana chinhu zvinoita nhevedzano kuchinja mumatanho, apo Kushandurwa uye kushandurwa, asi pakupedzisira ichiri anodzokera chepakutanga chimiro.

Sezvingatarisirwa, nokufamba kwenguva zvinogona zvimwe kurasikirwa chitsama nyaya mukomboni kana maatomu akafanana. Zvisinei, vakawanda zano iri kugara uye kunotora zvemakore.

Chii riparadzirwe zvinhu zvinogona kunzi muenzaniso. Nyore kwavari - ndiyo kuchinja makemikari nyaya. Pakutanga rinoumbwa pavo zvisikwa zvose zvipuka zvine masero akawanda. Pashure pokupedza hwavo upenyu kutenderera ivo anoora muviri chaiwo zvinenge uye Organic yeimwe kupinda inorganic. Kamwe takabatikana, yeimwe izvi uye zvimwe zvisikwa mumiviri yavo vari yakadzorerwa zvakare kune Organic siyana. Ipapo muitiro inodzokororwa uye kutenderera anopfuurira dzose nguva.

Zano riparadzirwe zvinhu zvakasikwa rinojekesa kuti hapana chinobuda pasina uye kunyangarika kupinda asiko. Zvose ane mavambo, magumo uye zvenguva siyana. Ndivo mitemo inokosha youpenyu. Iye pasi simba. Funga kuchinja mienzaniso kuti kuitika mararamiro, zvisikwa zvipenyu. Uye zvakare vachanzwisisa kuti yakadaro ichitanga zvinhu pachishandiswa chimwe chaicho maatomu akafanana.

Kurarama nyaya zvakasikwa

Chinonyanya kukosha wemafuta ari biosphere - yavapenyu. Chii? Uyu mumiririri hunhu. Pamwe chete, zvinoumba biomass. Iye, chokwadi, kaviri kuchinja, ndiko bato vose kwemasayendisiti kuitika zvakatipoteredza.

Riparadzirwe nyaya mhenyu inogona kutsanangurwa nenzira inotevera muenzaniso genus.

1. Chisikwa chokutanga, izvo zvakananga akakunda simba chezuva uye kuichinja kwemakemikari simba - ndivo miti, zvitema-nyoro utachiona. Izvi zvinoitika nokuda ruvara chlorophyll mu photosynthesis. Result - kwetunhu Organic nyaya kubva inorganic zvinoriumba. Saka yakaumbwa kubatana yokutanga pakati pavapenyu nyaya biosphere.
2. Uyezve pane mhuka vanokwanisa zvakananga zvokudya zvinomera. Uyewo omnivores, izvo zvinosanganisira vanhu pamwe. Ivo upise kubatana wokutanga uye kutendeutsa makemikari nyaya mukati yakasiyana chimiro - Inorganics.
3. zvisikwa Herbivorous kupesvedzera nokudya carnivores. Sezvo fuma uchipfuura atova nezvimwe zvinhu.
4. Next kuuya avo zvipenyu anogona kufudza Mbeswa siyana. Top nezvikara. Ivo - kwokupedzisira link riparadzirwe makemikari nyaya. Pashure ivo vachafira kosi chokupinda zvinotevera zvinenge.
5. Detritus - Mabhakitiriya, notumwe tupukanana majemusi, izvo anoora vakafa zvisaririra zvinhu zvipenyu uye kushandura mashoko ose ari inorganic chimiro.
6. yeimwe izvi (carbon dioxide, mvura uye zvicherwa munyu) anoshandiswa mubishi rakasikwa miti Organic yeimwe zvakare.

Saka, mamiriro kutenderera nyaya zvakasikwa dhayagiramu unoratidza kutendeuka chinoumba biosphere mupenyu. It kunotangira zvose uye rinopera ine miriwo chete. Full cyclic mutoo ine vakawanda mapazi uye matavi anotandira dzakaoma.

Riparadzirwe zvinhu zviri mararamiro

Chero mararamiro - zviri munharaunda yose zvipenyu, pamwe nemumwe ukama dzakaoma panyaya yezvokudya, uyewo pasi pokudzora ezvinhu akafanana zvakatipoteredza.

