Chii zingi? Formula zingi akakura. zen'e

Mumwe nesimbi kuti akasvinudzwa kare, asi nhasi haana kurasa kushanda kwayo kushandisa kuonga ayo ehupfumi zvinoshamisa zviri zinc. Its zvivako mumuviri makemikari kubvumira kushandisa mashoko ari mapazi ruzivo uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Ane chinokosha kukanganisa utano hwevanhu.

A Brief History of chinhu hwomukova

Chii zingi, vanhu vaiziva pamberi munhambo yedu. Zvakanga ipapo kudzidza kushandisa alloys ane simbi iyi. VaEgipita akashandisa mhangura ine mhangura zinc, uye avo fused vakagadzirira yakasimba chaizvo, oxidation nemishonga zvinhu. zvemumba akawanikwa, aibikwa kubva ichi zvinhu.

Zita zingi rinowanikwa muzvinyorwa chiremba Paracelsus ari XVI remakore AD. Panguva iyo simbi vachishingaira kutanga kushandisa Chinese nokuumbwa vake mari. Zvishoma nezvishoma, zivo nefuma nezvakanaka zvayo michina ehupfumi ane kuchinja mu Europe. Zvadaro muna Germany, England Wadzidzawo kuti zingi kwakadaro uye apo chinogona kushandiswa.

Wendarira mumwe tanga uye anozivikanwa chiwanikwa, kushandiswa kubva kare muCyprus, uye gare gare muGermany uye dzimwe nyika.

The zita rinobva muchiLatin zincum, asi Mabviro kujeka. Pane shanduro dzakawanda.

1. Kubva zinke German, iro anoshandura se "The Island."
2. Kubva Latin zincum, zvinoreva "makwapa akasvibirika chena".
3. Persian "Cheng", kureva dombo.
4. EkuGermany zinco, iro anoshandura se "Dombo", "haichatarisiki".

Nhasi zita chinhu ari kugamuchira chete pakutanga pamusoro XX remakore. Zvinorehwa zingi ions muvanhu akanga yakashuma chete yapfuura (XX remakore). Izvi zvisati zvaitika, hapana zvirwere pamwe maatomu akafanana izvi hazvina chokuita.

Zvisinei zvinozivikanwa kuti munguva dzekare, marudzi mazhinji vakashandisa soups dzenyama gwayana sechinhu kupora mudziyo paurwere uye nokuda kunokurumidza kunatsiridza. Nhasi tinogona kutaura kuti sei riri nokuda zingi ions, izvo dhishi ichi ine zvikuru zvizhinji. Akabatsira kudzosera kweropa, kuderedza kuneta uye kusashanda pfungwa basa.

Zingi Element: unhu

chaikosha ichi riri mune periodic wemuTesitamende boka rechipiri, kwemasanga subgroup. Kutevedzana nhamba 30, zingi uremu - 65,37. The chete chenguva uye oxidation wehurumende +2. Electronic configuration rokunze atomu rukoko 4S ^2.

In Table zingi, mhangura, cadmium, chromium, manganese uye vamwe vazhinji - ndiyo kuchinja simbi. Ava vanosanganisira vose apo maerekitironi yepasisa wokunze uye predvneshny D uye e simba sublevels.

Kuchinja nesimbi zvinosanganisira Platinum boka uye (goridhe, iridium, palladium, Platinum, osmium, uye vamwe). Nokuti vose zvavo inozivikanwa paumbwe kunzwisisa yeimwe, mavakanga ave complexing mumiririri pamwe Kufambisa nhamba zvakasiyana. Zvose izvi ndizvo chakanangana chinhu pasi nezvazvo nesu.

Pane shanu sezvingatarisirwa kugadzikana isotopes pamwe vakawanda kwazvo 64 kusvika 70. ⁶⁵ Zn - radioactive, ane hafu upenyu mazuva 244.

Zingi somunhu nyore fuma

Chii zingi ari senguva chimiro? It - simbi, sirivha zvitema, akakurumidza yakafukidzwa rwokudzivirira oxide firimu mumhepo. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, zvinoita sokuti hazvina penya zvikuru. Zvisinei zvinokosha kubvisa firimu, akadai zingi Exhibits ehupfumi chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi zvose - akanaka unhu kubwinya uye chivheneke.

Zvakasikwa, anowanikwa anoumba zvicherwa zvakawanda uye ores. Saka, vakawanda vavo vari:

• zingi blende, kana sphalerite;
• kleyofan;
• marmatit;
• wurtzite;
• smithsonite;
• calamine;
• zen'e
• willemite;
• franklenit uye nevamwe.

