Biosphere: miganhu yacho biosphere. The Kuronga biosphere uye muganhu. Yokumusoro Muganhu biosphere

The biosphere anoonekwa kuti ari goko Nyika, inogarwa zvipenyu kuti zvinoshingaira kuchinja nayo muupenyu hwake hwose.

History of kudzidza

Pfungwa yacho biosphere sezvo nzvimbo mupenyu wakapinda sayenzi Zhan Batist De Lamarck rokutanga hafu XIX remakore. Ndiye akauya pedyo kunzwisisa kwayo. Asi izwi akashandurwa sezvaari yeAustria musayendisiti Edward Suess. Akashanda mumunda inoongorora uye biosphere kunzwisiswa nenzira raora ezvinhu zvipenyu zvose. Zvino, unorevei ichi rokuti "Biota". Suess nechipiriso chake pfungwa uye tsvakurudzo kunoguma yakakurumbira bhuku "The Face Nyika" iyo inorondedzera zvemaumbirwo pakati Alps.

The ano pfungwa biosphere akagadzira Russian musayendisiti geochemist ane ruzivo Encyclopedic muminda nemasayendisiti akawanda - Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. Sezvo purofesa mineralogy pana Moscow University, akazova muvambi "Biosphere" basa guru, rakabudiswa muna 1926. Zvinonzi mune basa iri, akapa wokutanga hwakadzama tsanangudzo iyi izwi.

V. Vernadsky zvakarurama vaidavira kuti biosphere - chakakura concentric nzvimbo Nyika, iyo inoita basa huru geochemical simba. Saka, ndiko nzvimbo umo upenyu huripo panguva kana narinhi aripo, kuti ndiye, nokuti biosphere kunoratidzwa kuvapo zvipenyu kana zvavo metabolic zvinhu.

The Mhando zvinhu zviri biosphere

V. I. Vernadsky chinosiyanisa mhando dzakawanda nezvinhu kuti vanoumba hwaro biosphere.

1. Chaizvoizvo Chipenyu, izvo inoumbwa chine zvipenyu.
2. Zvinovaka muviri ndiko kuumbwa panguva uye pashure nezvebasa zvinenge zvasara. Zviri pamusoro ratinoona magasi, marasha, mafuta nezvimwewo.
3. Inert zvinhu riri kuumbwa pasina kupindira zvipenyu.
4. Bioinert fuma - remubatanidzwa kunokonzerwa nebasa zvipenyu pachiimbwa Pfungwa isingabatanidzi zvinhu zvipenyu kwendangariro.

biosphere miganhu takatsunga maererano pamberi apa muzvizhinji kuti zvinhu zviri panyika anoshongwa.

nyaya kurarama biosphere

Zviri pachena kuti zvinokosha simba pezvakaitwa uye geochemical ndifambire mberi muite Kupinda kwenyaya mupenyu. V. I. Vernadsky akagadzira pfungwa kwayo. nyaya Kurarama - zvose zvipenyu dziripo panguva, rimwe akagadzirwa zvinoriumba, iyo inotaurwa pedzidziso makemikari anoumba, uremu uye simba.

The chikuru pfuma nyaya mhenyu kwayakaita nokuda noukama kwezvakatipoteredza chenguva inotonhorera chokubuda. Rukova kuumbwa panguva kufema, kudya kunovaka, kubereka. Mundima iyi, zvinokosha mashandiro ezvinhu zvipenyu zvinogona kunzi somunhu yemapuraneti Geological hunhu simba acho.

Permanent yokutama zvine maatomu akafanana pakati Muviri zvakatipoteredza zvose nzira dzose. Implementation izvi zvichiitika zvichibvira anoonga napedyo pakati zvokutanga makemikari anoumba zvipenyu kuti makemikari anoumba goko paNyika.

Plants vakatakura photosynthesis, ari biosphere kusika zvakaoma Organic mamorekuru kuva dzakawanda dzakatumirwa simba. Saka, nyaya yacho mhenyu rinoungana uye kunochinja akarondedzera wakaisvonaka simba kwezuva. Kufambira simba chinoitwa zvibvire nokuda chenguva kukura. Speed kubereka, sezvo zvakarurama vaiona V. I. Vernadsky, ndiye mwero panguva iyo simba iri hwakatamisirwa geochemical biosphere.

miganhu

Part of biosphere, umo mune dziri zvipenyu, inonzi neobiosferoy. Nemamwe mashoko, ano. Uye nzvimbo kuti musha waiva kune zvinenge kare ndiyo paleobiosfery.

The zvachose guru Geosphere puraneti iri matani anenge mabhiriyoni 2420. ukoshi Iri 200 nguva mukanyiwa zvomumhepo. Saka, tinogona kugumisa kuti vapenyu zvinhu rukoko ari zvachose guru Geospheres kunyora nezvavo.