Riparadzirwe zvinhu zviri mararamiro ari pasi dzimwe mitemo dzezvakatipoteredza. Saka, hazvo muchinyatsochenjerera kuzviisa pasi simba nematunhu. Exchange simba zvinhu riparadzirwe zhinji zvinhu - izvi zvose zvinoitika pakati vanhu mukati rakapihwa mapoka dzezvakatipoteredza.

Panguva iyoyo vari mapoka mapoka akawanda:

• vaburitsi;
• consuments chokutanga kuti;
• consuments hurongwa wechipiri;
• consuments wechitatu kuti;
• omnivorous zvinenge;
• decomposers uye detritus.

vachishandisa kutenderera zvinhu zano chingaratidzika seizvi:

• chirimwa (zvibereko) akapa makemikari fuma;
• herbivorous mhuka (consuments rokutanga kuitira) anomuchinja ndokuadira inorganic nezvimwe organics;
• carnivore (consuments hurongwa wechipiri) anove munzvimbo dzimwe organics;
• yepamusoro chikara (consuments wechitatu murayiro) zvakare aoma dissipates nayo sezvo kupisa pamwe muchimiro inonyanya womukati Organic zvinhu;
• tusingaoneki dzakadai utachiona,, notumwe (kana decomposers detritophages), yakafa inoramba anoora uye dzinoumba guru inorganic yeimwe;
• zvinomera Sechipanji Inorganics uye zvakare kusika kuburikidza photosynthesis nhamba inokosha Organic yeimwe, kuti anogadzirwa.

zvinhu mararamiro

Zviri pachena, mune imwe mararamiro ari pedyo kusakarongeka mhando mbiri chikuru zvinhu: Organic uye inorganic. Of organics ndiko:

• mapuroteni;
• mafuta;
• makabhohaidhiretsi.

Inorganic yeimwe dzinosanganisira:

• mvura;
• carbon dioxide inobvisa;
• chicherwa munyu;
• dzinoverengeka macronutrients zvinokosha.

A inokosha chaizvo ezvinhu nokuda zvakakodzera kushanda chero mararamiro ari kuramba tichiwana rezuva simba. Pashure pezvose, miti inogona photosynthesize chete pasi ichi. Uyezve, simba iri kwemakemikari zvisungo yeimwe akaparadza sezvo kupisa huru zvakakwana yakawanda. Saka, vamiririri havagoni kutenderedza zvakafanana ezvinhu pasina kurasikirwa.

Scheme kutenderera zvinhu Meadow

Ochadhi - rinokosha dzinongoitika munharaunda. Mushure zvose, zviri siyanei nevamwe vose, zvakadai miti. Ndezvipi misiyano iyi?

1. Ochadhi hunodzorwa yemakwenzi zvinomera chete zvinosanganisira perennial uye gore negore rekushongedzesa pasi. Muchiitiko chino, ivo mumwe nomumwe anosiyana. More chiedza-rudo vane matunhu kukura, uye avo anogona kurarama mumimvuri, pasi.
2. Mukati vemunharaunda iyi hapana mhuka huru. Izvi imhaka yokuti vanongoperera nzvimbo yokuhwanda, nekuti hapana miti.
3. Nguva nenguva panguva madzvotsvotsvo nzvimbo yose izere mvura Mafuro. Nokudaro avo mamwe zita - mafashamo kana hombe. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro pangava pasina nzira zvose zvipenyu.

Kana isu kutaura zvakafanana zviri kumafuro uye dondo, somuenzaniso, nharaunda, zvakakodzera pfungwa huru chikabviswa: mundima vose navanhu nevamiririri zvinomera, tupukanana, nemakonzo, neshiri, nezvinokambaira, amphibians uye mhuka.

Scheme riparadzirwe zvinhu kumafuro anogona zvinotevera chimiro:

• chicherwa zvinhu uye mvura iyo zvaparadzwa zvakananga kubva pasi chirimwa;
• Zvipembenene kuti pollinate maruva uye vakavarega muwande, apo kudya nekita kuti zvinoberekwa chirimwa makemikari nyaya;
• shiri, mhuka, tichiverenga tumbuyu uye zvinomera, kureva vanoshandisa makemikari nyaya;
• tusingaoneki kuti anoora akafa zvasara nemhuka uye kusunungura inorganic zvinhu (chicherwa munyu, mvura, carbon dioxide).