Sechikamu vakavhengana ores kazhinji zingi inowanikwa pamwe chete neshamwari dzake dzose, zvakadai:

• thallium;
• negermanium;
• indium;
• gallium;
• Cadmium.

Vose, simbi chinoita 0,076% dzenyika nechepasi. Zviri zvishoma yakakura kupfuura mhangura. Uyewo, 0,07 MG / L of pfuma iri yomugungwa.

Formula somunhu nyore zvacho zingi - Zn. Hexagonal mechanical zvakachinjikwa, rinorema. The mhando kwemakemikari chokuedza - simbi.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Zvinokwanisika kunan'anura unhu wandei.

1. Color - srebristo rwebhuruu.
2. Density - 7.13 g / masendimita ^3.
3. Utsotso pfungwa - 420 ^{° C} (rinoreva boka kuderedzwa utsotso simbi).
4. Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu - pfava zvinhu.
5. Kubika pfungwa - 906 ° ^C.
6. Kana neshungu kuti 100-150 ^{° C} kunowedzera kusimba uye ductility, zvinogona kugadzirwa kuti waya uye foil rinopfungaira.
7. 200 ^° nyore ^C ivhu iri kuchena upfu, kurasikirwa kunzwisisa.
8. Zviri yakanaka chevaimbi.
9. The chafariz conductivity zvakanaka, uyewo kupisa chinzvimbo.

parameters mumuviri kwakadaro kubvumira kushandisa resimbi nevamwe zvinhu zviri yeimwe. Somuenzaniso, kuzivikanwa zingi chiwanikwa - kuifukidza nendarira.

mushonga ehupfumi

Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, chicherwa chigamba rakafukidza munhu pose pakarepo pakunzwa grayish-chena unhani - zingi oxide. Izvi zvinobva pakuti neoxygen iri mumhepo pakarepo oxidizes yakaisvonaka fuma.

Kana chete kwenguva refu kuramba wakachena simbi iri pakachena nyorovera mumhepo, pachava kuparadza wayo kuitwa carbon dioxide. Sezvo nyore zvacho zingi ikasakendenga ne:

• halogens;
• chalcogens;
• okisijeni;
• acids;
• alkalis;
• amoniya uye Ammonium (munyu ayo);
• simbi simba.

Hazvina sei pamwe senitrogen. Kana tikatora zvachose mishonga yakaisvonaka zingi, hazvina sei pamwe chinhu dziri zvinhu.

Zviri pachena kuti zingi - simbi amphoteric. In Maitiro vane alkalis rinoumbwa dzakaoma yeimwe - gidroksotsinkaty.

yeimwe kuti zingi

wandei Mapoka makuru ringaita kutaurwa:

1. zingi silicide.
2. Ternary carbide marudzi - Ni ₃ ZnC.
3. zingi halides (chloride, fluoride, iodide, bromide).
4. Sulfide, selenide, zingi arsenide.
5. Phosphide uye boride.
6. Ammine zvivako akaumbwa simbi kuita pamwe amoniya mhinduro.
7. Cyanides, thiocyanates uye thiosulfates kuripo sezvo unoenderana zvivako zviri aqueous mhinduro.
8. Oxide uye zingi hydroxide - amphoteric yeimwe inoshandiswa achigadzirira zvivako gidroksotsinkatov.

Vazhinji yeimwe ari chinhu rinoshandiswa makemikari indasitiri kana mamwe maindasitiri (engineering, mhuri Syntheses, pendi indasitiri).

Zingi oxide zvinowanzodavirwa inoshandiswa mukurapa. Ane yakanaka Anti-anogumbura zvinokonzerwa, zvishoma unoomesa uye anouraya utachiona. Saka, zvinoita rinoshandiswa zvizoro kuti kurapa mburwa, blackheads, mburwa nezvimwe zvirwere ganda.

zingi munyu

Inenge ose munyu dzisina kaviri kana zvakaoma, kureva ane hapana ions extraneous chitsvuku - a Hauoneki crystalline fuma. Zvikuru nevanhu panyaya kushandiswa kwevanhu ndivo zvinotevera ndivo.

