Chinovhiringidza zvomusoro tsinga: mifananidzo, mashandiro ukoshi

Mutemo Neural basa ndiyo dzinotsanagura excitation uye chinovhiringidza muna CNS. Pakutanga, zvinoita sokuti sechinhu chepuraimari paakasangana tide. Mukuita yemhindumupindu aiva kuomesa kwakaita neuroendocrine mashandiro, zvichiita kuti paumbwe chikuru zvikamu huta uye kwemakemikari anobudiswa enyika. Munyaya ino tichaongorora mumwe mukuru pezvakaitwa - chinovhiringidza muna CNS, mhando uye nzira kwayo Implementation.

Huta zvinyama, nechivako kwayo uye mashandiro

Imwe mhando munyama mhuka, ainzi tsinga ine mamiriro chaiwo kuti anopa zvose excitation rikurumidze uye simba kuti braking basa iri CNS. Masero etsinga ine muviri uye zvinoshandiswa: pfupi (dendrites) uye refu (axon), iyo inopa nokupfuuridzirwa etsinga nomunhu kubva mumwe neurocyte. Mugumo axon tsinga sero nevanhu dendrites yakatevera neurocyte munzvimbo inonzi synapses. Ivo nechokwadi kuti bioelectric nomunhu pamwe tsinga tishu. Makavigwa excitation nguva dzose kunoita imwe nhungamiro - kubva axon pamuviri kana dendrites imwe neurocyte.

Chimwe pfuma kunze excitation kuyerera tsinga rinenge - chinovhiringidza muna CNS. Icho muviri achipindura vakurukurirane yaienda zvinoderedza kana kumira injini kana secretory basa zvakakwana, izvo zvinosanganisira Centrifugal Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu. Braking mu huta zvinyama kunogona kuitika pasina rokutanga excitation, asi chete achifuridzirwa braking murevereri, akadai neGhebha. Ndiye mumwe chikuru zvinotakura braking. Unogonawo kudanawo fuma iyi sezvo glycine. Izvi amino asidhi rinobatanidzwa dzekugonesa inhibitory pezvakaitwa uye kunomutsa kugadzirwa mamorekuru mu synapses gammaaminomaslyannoy acid.

I. M. Sechenov uye basa rake neurophysiology

musayendisiti akakurumbira Russian, musiki dzidziso pamusoro dzepanguva basa uropi akaratidza pamberi nechepakati zvikamu tsinga zvinokosha zvivako masero vanokwanisa inactivating bioelectric kwendangariro. Kuvhura akaputsa nzvimbo nechepakati tsinga ruvepo kushandiswa I. Sechenov mhando nhatu kuedza. Izvi zvinosanganisira kutema zvikamu nemakwati dzakasiyana nzvimbo uropi, kweiyi nomumwe loci wachena nyaya nokuda mumuviri kana namakemikari zvinhu (electrocution, yavaibvisa chloride) uyewo nzira excitation kuti vasiri pfungwa nzvimbo. I. M. Sechenov aiva experimenter guru, achiita Ultra-chaiwo cheka munharaunda pakati thalami nezvakarurama thalamus yacho datya. Akaona rutapudzo uye kumira gwenya basa mhuka yayo zvachose.

Saka, neurophysiologist akavhura chaiye Neural maitiro mhando - chinovhiringidza muna CNS. Types uye nzira kwayo inotungamirwa, tinokurukura muudzame zvinotevera zvikamu, uye ikozvino saktsentiruem kamwe zvakare kuteerera chokwadi ichi: mumadhipatimendi dzakadai medulla oblongata, uye thalamic riri nzvimbo inonzi akamedura, kana "Sechenovskiy" pakati. The musayendisiti Akaratidzawo kuvapo kwayo kwete chete pane mhuka asiwo muvanhu. Uyezve, I. M. Sechenov vawana Chiitiko pamusoro tonic excitation akamedura nzvimbo. Zvinonzwisiswa nevanhu izvi duku excitation mune Centrifugal Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu uye anoenderana tsandanyama, uyewo chinovhiringidza tsinga rinonyanya pachavo.

Dyidzana kana Neural pezvakaitwa?