MUENZANISO kutenderera pratensis

Zvinokosha zvose Links zvinoratidzwa muenzaniso. riparadzirwe zvinhu pamusoro wemarudzi - rinofanirawo zvimiso kuvapo munharaunda iyi. Ivhu anokwanisa vafumiswa pamwe zvinhu zvinokosha uye zvinhu chete kuburikidza mabasa mairi - detritophages tupukanana tusingaoneki, makonye, notupukanana nezvimwe zvisikwa. Pasina ichi, zvinomera kuchashaikwa Inorganics nokuda photosynthesis uye kukura, uye naizvozvo uchava havatorina uye makemikari nyaya kuti inongomutsa. Akadai starch, cellulose, mapuroteni, uye vamwe. Izvi zvichaita kuderedza uwandu mhuka neshiri, uye nokudaro makemikari nyaya zvarwo. Nemhaka uye detritus, saka zvinonetseka kutenderera.

Riparadzirwe zvinhu kumafuro inogona kutsanangurwa muenzaniso chaiwo. Tichaedza kuti zano rakadaro.

• Mineral munyu, mvura, carbon dioxide, okisijeni kungonyanya chamomil.
• Honeybee pollinates akasarudzwa chirimwa uye anodya mukume wayo, kureva makabhohaidhiretsi nemapurotini.
• Bee uye pern Peck honeybees uye uchapedza wake muviri makemikari fuma (chitin, mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi).
• Meadow vole nezvimwe nemakonzo diki uye hombe zvipenyu kufura makemikari chezvinonhuwira zvinomera uye nezvipembenene.
• Kestrel (shiri) anodya nemakonzo uye zvinodya muviri.
• Pakafa mhuka dzose uye tumbuyu anowira pasi, apo muviri wavo yaora kupinda kwayo constituent yeimwe ose Micro-zvipenyu, makonye, woodlice nezvimwe detritus vanongodya.
• Somugumisiro, ivhu iri zvakare zvakazara inorganic munyu, mvura nezvimwe yeimwe yekubata chirimwa midzi.

Redunhu uye simba zvitengeswa

Circulation nezvinovaka muviri uye simba, sezvo yava pachena, kune chokuita pfungwa kwezvakatipoteredza sezvo cheni kana zvitengeswa Network. Zvechokwadi, chero zvinhu - munhu zvinhu chigadzirwa kuti anoshumira kuvaka zvinhu nokuti paumbwe STRUCTURAL zvikamu masero, nyama uye nhengo dzomuviri.

Mumwe simba zvitengeswa redunhu vanotozvikuvadza rinobatanidza yokutendeutsa uye cyclic yeimwe. A basa kwetunhu uye chero inodiwa disintegration kana kusunungurwa simba mari. Somugumisiro, zviri kubatanidzwa mune rimwe kutenderera zvakasikwa.

Nei pfungwa "cheni" uye "wedzerai cheni"? Yose ndeyokuti kuti ukama pakati zvinenge mukati chete mapoka kwezvakatipoteredza kakawanda zvikuru kunzwisisa pane chete bani munhuwo cheni. Pashure pezvose, chete mumiririri mhuka nyika kunogona herbivore uye chinorura. Pane omnivorous zvinenge. Uyewo, vakawanda izvozvo anosika munhu Kukwikwidzana kunoita kuti kugadzirwa uye zvokudya, iyo inobata zvinonyatsorehwa urongwa ukama mukati biogeocoenose.

Asi zviitiko izvi cheni chaizvo zvakanyatsobatana uye akaumba vanonzi simba zvitengeswa. Izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka vagari vazhinji munzvimbo: dondo, mudziva Nzanga dzinopisa masango uye nezvimwe.

All of cheni zvokudya inogona rakakamurwa mhando mbiri:

• kufudza kana mafuro;
• manyowa, kana detrital.