1. Zingi chloride - ZnCL _2. Chimwe zita kubatana - pokunamatidza acid. Externally anomiririra crystals chena, absorbs mwando mudenga. Kushandiswa rokuchenesa simbi hukawanika risati pokunamatidza uchibereka fibers, muna mabhatiri, nokuti impregnation huni pamberi kurapwa somunhu disinfectant.
2. zingi sulfide. White upfu, nokukurumidza yellowing kana kupopotedzana. It ane refu utsotso pfungwa, kusiyana yakachena simbi. Akashandiswa kugadzirwa luminescent yeimwe kureva sefa, ukomba nezvimwe zvinhu. Chinhu semiconductor.
3. zingi phosphide - vanowanzochema muchetura inoshandiswa ndichipfeka kubvisa kusurukirwa sezvo ainge ava mhuka (mbeva, makonzo).
4. Smithsonite, zingi carbonate kana - ZnCO _3. Hauoneki crystalline remubatanidzwa insoluble mumvura. Rinoshandiswa nenzira petrochemical indasitiri, uyewo zvinoitwa kubudisa sirika. Ko anowedzera pane makemikari kwetunhu, kushandiswa senzvimbo fetiraiza muvhu.
5. Zingi acetate - (CH ₃ vanogurukuta) ₂ Zn. Hauoneki crystals, nyore soluble mune zvokufembedzwa zvose chero mhando. Vakawanda kushandiswa zvose namakemikari uye mune zvokurapa uye zvokudya Mazinga. Anoshandiswa kurapa nozafaringita. Rinoshandiswa sezvo chikafu chirungiso E650 - freshens mweya, kunotadzisa nechitarisiko Dombo iri mazino apo chikamu bhabhurigamu. Rinoshandiswa etch madhayi, unochengetera huni, mapurasitiki nezvimwe Organic Syntheses. Inenge kwese kuridza basa ane inhibitor.
6. Zingi iodide - crystals chena kushandiswa radiography, sezvo electrolyte mu mabhatiri, somunhu dhayi kuti zvemagetsi microstudies.
7. Black kana rima-nyoro crystals, risingagoni yaunganidzwa zvakananga kwetunhu, sezvo zingi uye senitrogen hazvirevi sei. Vari aumba kubva simbi ammine. At dzakakwirira tembiricha nayo uchiora kusunungura zingi, zvisinei kushandiswa gadziriro yayo.
8. zingi nitrate. Hauoneki hygroscopic crystals. Kushandiswa zingi chimiro ichi rinoitwa ari Whitehead Textile nematehwe indasitiri nokuda etching munyama.

zingi alloys

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, pane vakawanda zingi chiwanikwa - nendarira. Kuti yave kuzivikanwa kubva kupfuura kare uye uchipinda anoshandiswa nevanhu saka kure. Chii?

Brass - imhangura zinc, zviri maererano nedzimwe simbi akawanda, kunoita mamwe Gloss, simba uye refractoriness chiwanikwa. Zingi ari murwiyo sechinhu alloying maatomu akafanana, mhangura - somunhu zvinokosha. Material ruvara tsvuku, kupenyerera, asi panze muna nyoro runyararo vanokwanisa blacken. Utsotso pfungwa dzinenge 950 ^{° C,} dzingasiyana zvichienderana zviri zingi (makuru ndiwo, rezasi tembiricha).

The zvokunyama rwuchipeterwa zvakanaka kupinda machira, sepombi, welded kuonana nzira. Ane zvakanaka unyanzvi nokurondedzerwa, saka mariri vakaita zvinotevera zvinhu:.

1. Machine mativi uye siyana michina namano.
2. Dzisimbe uye stampings.
3. Nzungu, nekiyi dzaro Fittings.
4. Fittings, bushings, ngura nemishonga mativi akasiyana modes yokufambisa.
5. Watch zvikamu.

Vazhinji vedu vaiona simbi inogadzirwa nyika mberi chete kweShanduro chiwanikwa.

Chimwe mhando intermetallic remubatanidzwa - zingi antimonide. Formula Zn wake ₄ SB _3. chiwanikwa iri rinoshandiswawo senzira semiconductor transistors, chafariz imagers, magnetoresistive namano.

Zviripachena kushandisa zingi yayo yeimwe zviri zvikuru uye kushanda kwose kwose. simbi iyi yakakurumbira sezvo nemhangura, aruminiyamu, sirivha, nendarama, manganese uye simbi. Its anokosha zvikuru yakakwirira hwokugadzira zvinangwa zvakafanana anticorrosive zvinhu. Pashure pezvose, tiri kuchizvivanza siyana zingi alloys uye zvigadzirwa kudzivirira kuparadza iyi yepanyama muitiro.