Studies vakakurumbira Russian physiologist I. P. Pavlova uye I. M. Sechenova akaratidza kuti basa nechepakati tsinga inozivikanwa nokuda co-zvakarairwa dzepanguva siyana. Kusakarongeka pakati excitation uye chinovhiringidza muna CNS zvinoguma kwakarongeka murau mitambo muviri: kurovedza muviri, afemeruke, kugaya, excretion. Bioelectric pezvakaitwa panguva kuitika mune tsinga nzvimbo uye anogona sequentially shanduko pamusoro nguva. Inopa kuwirirana uye nenguva chikamu akapindura hunenge kuti anonongedzera zvemukati uye kwokunze ezvinhu. Zvakawanda kuedza achiitiswa neurophysiologists, akasimbisa chokwadi chokuti excitation uye chinovhiringidza nechepakati tsinga - kiyi huta mananara, izvo kwakavakirwa zvimwe mapatani. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

The tsinga nzvimbo cerebral cortex vanokwanisa kuparadzira zvose mhando pezvakaitwa yose tsinga. pfuma iyi inonzi zvichiratidza excitation kana chinovhiringidza. Nevakomana Fani - achidzikisa kana vakaomerwa nzvimbo uropi, kupararira bioimpulsy. Inonzi yevasungwa. Vose mhando mukukurukurirana, masayendisiti akacherechedza kuti paumbwe vakaumbwa motokari hunenge. Munguva kutanga kwekupwanyiwa injini nounyanzvi, somugumisiro irradiation nokuda excitation panguva akacheka vakawanda tsandanyama nemapoka, kwete hazvo munyaya mabasa injini chiito aumba. Chete pashure repetitions akawanda wakadenha kuisa muviri kuchiva (Skating, Skiing, kuchovha), zvichiguma wevasungwa pamusoro excitation pezvakaitwa mune chaiyo neuronal cortical foci, kufamba kwevanhu vose vava vysokokoordinirovannymi.

Achitaurazve etsinga nzvimbo zvingaitikawo nokuda induction. Rinooneka kana zvinotevera ezvinhu zvinogutswa: kutanga kune chinovhiringidza kana excitation wevasungwa, azvaiitwa zvinofanira kwakakwana simba. In sainzi anozivikanwa marudzi maviri induction: S-danho (muna CNS nechepakati chinovhiringidza kunonatsiridza excitation) uye akaipa chimiro (excitation kunokonzera braking rikurumidze). Uyewo akawana kupindirana induction. Panyaya iyi, iyo huta muitiro kunoshandurwa mune etsinga centre. Studies neuroscientists akaratidza kuti unhu dzakakwirira mhuka uye vanhu kunotsanangurwa nokuda induction mananara, irradiation uye yevasungwa Neural excitation uye chinovhiringidza.

kusiko braking

Ngatikurukurei muudzame mhando braking muna CNS yaro shandai muchimiro kuti tinoberekwa zvose mhuka uye vanhu. Izwi akanga aronga Ivan Pavlov. The musayendisiti akatenda uyu muitiro ndeimwe tinozvarwa zvivako zviri tsinga uye akazivisa maviri ayo azvo: kufa uye zvechigarire. Ngatikurukurei navo zvizere.

Zvokufungidzira zviri cortex imomo excitation pachoto, zvinowanisa pulses kuti kushanda nhengo (tsandanyama, shwanu secretory masero). Nokuda kuchinja mamiriro kwokunze kana womukati ezvinhu kuchimuka mumwe mugove kufara pamusoro chepfungwa cortex. Zvinowanisa munhu bioelectrical anonongedzera zvikuru kuchinyanya kuti kuchititadzisa excitation kuti yakapfuura kushingaira tsinga centre uye dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama. Kufa chinovhiringidza muna CNS inoguma kuti kusimba ari orienting dzepanguva zvishoma nezvishoma shoma. The tsananguro nokuti ichi zvinosanganisira chikuru anotikurudzira haakonzeri excitation pakuitika receptors afferent dzouropi.

Rumwe rudzi chinovhiringidza kuchengetwa zvose vanhu nemhuka, kunoratidza kuedza inoitiswa Nobel Prize muna 1904. I. P. Pavlovym. Panguva nokupa imbwa (fistula Rinobva pamatama) experimenters zvaisanganisira inopinza beep - mate kubva fistula ikanyarara. Kwakadaro chinovhiringidza maonero musayendisiti anonzi zvinoshamisa.

Zvaaiva yokusafa pfuma, chinovhiringidza ari nechepakati tsinga runoyerera kuburikidza unconditional dzepanguva mashandiro. Zviri nani kungogara uye haakonzeri chekubuda yakawanda simba, zvichiita kuti kumira vakaumbwa hunenge. Constant braking isiyo rinoperekedza zhinji psychosomatic zvirwere: psoriasis, spastic uye flaccid dzomuviri.

