Chii kudzidza zvoupfumi jogirafi, panyama jogirafi uye remunharaunda upfumi? Kuti anoongorora socio-upfumi jogirafi weRussia uye nyika?

Saka kudzidza kwoupfumi jogirafi wenyika nyika uye Russia? Chii nyaya nzvimbo zvidzidzo? Chii kudzidza zvoupfumi jogirafi uye remunharaunda upfumi?

Kwakatangira nesayenzi

Kana paiva geography? Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu hakusi nyore. Zvichida iye akaberekwa panguva apo murume rekare akavhomora ibwe rinopinza parusvingo bako rake richiswedera chinyakare nharaunda yakapoteredza nzvimbo zvakananga dzinogarisana.

The rwendo nesayenzi yokutanga kuitwa nevaIjipiti vekare anenge 5000 apfuura. Ndivo anonyanya kufarira Dzvuku bheseni uye nechepakati nzvimbo Africa. Vaikwira pakarenda kuti zviri nyore kuongorora mafashamo nzizi uye zvimwe zvakasikwa.

A waruka kukuru okutanga padariro Kugadzirwa enzvimbo nesayenzi zvakatanga kare. Eratosthenes, Strabo, Klavdiy Ptolemey - masayendisiti izvi zvose vakaita abatsira zvikuru nayo. Zvakanyorwa Aristotle nheyo meteorology ano uye oceanography. Nenzira, vanonzi Hellenistic yenhoroondo, zviratidzo weboka rakabatana Sayenzi jogirafi rokutanga.

Sechivako ano nenzvimbo sayenzi

Five kana matanhatu emakore apfuura, vaitungamirira nyika zvenyika isati yamboitwa kutsva kwaiitwa munyika Colonisation munyika itsva. Saizvozvowo, musimboti nzvimbo panguva iyoyo yakanga yava chete mumwe; Kunyatsodzidza ichangobva kuwanikwa mundima uye kugadzira nzira itsva Reisen yemberi uye nzendo.

Asi nhasi, zvose zvakasiyana chaizvo. Modern jogirafi - sayenzi kuti anopedza nguva yakawanda ari systematization zivo uye zvinhu zvinoberekwa zvakasikwa uye vafambi panguva yapfuura emakore. Anoedza kuziva mapatani zvinokosha kuti vose zvakasikwa uyewo pezvakaitwa socio-zveupfumi uye zvakavapo.

Jogirafi nhasi unogona kukamurwa matavi makuru matatu. Ivo:

• panyama;
• zvoupfumi;
• munzanga jogirafi.

Okupedzisira nzvimbo mbiri unyanzvi vanowanzotambura aibatanidza kuva kuranga inonzi "zveupfumi jogirafi."

Mukati nerimwe sectors izvi kuchine anoverengeka anoranga yesayenzi. Somuenzaniso, sezvo chikamu mumuviri jogirafi dzoga hydrology, mamiriro okunze, geomorphology, glaciology, uye zvichingodaro. D. Social uye zvoupfumi jogirafi rakakamurwa enyika, zvokurapa, mauto, tsika jogirafi, madhorobha chiso, jogirafi nezvimwe anoranga.

Chii kudzidza upfumi jogirafi? Ndezvipi huru zvinangwa zvebasa nesayenzi ichi? Ngatiedzei kupindura mibvunzo iyi pazasi.

Chii kudzidza upfumi jogirafi?

Chirango ichi kwesayenzi anodzidzwa nhasi kuchikoro chesekondari, mumakoreji, hwokugadzira zvikoro uye mumayunivhesiti. Chii chiri chaizvo? Kuti kudzidza nyaya?

Economic jogirafi (kana voruzhinji) - kunzwisisa nesayenzi kuranga kuti vanodzidza spatial sangano upenyu kwoupfumi munzanga, nyika, nharaunda, nyika yose. The chikuru chinhu zvidzidzo - vanonzi miganhu uye zvoupfumi nehurongwa.