The Range kwakaita zvinogona anochinjika ezvinhu zvipenyu kukonzera "vsyudnost upenyu." Zvipenyu zviri zvishoma vakagara mumakungwa uye nyanza, ipapo nyanzvi panyika. Maererano Vernadsky, murwiyo uye miganhu yacho biosphere vari kuchinja ikozvino.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti, kusiyana nevamwe pano anoshongwa anogona kufungidzira chete biosphere kunzwisisa. It anoita mashandiro "pabutiro" wevapenyu sangano uye ndiyo nzvimbo imwe muzvizhinji rezvinhu zvipenyu, izvo zvingasanganisira vanhu.

biosphere miganhu kunotsanangurwa sezvinotevera. It unotora rezasi mumhepo vematunhu, yokumusoro mapazi ari lithosphere uye zvose hydrosphere. Kureba muchadenga, dzinoratidzwa chando, pasi kumanikidza, uye pakadzika yomugungwa, kumanikidzwa izvo zvinogona kusvika 12,000 atmospheres, - biosphere zvose izvi. Miganhu yacho biosphere saka rakafara nokuda kwazvo kwazvo siyana tembiricha kubvumirawo zvimwe zvipenyu.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kune utachiona zvinogona zviripo vacuüm it. Panogumira kuti makemikari ezvinhu kuchinja kuri yakakura chaizvo. The chaiye kuvapo zvipenyu Somuenzaniso, pasi kugara zvaiitwa ionizing mwaranzi. Ongororo dzinoratidza kuti dzimwe mhuka zvokuti anofura pane dzimwe nzira ivo zvinogoneka kunyange kunze biosphere.

Kuwedzera zvinokosha ezvinhu aya, upenyu zvipenyu nokuda nguva dzose ari kuitika biogenic maatomu.

Yokumusoro Muganhu biosphere

kuvapo panguva dzakasiyana miti yakasiyana dzepasi upenyu mumhepo. Munzvimbo South neNorth mapango, ukoshi uyu 8-10 km pedyo neequator - 17-18 km pamusoro dzimwe nzvimbo dzose - 20-25? Km. Saka, upenyu uzere chete troposphere - rezasi chikamu chadenga

Mumuviri muganhu kufambiswa upenyu mumhepo iri pajinga muganhu pakati ozone rukoko.

hydrosphere

Hydrosphere akaumba nyanza, makungwa, madziva, nzizi uye chando. At zvose pakadzika ndihwo upenyu. Ruzhinji zvipenyu achiitei pamusoro akaturikidzana uye pedyo nemhenderekedzo. Asi kunyange panguva kudzika 11.022 metres, gobvu mwoyo nyanza (Mary), pane vagari. Neobiosfera rinewo sediments kuti maimbova kumusha zvisikwa vekare.

Rezasi Muganhu biosphere

Kana isu kutaura pamusoro lithosphere, ivhu, Chokwadi, ndiyo yakakurumbira kudarika dzimwe pamubhedha wake, asi akaona nezvokuvapo upenyu zvikuru kudzika - vanenge 6-7 makiromita pevhu. Izvi zvinoshandawo, kupfuura zvose, zvakadzika Kunetsana nemapako.

Utachiona vaigara biosphere

Zvipenyu zviri rakakamurwa mapoka maviri, zvichienderana nzira kubudisa simba rinodiwa kuti upenyu: autotrophic uye heterotrophic. The dzinogarisana mapoka maviri ndiwo Biosphere. biosphere miganhu anotsanangurwa nekuda kwekuda kwavo.

Vamiririri autotrophic zvipenyu zvavo kudya hauna chokuita zvimwe zvipenyu. Izvi zvinoda kuti chiedza chezuva kana simba kwemakemikari zvisungo inorganic yeimwe. Zvino, uye mumwe anogona kushandiswa senzira simba tsime, apo simba kwavanoitwa chicherwa zvinhu.

Autotrophs akakamurwa subgroups maviri. It phototrophs (rwegirini) uye chemotroph (utachiona). Wekutanga vanokwanisa kurarama chete ari kupinda chezuva. Asi wechipiri, nokushandisa makemikari ane makemikari hunhu sesimba bhuku, zviri zvikuru akakurumbira.

Heterotrophs zvinopesana, sezvo manyuko simba uye simba zvaida Organic zvinhu zvinoberekwa zvimwe zvinenge. Ndiko, pasina rokutanga basa autotrophs nokuvapo kwavo zvaisazobvira. Mhuka uye vanhu, sezvinoita mugari wenyika biosphere, muri heterotrophic zvinenge.

"Film Roupenyu"

The unevenness pamusoro kugovera upenyu - ichi ndechimwe zvinokosha features, iyo inozivikanwa nokuda biosphere. Miganhu yacho biosphere vane yakadereresa arambe achirema upenyu. Most vakacherechedzawo panguva panosangana nzvimbo. Kazhinji, kugovera upenyu biosphere iri zvinoshamisa gogonera. V. I. Vernadsky akatanga rokuti "firimu roupenyu" kurondedzera tichibatsirwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzine vanhu vakawanda pamusoro biosphere. kuonana muganhu "ivhu-mhepo." - ndicho rokutanga mafirimu izvi, Ukobvu anenge 2 3 masendimita chinomiririrwa yechipiri kuonana mapazi "mhepo-kuti-ivhu" -pribrezhnaya ubvise uye upwelling wongoramba. Wechitatu mapazi anomiririrwa euphotic Ocean (200 m), m. E. Free kupinda nzvimbo zuva Ray.

Saka, upenyu kushandura "chiso pasi," riri zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe pfungwa "biosphere". Miganhu yacho biosphere - upenyu kumuganhu.

Spatial-yaishandiswa sangano - mumwe mashandiro kuitira kuti "Geological makore zvipenyu zvose." Man, somunhu mugari wenyika biosphere, pamwe nemamwe heterotrophic zvinenge vanoshandiswa ubatanidzwe simba kutenderera inotsigira upenyu Panyika.