Chii raderera akamedura

Uchidzidza kuti zvigadziriswe pakati chinovhiringidza nechepakati tsinga, funga chii chimwe zvayo mhando, akadana akamedura kupera. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti orienting dzepanguva ndiwo muviri achipindura matambudziko zvitsva wokumwe chiratidzo. Panyaya iyi, pane cerebral cortex etsinga centre achiumbwa ezvinhu excitation. Yaanoumba dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama kuti ndiye anokonzera muviri wacho uye akatumidza orienting dzepanguva. Ichi chiito dzepanguva hunokonzera chinovhiringidza of vakaumbwa dzepanguva zviri kuitika panguva iyoyo. Pashure dzokororo refillable extraneous mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira Reflex, inonzi anoratidza zvishoma zvinoderedza uye haarambi pakupedzisira. Saka, hazvina haakonzeri mukuru chinovhiringidza of vakaumbwa dzepanguva. chiratidzo akadaro wakagamuchira uye zita rinooma mabhureki.

Saka kwokunze chinovhiringidza kuti zvisungo hunenge nokuda pokudzora yokumwe muviri chiratidzo chiri tinozvarwa pfuma ari nechepakati uye peripheral tsinga. Sudden kana itsva anotikurudzira, akadai marwadzo manyawi, chinoshamisa inzwi, jekeso kuchinja, kwete chete rinoita orienting dzepanguva, asi kunoitawo kuti kuderera kana kunyange kumira vakaumbwa dzepanguva chinhu chakakombama kwakakwana, pari kushingaira. Kana kwokunze chiratidzo (kunze marwadzo) unoshanda kakawanda, chinovhiringidza of vakaumbwa dzepanguva anooneka duku. The zvipenyu kunoita tsinga kwacho unconstrained chimiro chinosanganisira pakuita muviri achipindura tide, unonyanya kukosha panguva.

zvemukati chinovhiringidza

Ake mamwe zita rinoshandiswa physiology kuvakuru kutya basa - vakaumbwa chinovhiringidza. Mukuru chinodiwa kuti chidzoke uyu muitiro - kushaya chisimbiso anonongedzera achibva zvokunze nyika, chokuziva hunenge: zvomudumbu, mate. Kwakaitika pasi izvi ezvinhu braking CNS pezvakaitwa anoda imwe nguva penguva. Funga maonero avo zvizere.

Somuenzaniso, ari differential chinovhiringidza kunoitika sezvo mhinduro kwezvakatipoteredza anonongedzera, coinciding mu amplitude, zvikuru uye simba kune vakaumbwa anotikurudzira. Ichi chimiro nekuita pakati tsinga uye kunze nyika anobvumira muviri kuti uwane dzakarukwa zvakanaka kusiyanisa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira uye nevamwe vavo kubva raora izvo chinoramba chichiitwa chokuziva dzepanguva. Somuenzaniso, kurira kudanwa ine uto 15 Hz, vachitsigirwa chake muchimwiro nezvokudya, imbwa yakatanga vakaumbwa mate mhinduro. Kana mhuka kushandisa imwe ruzha, simba 25 Hz, kwete muedzo nezvokudya, ari munhevedzano kuedza yokutanga, iyo imbwa yacho fistula mate achapiwa dzinounzwa kuna vose vakaumbwa anotikurudzira. Kwapera nguva mhuka kuda Kusiyanisa pamusoro anonongedzera izvi, uye pamusoro mutsindo simba 25 Hz kubva nemate fistula hunoguma kumira kunze, kuti, kutanga differentiating chinovhiringidza.

Tisunungurirei uropi kubva mashoko chakarasikirwa chinokosha rinokosha nokuti muviri - basa iri chaiyo anoita braking nechepakati tsinga. Physiology empirically akaratidza kuti zvisungo gwenya maitiro, zvakanaka yakanyatsomira kuva nounyanzvi, vanogona kuramba muupenyu hwomunhu, hwakadai Skating, kuchovha bhasikoro.

Nokupfupikisa, tinogona kutaura kuti inhibitory pezvakaitwa nechepakati tsinga - iri kuderera kana kumira zvimwe zvinoitwa nomuviri. Vanokosha chaizvo, sezvo zvose hunenge muviri zviri kugadziriswa maererano dzakachinjwa mashoko, uye kana riine chiratidzo varasikirwa kukosha kwayo, kunyange chose anogona kupera. -siyana deceleration muna CNS vari inokosha yevanhu pfungwa mano akadai kuzvida Kuchengetedzwa, kusarura mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira tarisiro.

The kunonoka pakuonekwa huta muitiro

Empirically munhu anogona kusika zvinhu umo muviri achipindura vakaumbwa chiratidzo kubva kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza anoratidzwa pamberi pakunzwisisa unconditional anotikurudzira, zvakadai sezvokudya. Nokuwedzera nguva penguva pakati pakutanga nokufumura iri riine chiratidzo (chiedza, ruzha, semuenzaniso, metronome) uye panguva chisimbiso kuti maminitsi matatu panguva pamusoro mate vakaumbwa mikana yakawanda yokukurudzira kuwedzera kunonoka uye kunoitika chete kana pamberi mhuka rinowanika feeder nezvokudya. Lagging kufarira vakaumbwa chiratidzo iri anoratidza chinovhiringidza pakati CNS pezvakaitwa inonzi yanonoka maonero, sezvamakaropafadzwa yakafanana aibuda nguva kunonoka penguva ari unconditional anotikurudzira, zvakadai sezvokudya.