Musiyano mukuru pakati pavo kuti mune yaimbova nyaya, zvose rinotanga mupenyu muviri - chirimwa. In rechipiri - nevakafa zvisaririra, tsvina nezvimwe deposits kuti kupatsanurwa ne tupukanana tusingaoneki, nehonye uye zvichingodaro.

simba changed

Energy, uyewo zvinhu, uchisangana nhevedzano kuchinja nzira pezvakaitwa mune zvinhu zvipenyu. Zvose rakakamurwa mhando mbiri huru:

• chiedza chezuva;
• makemikari zvisungo.

Paivakwa simba romugove cheni iri achangotendeukira kubva fomu mumwe. Saka pane zvishomanana kurasikirwa kwayo. Zvechokwadi, zviri kuitwa pamusoro pezvakaitwa upenyu neimwe vari akaparadza sezvo kupisa. Ndokusaka zvichikosha kuti gwenya simba sechinhu chikuru tsime kuramba restocking chero munharaunda.

Zvakananga muchimiro chiedza kubva Sun, zvinogona zvinodya chete zvinenge akadai:

• miti;
• mabhakitiriya;
• photosynthetic unicellular.

Shure kwavari, zvose simba achipinda zvinotevera muchimiro - makemikari zvisungo yeimwe. In chimiro ichi nayo uchapedza heterotrophic vamiririri kubva biosphere.

The kwemvura

Takatodzidza akaratidza kuti chinonyanya kukosha uye kare kunokosha muitiro - ndiwo kuchovha kwenyaya zvakasikwa. Mvura ndiyo inorganic remubatanidzwa iro ukoshi kunonyanya kukosha uye hombe. Naizvozvo, nzira zvinoitika kuparadzirwa, funga zvavo nemashoko.

1. A huru uwandu mvura iri pfungwa pemvura redu iri reservoirs akasiyana-siyana. Ndiwo makungwa, uye nyanza, anezvimiti, nzizi, madziva, nzizi, chakagadzirwa zvivako. Panyika pane kuramba kwemvura ine mwando, i.e. mvura muchimiro pamwando anopinda mhepo.
2. Ivhu sezvo rayo uye menzvimbo, rinewo yakawanda unyoro. Izvi pevhu kana pasi mvura. On pemvura chiutsi kuti mhepo, pamwe yomukati akaturikidzana runoyerera munzvimbo reservoirs, uye ipapo Ipwa.
3. Condenses mumhepo, mvura inosvika vaifanira zvishoma nezvishoma uye otanga kudzokera pasi muchimiro kunayisa. In yechando, zviri snowing muzhizha - mvura.
4. Plants zviri kuitika munyika Absorção de Água uye transpiration mvura sezvo vakapinda kuburikidza guru mari nayo.

Saka, mvura izonaya, uye ichitanga nyaya zvakasikwa zvinopa kunowanzoitika mamiriro upi mararamiro, uye nokudaro kuti zvinenge.

Kudzidza zvinhu kutenderera kuchikoro chepuraimari

Kuti vana vane pfungwa ipi Kuchinja cyclical zvakasikwa, kuvaudza nezvazvo zvinofanira kunyange kwokutanga nzendo kurovedza. The Vakomana vanofanira kuva noruzivo chii ichitanga yacho. Grade 3 - zvachose yakakodzera nguva. Munguva iyi, vana vakura zvokukwanisa kunzwisisa uye nezvairehwa ruzivo urwu mhando.

In zvirongwa zvakawanda yedzidzo kuti kunze nyika inomiririrwa zano rakanaka, "ichitanga yacho. 3 kirasi." Zvinoratidza dzinokosha marudzi transformations dzemvura, rimwe fuma cheni chikafu, izvo zvakananga nomumwe mararamiro.

Est dhayagiramu kutenderera zvinhu vadzidzi vadiki kutora chimiro: mvura uye zvicherwa zvinhu zviri miti - the Organic fuma iri mhuka - water uye chicherwa munyu afa nemhuka.

Danho rimwe nerimwe vanofanira kutsanangurwa mienzaniso uye rondedzero kuti paumbwe imwe kunzwisisa zvepanyama pezvakaitwa kuitika yakajeka.