The chaivo basa

Chii zingi tichitarisa mushonga uye zvipenyu? Kana ine zvainoreva kwoupenyu zvipenyu uye sei kwazvo? Zvakaratidza kuti zingi ions nyore vanofanira kuvapo muna zvipenyu. Zvikasadaro, kuti dhefisiti kuchatungamirira zvinotevera nemigumisiro:

• kupererwa neropa;
• ungaderedza jekiseni;
• Kurwara;
• uremu uye ndangariro;
• nekuneta;
• kuora mwoyo;
• vasanyatsoona;
• kushatirwa uye nevamwe.

The chikuru nzvimbo Kuwanda zingi ions mumuviri womunhu - ndiyo rwatata, chiropa uye tsandanyama. Uyewo, ndicho simbi chikamu ruzhinji makemikari (semuenzaniso, carbonic anhydrase). Naizvozvo, vazhinji catalysis kunoitika pamwe kutora chikamu zinc.

Chii chaizvo kuita ions?

1. Munyaya kwetunhu varume hormone dzisingaoneki.
2. Kurudzirai Absorção de Água vhitamini E.
3. Munyaya cleavage pamusoro doro mamorekuru mumuviri.
4. Zvinobatanidzwa zvakananga kwetunhu mahormone akawanda (jekiseni, kukura kemikari, testosterone nevamwe).
5. Unotora muropa inotungamirwa nokuporesa wakakanganiswa tishu.
6. It anoita secretion pamusoro sebaceous omumuviri, inotsigira chakaipa kukura bvudzi uye zvipikiri, kunoita rokuzvivandudza rakaita kuti irambe pezvakaitwa paganda.
7. It anokwanisa kubvisa tsvina kubva mumuviri uye kusimbisa zvirwere.
8. Zvinokanganisawo paumbwe kuravidza uye kunhuwidza.
9. Zvinotora chikamu mune dzinotsanagura transcription, muviri vhitamini A, nucleic kwetunhu nokuparadzwa.
10. Iye ubatanidzwe mumatanho ose kukura masero, uyewo vachifambidzana muitiro Gene okuti.

izvi zvose kamwe zvakare zvinoratidza sei chinokosha ndiko simbi. Basa raro zvoutachiona gadziriro yakajekeswa chete XX remakore. matambudziko mazhinji nenhamo kare angadai kudai vanhu vaiziva kurapa kushandisa zvinodhaka kwakavakirwa zinc.

Tingaramba sei zvakarurama uwandu chaikosha ichi pamuviri? Mhinduro yacho iri pachena. Unofanira kudya zvokudya zvine zinc. The Pamazita zvinogona refu, saka isu anotaura chete avo umo kufadza nhamba chinhu mubvunzo:

• nzungu uye mbeu;
• bhinzi;
• nyama;
• zvomugungwa, kunyanya oysters;
• zviyo uye chingwa;
• dheri zvinogadzirwa;
• miti, miriwo nemichero.

kushandiswa kwevanhu

Takatodzidza akasarudzwa yose, umo maindasitiri uye sectors kuti bhizimisi vanoshandisa zinc. Mari simbi iri kwayo alloys ari nani kumusoro. Somuenzaniso, imwe nendarira Pepa rimwe pakukura 0,6 X 1.5 akanga dzinoongororwa mune vanenge 260 rubles. Unomirirei, nekuti kunaka zvinhu zvakakwirira zvakakwana.

Naizvozvo, esimbi zingi, kureva kuti, ave fuma nyore rinoshandiswa:

• yokunamisa pamusoro ngura pamusoro simbi uye simbi zvinogadzirwa;
• mu mabhatiri;
• kudhinda;
• somunhu kuderedza mumiririri uye anowedzera pane makemikari kwetunhu;
• mu simbi nokuti voga vamwe simbi kubva mhinduro dzaro.

Zingi oxide rinoshandiswa kwete chete nezvikonzero zvizorwa, izvo isu kare kutaurwa, asi uyewo filler mu rabha, somunhu chena ruvara mune pendi.

About apo siyana zingi munyu anoshandiswa, tinoudzwa ari kukurukura yeimwe izvi. Zviri pachena kuti zvinonyatsorehwa zingi uye fuma - ndiyo inokosha mune maindasitiri, mushonga uye dzimwe maindasitiri zvinoriumba, pasina vazhinji kwemasayendisiti zvaisazobvira kana kudziviswa zvikuru.