Kukosha chinovhiringidza muna CNS

Womunhu, Ndizvo nenzira yokufananidzira, "riri kuona" huru zvinoverengeka kwokunze uye munyika zvakatipoteredza iyo anomanikidzwa sei uye dzinoumba muzvizhinji pfungwa. tsinga dzavo nzvimbo uye arcs vari akaumba muuropi uye musana. tsinga zadzisa kuwanda zvikuru nzvimbo iri cerebral cortex inokanganisa pamusoro chepfungwa, asi kunoderedza kunyatsoshanda kwayo.

Biological nezvigadziko maitiro evanhu

Vose Mhando yacho huta zvinyama basa, sezvo excitation uye chinovhiringidza muna CNS, ndivo hwaro yakakwirira huta basa. Zvinoita kuti vasiri zvigadziriswe kwevanhu kwepfungwa basa. Dzidziso yepamusoro kutya basa rakanga akagadzira I. P. Pavlovym. A dudziro ano inoti sezvinotevera:

• Excitation uye chinovhiringidza nechepakati tsinga, zvichiitika pavanoparidza, zvinopa kunzwisisa pfungwa urongwa: ndangariro, mafungiro, matauriro, kuziva, uye dzinoumba kunzwisisa kwevanhu maitiro mhinduro.

Kuti kwadzinoita kudzidza, basa, yokufaranuka sainzi anotsanangura, masayendisiti vakashandisa ruzivo mitemo kuvakuru huta basa.

The zvipenyu kukosha zvakadai chinoshingaira tsinga muitiro sezvo chinovhiringidza inogona tsunga sezvinotevera. Kuchinja zvinhu zviri kwokunze uye munyika ezvinhu (kusavapo vakaumbwa chisimbiso chiratidzo chokuziva dzepanguva) rinobatanidza zvakakwana kuchinja adaptive zvigadziriswe ari mumuviri womunhu. Saka vakatodzidza dzepanguva chiito hwakaipa (kure) kana zvachose haazombotaurwi sezvo zvinova dzisingashandi kuti muviri.

Chii hope?

I. P. Pavlov mumabasa ake akaratidza experimentally chokwadi chokuti dzinotsanagura chinovhiringidza nechepakati tsinga uye hope zvakafanana zvisikwa. Panguva takamuka muviri pamusoro pakanyorwa zvinonyatsorehwa basa cerebral cortex ichiri chirwere zvimwe nzvimbo dzayo kufukidzwa zvemukati braking. Panguva hope, izvozvo anoratidza pamusoro pepasi ari Hemisférios Cerebrais, richisvika subcortical hurongwa: thalamus (thalamus), hypothalamus, reticular inotungamirwa uye chikamu ichocho ndicho chinoita hurongwa. Sezvakataurwa achishandisa akakurumbira neuroscientist P. K. Anohin, vose zvikamu izvi ari nechepakati tsinga anokonzera maitiro mabhora, manzwiro uye zvaisazogona, pakurara kuderedza basa ravo. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinoderedza Chizvarwa etsinga nomunhu richibva pasi pechifukidziro. Saka, activation pamusoro cortex ipfupi. Izvi zvinoita kuti vamwe kupora uye muviri ari neurocytes uropi uye rose seboka.

Kuedza mamwe masayendisiti (Hess pakuponesa) zvivako dzakatangwa masero etsinga chaiwo kuva non-chaicho tsanga thalamus. excitation pezvakaitwa chirwere mavari, kukonzera reductions ari biorhythms goko chinogona kuonekwa sechinhu kuchinja kubva basa nehurumende (akamuka) kurara. Studies kwouropi nzvimbo sezvo Silvio pombi dzemvura uye III ventricle, chakaita masayendisiti pfungwa nokuvapo nechepakati murau kurara. Ari anatomically nechokuita nzvimbo uropi anokonzera takamuka. Kukunda ichi locus cortex nokuda kunotevera kana somugumisiro nhaka zvirwere muvanhu kunotungamirira kune pathologic ezvinhu hope. Uyewo cherechedza chokwadi kuti murau kuti muviri zvinokosha kuti braking muitiro sezvo hope akatakurwa tsinga nzvimbo diencephalon uye subcortical nuclei: kuti caudate, amygdala, fenzi uye lenticular.