Kuti vanodzidza zvoupfumi nzvimbo yacho zvakajeka? Nyaya sayenzi iyi inoshanda kudzidza kusiyana imwe nyika kana munharaunda zvemari, kuwana zvakafanana uye zvakasiyana zvaidiwa zvoupfumi akasiyana nharaunda, ari kuziva mapatani zvinokosha kuparadzira mumagariro kugadzirwa.

Modern upfumi jogirafi zvinokonzera yakawanda yokungotaura uye anobatsira matambudziko yokugadzirwa mhinduro troubleshooting miganhu uye zvoupfumi enyika kusvikira chokudzidzisa nyanzvi - zvoupfumi geographers. In zvoupfumi-nenzvimbo tsvakurudzo anoshandisa zvakawanda zvesayenzi: nepakati, Statistical, "munda", kuenzaniswa rairatidza, munhoroondo, cartographic, uye vamwe vakawanda.

Kuti vanodzidza magariro jogirafi uye remunharaunda upfumi?

Kana jogirafi zvoupfumi anobata adzidze upfumi, magariro, ukuwo, rinoongorora vanhu (population). Uwandu Hwevanhu, dzidzo uye mishonga kwemadzinza Kuronga vemo, kurwisana omunharaunda uye padanho kukura tsika - izvi zvose anouya zvakawanda zvinodiwa chirango ichi dzesayenzi.

Zvichida huru munzanga nzvimbo racho ndiko kuona zvinoitwa socialization kuti munhu, uyewo tinyatsonzwisisa kumhanya kukura zvavo. Nokudaro sainzi haina kungoda pasocial pezvakaitwa siyana kuitika emunharaunda magariro evanhu, asi kuedza kuva algorithm kuti optimize navo.

Regional upfumi - mumwe chirango icho hunonyatsobatana kune zveupfumi nemagariro jogirafi. Zvisinei, rinoreva kwegadziriro wakachena zvoupfumi. Regional upfumi chinoongorora remunharaunda sangano okuwana. Its chikuru basa ndiko kuziva specificity nedzimwe nharaunda kwoupfumi, uyewo kugadzirwa kwepurogiramu mapurogiramu zvakabatsirawo kukura kwavo mune ramangwana.

Kuti anoongorora socio-upfumi jogirafi kwenyika uye kuRussia?

Musiyano zveupfumi jogirafi kwenyika, uye Russia ndiyo pachena. In yokutanga nyaya yokudzidza anoongorora spatial sangano upenyu zvoupfumi pasi yemapuraneti scale, ari wechipiri yave vachidzidza miganhu zvoupfumi hurongwa mukati imwe nyika.

Kuti vanodzidza upfumi nzvimbo yeRussia? Chirango ichi chinotanga zvizere zvoupfumi chiitiko mamiriro, kunokubatsira kunzwisisa placement huru kugadzira, rinoongorora mitemo kukura National upfumi rose uye ari munhu munharaunda.

Kusvika panguva inokosha nzvimbo kuti kukura socio-zvoupfumi jogirafi muna USA (Clark University mu Massachusetts), muUK (University of Oxford) uye Russia (Moscow State University. Lomonosov).

Geography Physical uye Landscape

jogirafi Mumuviri anobata adzidze nenzvimbo hamvuropu yepasi rose, uyewo kudzidza kwayo nomumwe zvinoriumba. Panyaya iyi, rakakamurwa akazvimirira anoranga akawanda dzesayenzi, kusanganisira:

• mamiriro okunze;
• meteorology;
• geomorphology;
• hydrology;
• oceanography;
• paleogeography;
• biogeography and said.

Zvishoma kunze ndiyo nzvimbo nesayenzi - sayenzi kuti vanodzidza Genesi, mamiriro, kushanda uye kukura rokudzora zvivako (nharaunda). Zita nechirango rinobva German shoko maisema, iro anoshandura se "nzvimbo", "kuti Nzvimbo mhando." hwaro Landscape nesayenzi wakaradzikwa mu mabasa masayendisiti German - Carl Ritter uye Aleksandra Gumboldta.

Zviya, ichi "rukoko" pamusoro Geographic Sciences chinonyanya chokuita sayenzi dzimwe sayenzi zvakasikwa - wefizikisi, kemisitiri, zvipenyu, ikoroji uye ivhu nesayenzi.